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Search Results (128)

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Keywords = inequality curve

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24 pages, 2493 KiB  
Article
Green Transportation-Enabled High-Quality Economic Development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt: Regional Disparities and Dynamic Characteristics
by Cheng Li, Shiguo Deng, Yangzhou Li and Liping Zhu
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6018; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136018 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 384
Abstract
The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB), serving as a pivotal transportation corridor connecting eastern and western China and a national strategic development hub, plays a central role in driving high-quality economic development (HQAED) across the country. Based on the new development paradigm with [...] Read more.
The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB), serving as a pivotal transportation corridor connecting eastern and western China and a national strategic development hub, plays a central role in driving high-quality economic development (HQAED) across the country. Based on the new development paradigm with emphasis on green transformation and transportation integration, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework for an HQAED index (HQAED) across five core dimensions. Employing the entropy-weighted CRITIC method to quantify provincial HQAED values, combined with Dagum–Gini coefficient analysis to examine regional inequality patterns and determinants, and complemented by kernel density estimation (KDE) for temporal dynamics analysis, this research reveals four key findings: (1) There are significant disparities in HQEDI levels across the YEB, with a clear east–west gradient: the lower reaches > middle reaches > upper reaches. (2) While the dimensions of green development and shared development have shown steady growth despite initial disadvantages, the openness dimension faces structural challenges that require particular attention. (3) The overall Gini coefficient fluctuates between 0.068 and 0.094, indicating moderate regional disparities with relatively limited inequality. (4) The rightward shift in the HQEDI kernel density curves confirms overall progress, but also highlights widening disparities in the upstream regions and growth stagnation in the midstream areas. Practically, the entropy–CRITIC fusion methodology offers a transferable framework for emerging economies measuring sustainability-transition progress, while the quantified “green transportation empowerment” effects provide actionable levers for policymakers to optimize ecological compensation mechanisms and cross-regional infrastructure investments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)
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18 pages, 683 KiB  
Article
Regional Inequities in the Distribution of the Nursing Workforce in Italy
by Ippolito Notarnicola, Blerina Duka, Eriola Grosha, Giovanni Gioiello, Maurizio Zega, Rosario Caruso, Sara Carrodano, Gennaro Rocco and Alessandro Stievano
Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(7), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15070235 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 965
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Inequalities in access to nursing professionals represent a significant challenge to achieving equity in healthcare systems. In decentralized countries like Italy, disparities in the distribution of nurses persist despite a universal national health system. This study investigates the extent and determinants [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Inequalities in access to nursing professionals represent a significant challenge to achieving equity in healthcare systems. In decentralized countries like Italy, disparities in the distribution of nurses persist despite a universal national health system. This study investigates the extent and determinants of regional inequality in the distribution of the nursing workforce in Italy. Methods: A retrospective ecological analysis was conducted using administrative data from official national sources (ISTAT, Ministry of Health) concerning the number of nurses and population per region, along with Human Development Index (HDI) data from 2021. Descriptive statistics, the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, and Pearson correlation were used to assess inequality and identify influencing factors. Results: The national Gini coefficient was 0.136, indicating a moderate degree of inequality in the distribution of nurses across Italian regions. A strong positive correlation was observed between HDI and nurse-to-population ratio (r = 0.76, p < 0.001), suggesting that more developed regions have higher nursing density. Conclusions: Despite a universal healthcare system, Italy shows persistent regional disparities in nurse distribution. These findings emphasize the need for targeted policies and coordinated planning to reduce inequalities and ensure equitable access to nursing care across all regions. Full article
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28 pages, 1141 KiB  
Article
From Inequality to Extremes and Back: A Lorenz Representation of the Pickands Dependence Function
by Pasquale Cirillo and Andrea Fontanari
Mathematics 2025, 13(13), 2047; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13132047 - 20 Jun 2025
Viewed by 231
Abstract
We establish a correspondence between Lorenz curves and Pickands dependence functions, thereby reframing the construction of any bivariate extreme-value copula as an inequality problem. We discuss the conditions under which a Lorenz curve generates a closed-form Pickands model, considerably expanding the small set [...] Read more.
We establish a correspondence between Lorenz curves and Pickands dependence functions, thereby reframing the construction of any bivariate extreme-value copula as an inequality problem. We discuss the conditions under which a Lorenz curve generates a closed-form Pickands model, considerably expanding the small set of tractable parametrizations currently available. Furthermore, the Pickands measure-generating function M can be written explicitly in terms of the quantile function underlying the Lorenz curve, providing a constructive route to model specification. Finally, classical inequality indices like the Gini coincide with scale-free, rotation-invariant indices of global upper-tail dependence, thereby complementing local coefficients such as the upper tail dependence index λU. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Statistical Applications in Financial Econometrics)
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28 pages, 5698 KiB  
Article
Unequal Paths to Decarbonization in an Aging Society: A Multi-Scale Assessment of Japan’s Household Carbon Footprints
by Yuzhuo Huang, Xiang Li and Xiaoqin Guo
Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5627; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125627 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 415
Abstract
Japan’s shift to a super-aged society is reshaping household carbon footprint (HCF) in ways that vary by age, income, and region. Drawing on a two-tier national–prefectural framework, we quantify the influence of demographic shifts on HCF and evaluate inequalities, and project prefectural HCF [...] Read more.
Japan’s shift to a super-aged society is reshaping household carbon footprint (HCF) in ways that vary by age, income, and region. Drawing on a two-tier national–prefectural framework, we quantify the influence of demographic shifts on HCF and evaluate inequalities, and project prefectural HCF to 2050 under fixed 2005 technology and consumption baselines. Nationally, emissions follow an inverted-U age curve, peaking at the 50–54 s (2.16 tCO2) and dropping at both the younger and older ends. Carbon inequality—the gap between high- and low-income households—displays the opposite U shape, being the widest below 30 and above 85. Regional HCF patterns add a further layer: while the inverted U persists, its peak shifts to the 60–64 s in high-income prefectures such as Tokyo—where senior emissions rise by 44% by 2050—and to the 45–49 s in low-income prefectures such as Akita, where younger age groups cut emissions by 58%. Although spatial carbon inequality narrows through midlife, it widens again in old age as eldercare and home energy needs grow. These findings suggest that a uniform mitigation trajectory overlooks key cohorts and regions. To meet the 2050 net-zero target, Japan should integrate age-, income-, and region-specific interventions—for example, targeted carbon pricing, green finance for middle-aged consumers, and less-urban low-carbon eldercare—into its decarbonization roadmap. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)
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31 pages, 2284 KiB  
Article
Rethinking Inequality: The Complex Dynamics Beyond the Kuznets Curve
by Sarthak Pattnaik, Maryan Rizinski and Eugene Pinsky
Data 2025, 10(6), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/data10060088 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 552
Abstract
Income inequality has emerged as a defining challenge of our time, particularly in advanced economies, where the gap between rich and poor has reached unprecedented levels. This study analyzes income inequality trends from 2000 to 2023 across developed countries (the United States, the [...] Read more.
Income inequality has emerged as a defining challenge of our time, particularly in advanced economies, where the gap between rich and poor has reached unprecedented levels. This study analyzes income inequality trends from 2000 to 2023 across developed countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France) and developing nations using World Bank Gini coefficient data. We employ comprehensive visualization techniques, Pareto distribution analysis, and ARIMA time-series forecasting models to evaluate the effectiveness of the Kuznets curve as a predictor of income inequality. Our analysis reveals significant deviations from the traditional inverse U-shaped Kuznets curve across all examined countries, with persistent volatility rather than the predicted decline in inequality. Forecasts using ARIMA and neural networks indicate continued fluctuations in inequality through 2030, with the U.S. and Germany showing upward trends while France and the UK demonstrate relative stability. These findings challenge the conventional Kuznets hypothesis and demonstrate that contemporary inequality patterns are influenced by factors beyond economic development, including technological change, globalization, and policy choices. This research contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence that the Kuznets curve has limited predictive power in modern economies, informing policymakers about the need for targeted interventions to address persistent inequality rather than relying on economic growth alone. Full article
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11 pages, 465 KiB  
Article
Energy Dissipation in Engineering Materials and Structures by Using the Laws of Thermodynamics
by Vassilis P. Panoskaltsis
Thermo 2025, 5(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/thermo5020020 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 607
Abstract
Based on the First and the Second laws of Thermodynamics the energy dissipated in engineering materials and structures is calculated in a multidimensional mechanics framework. The existing practice of computing the dissipated energy by the area of the stress-strain (or force-displacement) curve is [...] Read more.
Based on the First and the Second laws of Thermodynamics the energy dissipated in engineering materials and structures is calculated in a multidimensional mechanics framework. The existing practice of computing the dissipated energy by the area of the stress-strain (or force-displacement) curve is objected to. The conditions under which the area of a stress-strain diagram correctly measures the dissipated energy are derived and clearly presented. A general mathematical form for the dissipated energy when those conditions are not satisfied is provided. An internal variables formulation is employed in this work. Erroneous results from the literature calculating the dissipated energy are given. Erroneous calculations are abundant in publications, Theses and Dissertations, books, and even engineering codes. The terms hysteresis and hysteretic loss are technically explained and their wrong use in cases other than in viscoelasticity is explicated. Full article
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26 pages, 754 KiB  
Article
The Effectiveness of Redistribution in Carbon Inequality: What About the Top 1%?
by Arınç Boz, Gökhan Ünalan and Eren Çaşkurlu
Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4960; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114960 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 426
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of income redistribution on carbon emissions across 154 countries from 1995 to 2023, with a particular focus on carbon inequality. Using a dynamic panel approach with two-step System GMM estimations, the analysis considers three dependent variables: average per [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of income redistribution on carbon emissions across 154 countries from 1995 to 2023, with a particular focus on carbon inequality. Using a dynamic panel approach with two-step System GMM estimations, the analysis considers three dependent variables: average per capita emissions, top 1% per capita emissions, and the ratio of top 1% per capita emissions to national average per capita emissions. Results show that income redistribution (measured in both absolute and relative terms) significantly reduces average per capita emissions in the short term. However, redistribution has no mitigating effect on the carbon emissions of the top 1%; in some models, it is even associated with increases in elite emissions and a widening of carbon inequality. These findings suggest that while redistribution may contribute to national emission reductions, it is insufficient to curb the carbon-intensive lifestyles of the wealthiest. The analysis confirms the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and underscores the need for complementary policy tools to more effectively address the emissions of high-emitting individuals. Overall, this study contributes to the literature by linking income redistribution with emission disparities across income groups and highlights the importance of considering distributional dynamics in climate policy design. Full article
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25 pages, 383 KiB  
Article
Asymptotic Growth of Moduli of m-th Derivatives of Algebraic Polynomials in Weighted Bergman Spaces on Regions Without Zero Angles
by Uğur Değer, Meerim Imashkyzy and Fahreddin G. Abdullayev
Axioms 2025, 14(5), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14050380 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
In this paper, we study asymptotic bounds on the m-th derivatives of general algebraic polynomials in weighted Bergman spaces. We consider regions in the complex plane defined by bounded, piecewise, asymptotically conformal curves with strictly positive interior angles. We first establish asymptotic [...] Read more.
In this paper, we study asymptotic bounds on the m-th derivatives of general algebraic polynomials in weighted Bergman spaces. We consider regions in the complex plane defined by bounded, piecewise, asymptotically conformal curves with strictly positive interior angles. We first establish asymptotic bounds on the growth in the exterior of a given unbounded region. We then extend our analysis to the closures of the region and derive the corresponding growth bounds. Combining these bounds with those for the corresponding exterior, we obtain comprehensive bounds on the growth of the m-th derivatives of arbitrary algebraic polynomials in the whole complex plane. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Analysis)
19 pages, 788 KiB  
Article
Is the Technology-Oriented Kuznets Curve Hypothesis Valid in Türkiye? An Assessment in the Context of SDG-10
by Murat Akça, Ömer Uğur Bulut, Samet Topal, Önder Balcı, Deniz Özyakışır and Serhat Çamkaya
Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4590; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104590 - 17 May 2025
Viewed by 495
Abstract
Technological advancements around the world have generated important discussions about their impact on income distribution, the type of economic growth, and social welfare. These improvements are critical for both economic development and social inequality in developing countries such as Türkiye. The paper examines [...] Read more.
Technological advancements around the world have generated important discussions about their impact on income distribution, the type of economic growth, and social welfare. These improvements are critical for both economic development and social inequality in developing countries such as Türkiye. The paper examines the long-run impact of technological innovation on income inequality (IEQ) in Türkiye by testing the Technological Kuznets Curve (TKC) hypothesis. The model uses data from 1990 to 2021 and represents IEQ by the Gini coefficient, technological innovation by patent applications, along with public expenditures used as control variables. The findings of the Fourier ADL cointegration test support the validity of the TKC hypothesis for Türkiye. This suggests that technological innovation increases inequality until the critical turning point in 2008, when the threshold number of 2015 patent applications was exceeded. Using Fourier FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR methods for robustness checks, the main results show public expenditures as a significant factor stabilizing long-term income dynamics. These results imply that growth strategies in the area of technology development should not merely favor innovation but also include measures to increase social welfare in Türkiye. This requires not just the stabilizing role of public spending, but technological growth supported by investment in education, skills, and social welfare. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Sustainable Economic Development)
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26 pages, 1659 KiB  
Article
The Role of Tourism Development in Promoting Income Equality: A Case Study of GCC Countries
by Nouf Alnafisah
Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4272; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104272 - 8 May 2025
Viewed by 918
Abstract
In recent years, the importance of developing the tourism sector and diversifying income sources has grown in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This paper estimates the impact of tourism industry development on income equality in the GCC region from the first quarter [...] Read more.
In recent years, the importance of developing the tourism sector and diversifying income sources has grown in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This paper estimates the impact of tourism industry development on income equality in the GCC region from the first quarter of 2014 to the fourth quarter of 2023. Furthermore, this paper evaluates the existence of the Kuznets curve and its implications for income distribution. To achieve these objectives, this study employs panel cointegration tests and the cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model. The dataset combines quarterly data from the World Bank and national statistical agencies, including indicators such as tourism revenue, international arrivals, government effectiveness, and education expenditure (used as a proxy for income equality). The results indicate that tourism revenue (TOU) has a significant and positive long-run effect on income equality (0.14%). In the short run, the squared term of tourism revenue (TOU2) becomes significant and positive (0.01%), but the findings do not support the Kuznets curve hypothesis. Furthermore, the number of international travelers (TRAV) has a negative and significant effect in the long run, while government effectiveness (GE) is negative and significant in both the long and short run. A key limitation of the study lies in the use of education expenditure as a proxy for income equality, due to the unavailability of consistent inequality metrics across the GCC countries. Full article
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15 pages, 2113 KiB  
Article
Access to Blood Glucose Testing in Peru: Who Is Getting Tested?
by Jamee Guerra Valencia, Akram Hernández-Vásquez, Carlos Rojas-Roque and Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández
Epidemiologia 2025, 6(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020020 - 3 May 2025
Viewed by 921
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Significant disparities in access to diabetes screening persist, particularly among populations with limited healthcare access. We aimed to estimate the proportion of overweight-obese Peruvian adults who underwent blood glucose testing (BGT) in the past year and to analyse the socioeconomic and geographic [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Significant disparities in access to diabetes screening persist, particularly among populations with limited healthcare access. We aimed to estimate the proportion of overweight-obese Peruvian adults who underwent blood glucose testing (BGT) in the past year and to analyse the socioeconomic and geographic inequalities associated with access to this preventive intervention. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey 2023. We included adults aged 35–70 years diagnosed with overweight or obesity, according to the United States Preventive Services Task Force screening recommendation. We used concentration curves (CC) and concentration indices (CI) to assess socioeconomic inequalities in BGT. BGT was ascertained using a self-reported question, while the wealth index was used as the variable to measure inequality. We also conducted a decomposition analysis to determine the relative contributions of covariates to socioeconomic inequalities in BGT. Results: A total of 9499 individuals were included in the analysis. A pro-rich concentration of BGT uptake was observed in CC and CI (0.2090; p < 0.001). Notably, a 27-point prevalence difference was reported between the lowest and highest wealth index. The decomposition analysis showed that higher education (+64%) and rural areas (+10.6%) were the main contributors to this pro-rich concentration. In contrast, secondary education (−4.7%) and female gender (−3.4%) reduced this pro-rich concentration. Conclusions: The results underscore the need for targeted strategies, such as enhancing healthcare infrastructure and implementing localized screening initiatives, to close the gap and address the burden of undiagnosed diabetes in high-risk populations. Full article
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16 pages, 5283 KiB  
Article
Does Excellence Correspond to Universal Inequality Level?
by Soumyajyoti Biswas, Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Asim Ghosh, Sourav Ghosh, Máté Józsa and Zoltán Néda
Entropy 2025, 27(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050495 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 512
Abstract
We study the inequality of citations received for different publications of various researchers and Nobel laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Economics using Google Scholar data from 2012 to 2024. Citation distributions are found to be highly unequal, with even greater disparity among [...] Read more.
We study the inequality of citations received for different publications of various researchers and Nobel laureates in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Economics using Google Scholar data from 2012 to 2024. Citation distributions are found to be highly unequal, with even greater disparity among Nobel laureates. Measures of inequality, such as the Gini and Kolkata indices, emerge as useful indicators for distinguishing Nobel laureates from others. Such high inequality corresponds to growing critical fluctuations, suggesting that excellence aligns with an imminent (self-organized dynamical) critical point. Additionally, Nobel laureates exhibit systematically lower values of the Tsallis–Pareto parameter b and Shannon entropy, indicating more structured citation distributions. We also analyze the inequality in Olympic medal tallies across countries and find similar levels of disparity. Our results suggest that inequality measures can serve as proxies for competitiveness and excellence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy-Based Applications in Sociophysics II)
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13 pages, 2136 KiB  
Article
Re-Expression of the Lorenz Asymmetry Coefficient on the Rotated and Right-Shifted Lorenz Curve of Leaf Area Distributions
by Yongxia Chen, Feixue Jiang, Christian Frølund Damgaard, Peijian Shi and Jacob Weiner
Plants 2025, 14(9), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14091345 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 507
Abstract
The Gini coefficient, while widely used to quantify inequality in biological size distributions, lacks the capacity to resolve directional asymmetry inherent in Lorenz curves, a critical limitation for understanding skewed resource allocation strategies. To address this, we extend our prior geometric framework of [...] Read more.
The Gini coefficient, while widely used to quantify inequality in biological size distributions, lacks the capacity to resolve directional asymmetry inherent in Lorenz curves, a critical limitation for understanding skewed resource allocation strategies. To address this, we extend our prior geometric framework of the rotated and right-shifted Lorenz curve (RRLC) by introducing two original asymmetry metrics: the positional shift ratio (PL, defined as xc/2, where xc is the x-coordinate of the RRLC’s maximum value point) and the area ratio (PA, defined as AL/(AL + AR), where AL and AR denote the areas under the left and right segments of the RRLC). These indices uniquely dissect contributions of dominant versus small individuals to overall inequality, with PL reflecting the peak position of the RRLC and PA quantifying the area dominance of its left segment. Theoretically, PL directly links to the classical Lorenz asymmetry coefficient S (defined as S=xc+yc, where xc,yc is the tangent point on the original Lorenz curve with a 45° slope) through S = 2 − 2PL, bridging geometric transformation and parametric asymmetry analysis. Applied to 480 Shibataea chinensis Nakai shoots, our analysis revealed that over 99% exhibited pronounced left-skewed distributions, where abundant large leaves drove the majority of leaf area inequality, challenging assumptions of symmetry in plant canopy resource allocation. The framework’s robustness was further validated by the strong correlation between PA and PL. By transforming abstract Lorenz curves into interpretable bell-shaped performance curves, this work provides a novel toolkit for analyzing asymmetric size distributions in ecology. The proposed metrics can be applied to refine light-use models, monitor phenotypic plasticity under environmental stress, and scale trait variations across biological hierarchies, thereby advancing both theoretical and applied research in plant ecology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)
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19 pages, 1750 KiB  
Article
Rethinking the Climate Change–Inequality Nexus: The Role of Wealth Inequality, Economic Growth, and Renewable Energy in CO2 Emissions
by Tunahan Haciimamoglu, Oguzhan Sungur, Korkmaz Yildirim and Mustafa Yapar
Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3335; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083335 - 9 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1063
Abstract
Reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and implementing sustainable environmental policies require the identification of the economic, political, ecological, and social factors that affect emission levels. To this end, this study examines, for the first time, the impact of wealth inequality, economic growth, and [...] Read more.
Reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and implementing sustainable environmental policies require the identification of the economic, political, ecological, and social factors that affect emission levels. To this end, this study examines, for the first time, the impact of wealth inequality, economic growth, and renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions in 17 countries with the highest wealth inequality over the 1995–2021 period. This study employs a novel and robust approach, the method of moments quantile regression, to analyze the relationships among these variables. Findings support the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis by displaying that economic growth initially increases CO2 emissions but has a dampening effect after a turning point. Moreover, renewable energy consumption reduces CO2 emissions, where certain as increasing wealth inequality contributes to higher CO2 emissions. These results underscore the need for policymakers to adopt more egalitarian socioeconomic models, accelerate the transition to clean energy, and maintain robust environmental policies to achieve sustainable development goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Climate Change and Sustainable Economy)
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19 pages, 306 KiB  
Article
On New Generalized Mitrinović-Adamović-Type Inequalities
by Yogesh J. Bagul and Wei-Shih Du
Mathematics 2025, 13(7), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13071174 - 2 Apr 2025
Viewed by 289
Abstract
In this paper, we establish new generalized Mitrinović-Adamović-type inequalities in a wider range (0,π) by using the monotonicity of certain functions. These inequalities contain sharp and tractable bounds for the function sinxx3. All the main [...] Read more.
In this paper, we establish new generalized Mitrinović-Adamović-type inequalities in a wider range (0,π) by using the monotonicity of certain functions. These inequalities contain sharp and tractable bounds for the function sinxx3. All the main results are also true in (π,0) due to the symmetry of the curves involved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Aspects of Differentiable and Not Differentiable Function Theory)
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