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Soil preferential flow plays a crucial role in governing hydrological cycles and soil moisture distribution in mountain forests. This makes it essential for understanding subsurface water movement and for guiding hillslope hydrological management. In this study, soil preferential flow, soil properties, and root characteristics across three slope positions on a Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii (Mayr) Pilger (larch) plantation hillslope in the Liupan Mountains were systematically observed to reveal the spatial patterns and formation mechanisms of hillslope soil preferential flow. The results showed that soil preferential flow development followed a distinct spatial pattern across the slope positions, with the mid-slope exhibiting the most developed preferential flow characteristics. The comprehensive preferential flow index further quantified this spatial variation, ranking the slope positions as mid-slope > upper slope > lower slope. Different soil structural properties exerted varying influences on preferential flow. Macropore-related properties (low bulk density and high porosity and saturated conductivity) promoted most preferential flow, whereas aggregate-related properties (high organic matter and water-stable aggregates) suppressed it. The influence of root characteristics on preferential flow was also dual. Root length density generally promoted preferential flow (e.g., DC, LI, and UniFr), whereas root surface area density primarily exerted an inhibitory effect (e.g., LI, UniFr, and total stained area TotStAr). This study clarifies how slope position modulates preferential flow through soil and root characteristics, offering insights for slope-specific hydrological understanding and targeted soil and water conservation practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forests and Slope Stability: Root Reinforcement, Eco-Engineering, and Bioengineering Solutions)

10 pages, 242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Blood Pressure: Cardiac Structural and Functional Abnormalities in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women with Mild-to-Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease

by Pasquale Palmiero, Francesca Amati, Lucrezia Bombini, Marco Matteo Ciccone and Maria Maiello

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(8), 2895; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15082895 (registering DOI) - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, even at early stages. Postmenopausal women represent a particularly vulnerable population due to estrogen deficiency, which promotes adverse cardiovascular remodeling. However, data specifically characterizing the cardiac phenotype of hypertensive postmenopausal women with mild-to-moderate CKD remain limited. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study including 413 hypertensive postmenopausal women consecutively referred to a tertiary center between 2019 and 2022. Participants were stratified into a CKD group with stage 3 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m²; n = 213) and a control group without CKD (n = 200). All subjects underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and standardized transthoracic echocardiography. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), and chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) was assessed. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate independent associations between CKD and cardiovascular abnormalities. Results: Compared with controls, women with CKD showed a significantly higher prevalence of LVH (46.7% vs. 21.5%), LVDD (55.8% vs. 36.0%), and CCS (15.5% vs. 7.5%) (all p < 0.01). The coexistence of LVH and LVDD identified a high-risk cardiac phenotype that was markedly more frequent in the CKD group (41.3% vs. 12.5%). After adjustment for age, body mass index, blood pressure, duration of hypertension, smoking status, and antihypertensive therapy, stage 3 CKD remained independently associated with LVH, LVDD, and CCS. Conclusions: In hypertensive postmenopausal women, mild-to-moderate CKD is associated with a substantial burden of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities exceeding that attributable to hypertension alone, supporting early cardiovascular screening and an integrated cardiorenal approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Updates and Perspectives: 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 3444 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Bio-Inoculation Effects on the Seed Germination Dynamics and Field Performance of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) under Osmotic Stress and Fertilization in the Amazonas Region of Peru

by Francisco Guevara-Fernández, Sebastian Casas-Niño, Milagros Ninoska Munoz-Salas, Wagner Meza-Maicelo, Manuel Oliva-Cruz and Flavio Lozano-Isla

AgriEngineering 2026, 8(4), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8040155 (registering DOI) - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

Microbial bio-inoculants have been proposed as management tools to enhance crop performance under variable environmental conditions; however, their effectiveness is often influenced by site-specific factors. This study evaluated the effects of bio-inoculation on seed germination and seedling vigor of pea under osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), and its interaction with two fertilization levels (75% and 100% of the recommended dose) under field conditions in the Amazonas region of Peru. Under laboratory conditions, germination percentage remained high across all treatments (93.3–100%) and was not affected by bio-inoculation or osmotic potential; however, osmotic stress altered germination dynamics, increasing mean germination time from 1.85–2.09 days at 0 MPa to 2.26–2.43 days at −0.8 MPa, while germination synchrony and seedling vigor decreased as stress increased. The seedling vigor index reached maximum values at −0.2 MPa (4.47–5.29) and declined at −0.8 MPa (1.50–2.00), and multivariate analyses showed that variation in germination responses was mainly associated with germination timing and vigor rather than seed viability. Under field conditions, no significant effects of fertilization level, microbial bio-inoculation, or their interaction were detected on agronomic traits or yield, although variability between locations was observed; plant height ranged from 38.5–46.3 cm in Lamud and from 100.6–108.3 cm in Molinopampa, while grain yield varied from 698–1846 kg/ha and 8771–9919 kg/ha, respectively. Overall, environmental conditions exerted a stronger influence than microbial bio-inoculation on germination dynamics and field productivity, while the findings provide practical guidance for improving pea production with bio-inoculants and optimized fertilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Bioresource and Bioprocess Engineering)

19 pages, 1539 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Utilization of Phosphogypsum for Red Soil Remediation: Co-Benefits for Soil Fertility and Peanut Production with Heavy Metal Risk Considerations

by Liu Gao, Zhengli Lu, Li Bao and Naiming Zhang

Agriculture 2026, 16(8), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16080843 (registering DOI) - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

Phosphogypsum (PG), a major by-product of the phosphate industry, has potential for improving acidic and nutrient-poor red soils, yet its agronomic benefits and heavy metal risks require systematic evaluation. A field experiment was conducted with five treatments, CK (soil only), GT (50% modified phosphogypsum, MPG), TT (40% MPG), ZT (50% phosphorite tailings), and DT (25% MPG + 25% lake sediment), to assess their effects on soil properties, enzyme activities, peanut growth, yield, quality, and heavy metal accumulation. All amendments improved soil structure, moisture retention, nutrient availability, and enzymatic activities. Peanut pod and kernel yields increased under all treatments, with DT achieving the greatest improvements (29.89% and 40.88%, respectively), whereas ZT showed the weakest response (1.91% and 6.26%). DT also achieved the highest soil quality index, and performed best in both yield improvement and root development. Although Cd accumulation increased under DT, heavy metal concentrations in peanut kernels remained below national food safety limits. Overall, DT was identified as the most effective amendment for enhancing red soil fertility and peanut productivity, while long-term monitoring of Cd bioavailability is recommended to ensure sustainable and safe application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

20 pages, 49031 KB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Reshapes Thermal Suitability for Dairy Cattle in Jiangsu Province (1961–2020)

by Guangyi Yang, Fei Liu, Guangqin Zhu, Qiong Liu, Chao Wang, Dong Li, Zhongrui Guo and Hongmei Zhao

Animals 2026, 16(8), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16081166 (registering DOI) - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

Understanding how climate change alters the thermal environment experienced by dairy cattle is critical for guiding adaptation in rapidly warming regions. Using meteorological data from 1961 to 2020, this study quantified long-term trends in temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed across Jiangsu Province, China, and assessed their impacts on thermal stress using a temperature–humidity index (THI). The results reveal pronounced spatial heterogeneity in climatic change, with accelerated warming in southern and coastal prefectures, and continued winter cold stress in the northern plain. Over the past six decades, the annual number of heat-stress days (THI > 72) increased substantially and expanded northward, while cold-stress days (THI ≤ 38) declined but remained non-negligible in northern Jiangsu. Although the total number of thermally comfortable days changed little at the provincial scale, their seasonal distribution became increasingly compressed between longer summer heat-stress periods and shorter winter cold-stress windows, indicating a narrowing of the effective comfort range for dairy cattle. To link historical analysis with operational applications, a forecasting platform was developed to generate short-term predictions of THI and associated meteorological conditions, enabling spatially explicit visualization and early identification of periods with elevated thermal risk. Overall, these findings demonstrate an intensification and redistribution of thermal stress in Jiangsu, while also illustrating a transferable climate-risk mechanism relevant to other warming, humid dairy regions worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

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24 pages, 2674 KB

Open AccessArticle

One Index Does Not Predict All—Hematological Derived Indices Have Different Predictive Value for ICU Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Non-Infectious Versus Infectious Acute Exacerbation of COPD

by Emanuel Moisa, Silvius Ioan Negoita, Claudia Mihail, Liviu Ioan Serban, Alexandru Tudor Steriade, Cristian Cobilinschi, Madalina Dutu, Georgeana Tuculeanu and Dan Corneci

Medicina 2026, 62(4), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62040728 (registering DOI) - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) poses a major burden on healthcare systems, with critically ill AECOPD patients having increased morbidity and mortality. Since adverse outcomes are due both to respiratory failure and the systemic inflammatory response, prognostic markers accounting for these patterns are needed. Our aim was to investigate the predictive power of derived hematological indices for intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in patients with non-infectious versus infectious AECOPD. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, observational, monocentric cohort study on 88 AECOPD patients admitted to the ICU between 2018 and 2023. Descriptive statistics were performed for the entire cohort, and for predefined subgroups (non-infectious, infectious and bacterial AECOPD). Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to test the predictive power of the studied indices. Cut-off values were identified using the Youden index. Kaplan–Meier analysis was conducted to test the association with ICU mortality. Results: Overall ICU mortality was 44%. For the whole cohort, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil-to-platelets ratio (NPR) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) showed moderate predictive power for ICU mortality (areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.71–0.73). Non-infectious and infectious subgroups were comparable in terms of size, demographics, comorbidities and baseline COPD characteristics (p > 0.05). Mortality was significantly higher in infectious AECOPD (64.6% versus 20%, p < 0.001). For non-infectious AECOPD, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and SIRI had very good predictive power (AUCs between 0.82 and 0.855), while NPR and systemic inflammation index (SII) showed moderate AUC values (between 0.7 and 0.79). In infectious AECOPD, only NPR retained fair predictive power (AUC 0.691), which improved in bacterial AECOPD (AUC 0.781). Conclusions: Derived hematological indices have different predictive values for ICU mortality. MLR and SIRI exhibited very good predictive power in non-infectious AECOPD, while NPR was the best discriminator in bacterial AECOPD. These stress the importance of individualized prognostication in AECOPD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Approaches and Recent Advances in Anesthesiology and Critical Care)

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22 pages, 17875 KB

Open AccessArticle

Astragaloside IV from Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge Mitigates DSS-Induced Colitis via Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Modulation of the Gut–Liver–Brain Axis

by Woo-Gyun Choi and Byung Joo Kim

Antioxidants 2026, 15(4), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15040474 (registering DOI) - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge has long been used in East Asian medicine for gastrointestinal disorders and immune modulation. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a major bioactive saponin from its roots, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, yet its protective effects against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated multi-organ damage via the gut–liver–brain axis remain unclear. Methods: Experimental colitis was induced in C57BL/6N mice by administering 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for seven days. AS-IV (100 mg/kg/day) was orally administered during DSS exposure. Disease severity was evaluated using body weight, colon length, disease activity index, and histopathology. Inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers were measured using ELISA, and NF-κB and MAPK signaling were analyzed through Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in colonic, hepatic, and brain tissues. Results: AS-IV significantly alleviated DSS-induced weight loss, disease activity, and colon shortening, while improving intestinal histopathological damage. AS-IV also reduced systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, AS-IV was associated with a reduced expression of phosphorylated NF-κB and MAPK proteins, including p-NF-κB, p-IκBα, p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38, across the colon, liver, and brain. Conclusions: AS-IV attenuates DSS-induced multi-organ inflammation via gut–liver–brain axis modulation through NF-κB and MAPK pathway inhibition in experimental colitis models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products to Mitigate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Non-Communicable Intestinal Diseases)

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17 pages, 4745 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geostatistical Integration of Soil Attributes and NDVI for Localized Management of Black Pepper in Eastern Amazon

by Nelson Ken Narusawa Nakakoji, Ítala Duam Souza Narusawa, Fábio Júnior de Oliveira, Welliton de Lima Sena, Félix Lélis da Silva, Gabriel Garreto dos Santos, João Paulo Ferreira Neris, Pedro Guerreiro Martorano, Alexandre da Trindade Lélis, Jose Gilberto Sousa Medeiros, Norberto Cornejo Noronha, Luís Sérgio Cunha Nascimento, Everton Cardoso Wanzeler, Jean Marcos Corrêa Tocantins, Thais Lopes Vieira, João Fernandes da Silva Júnior and Paulo Roberto Silva Farias

AgriEngineering 2026, 8(4), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering8040154 (registering DOI) - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a crop of significant economic importance in the Amazon, especially in the state of Pará, where intensive production systems predominate. Understanding the spatial variability of soil attributes and their relationship with plant vigor is essential to optimize agricultural practices and input use. Geotechnology-based approaches enable the generation of more precise management zones, contributing to efficient resource use and increased profitability. This study aimed to delimit potential management zones in black pepper crops based on the spatial analysis of soil bulk density (BD) integrated with the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), evaluated using the Bivariate Moran’s Index. The research was conducted in a production area in the municipality of Baião, Pará, Brazil, using soil samples to determine bulk density and UAV images for NDVI calculation. Data were interpolated by kriging and analyzed to identify spatial associations between soil compaction and NDVI. Soil bulk density ranged from 1.14 to 1.80 Mg m⁻³, while NDVI values ranged from 0.07 to 0.91, revealing a clear inverse spatial relationship between soil compaction and vegetative vigor. The integration of BD and NDVI allowed the delineation of site-specific management zones, supporting more efficient decision-making in precision agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors Technology and Precision Agriculture)

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21 pages, 596 KB

Open AccessArticle

Role of FTO rs9939609 and LEPR rs1137101 Genetic Variants in Gestational Weight Gain and Neonatal Weight Among Pregnant Adolescents

by Reyna Sámano, Hugo Martínez-Rojano, Ashley Díaz-Medina, Irma Eloísa Monroy-Muñoz, Gabriela Chico-Barba, María Eugenia Mendoza-Flores, Héctor Borboa-Olivares, Verónica Zaga-Clavellina, Ricardo Gamboa, Melissa Daniela Gonzalez-Fernandez, Ángela Felipe-Hernández, Rosalba Sevilla-Montoya and Alejandro Martínez-Juárez

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(8), 3413; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27083413 (registering DOI) - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

Gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth weight (BW) have a multifactorial etiology, which makes identifying the most influential determinants difficult. The association between variants of the FTO and LEPR genes has been explored as contributing factors to obesity in various age groups; however, their role in GWG and BW in adolescent mothers and their offspring is uncertain. To determine whether the presence of polymorphisms rs9939609 (FTO) and rs1137101 (LEPR) is associated with gestational weight gain and newborn weight in a cohort of adolescent mothers. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 305 mother-child dyads was conducted between 2020 and 2024. Genotyping of the single nucleotide variants (SNVs) rs9939609 of the FTO gene and rs1137101 of the LEPR gene was performed using real-time PCR and high-resolution melting analysis (qPCR-HRM), using maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood samples. GWG, BW, energy intake, and other perinatal data were recorded and classified. Genetic data from 305 mother–offspring dyads were analyzed. The median maternal age was 16 years, and 71.4% had a normal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). The most frequent genotypes were TT for FTO rs9939609 and AG for LEPR rs1137101. In both groups, the genotypic distribution significantly deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p < 0.0001). The AA genotype of FTO was associated with a higher probability of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) after adjustment for pre-pregnancy BMI and dietary and sociodemographic factors. High protein and lipid intake increased the risk of excessive GWG, whereas adequate intake of carbohydrates and legumes showed a protective effect. An initial significant association was identified between the LEPR rs1137101 variant (AA allele) and low birth weight (LBW); however, this association was lost after adjustment for confounding factors. The FTO rs9939609 variant was significantly associated with GWG. On the other hand, the LEPR rs1137101 variant in the offspring showed an association with BW categorized by percentiles (in crude analysis), while the FTO variant showed no relationship with birth weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bridging Basic and Clinical Science: Shared Molecular and Metabolic Mechanisms in Preeclampsia, Gestational Diabetes and Gestational Weight Gain)

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25 pages, 5768 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Discrimination Criteria and the Formation Mechanism of the Extreme Drought-Runoff in the Yangtze River Basin

by Xuewen Guan, Wei Li, Jianping Bing and Xianyan Chen

Hydrology 2026, 13(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13040112 (registering DOI) - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin occupy a strategically pivotal position in regional development; yet extreme drought-runoff events pose severe threats to water supply and ecological security. Despite this, systematic research gaps persist, including the lack of a unified definition, standardized identification criteria, and clear understanding of formation mechanisms for extreme drought-runoff. To address these limitations, this study focused on extreme drought-runoff in the basin, utilizing 1956–2024 discharge data from four mainstream hydrological stations and meteorological data from 171 stations. Quantitative discrimination criteria were established via Pearson-III frequency analysis; meteorological characteristics were analyzed using the Meteorological Drought Comprehensive Index; and formation mechanisms were explored through partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. This study innovatively proposed a basin-wide three-level quantitative discrimination criterion for drought-runoff based on the June–November flow frequency of key mainstream stations, which is distinguished from single-indicator drought identification methods (SPI/SPEI/SSI) by integrating basin-scale hydrological coherence and seasonal drought characteristics. The results revealed basin-wide extreme drought-runoff in 2006 and 2022, severe drought-runoff in 1972 and 2011, and relatively severe drought-runoff in 1959, 1992, and 2024. Typical extreme drought-runoff events were characterized by sustained low precipitation and high temperatures. Meteorological factors emerged as the primary driver during June–September, while reservoir operation and riverine water intake played secondary roles. Notably, the large-scale reservoir group in the Yangtze River Basin (53 key control reservoirs) helped alleviate drought-runoff impacts from December to May (non-flood season) via water supplementation. These findings provide a robust scientific basis for precise drought-runoff prediction and the development of targeted adaptation strategies in the Yangtze River Basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surface Waters and Groundwaters)

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17 pages, 1139 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fractal Multiscale Modeling of the Structural, Thermal, Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA)

by Tudor-Cristian Petrescu, Elena Puiu Costescu, Diana Carmen Mirilă, Florin Nedeff, Valentin Nedeff, Maricel Agop, Gheorghe Bădărău, Claudia Tomozei and Decebal Vasincu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(8), 3719; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083719 (registering DOI) - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

The present study proposes a fractal-inspired multiscale framework to interpret the structural, thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of polylactic acid (PLA). Experimental investigations were performed using tensile testing, TG-DTA thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dielectric spectroscopy. The structural organization was analyzed using [...] Read more.

q

-range. The thermal degradation exhibited a sharp transition, while the mechanical and dielectric responses reflected the heterogenous behavior typical of semicrystalline polymers. Rather than claiming a fully validated fractal model, the present work introduces a conceptual multiscale interpretation, supported by experimental observations, and proposes a fractal integrity index (FII) as an exploratory descriptor integrating structural, thermal and mechanical information. The results suggest that fractal-based descriptors may provide a useful complementary framework for interpreting complex polymer behavior, although further validation across multiple materials and experimental conditions is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Industrial Technologies)

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12 pages, 527 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine Treatment on Sleep and Quality of Life in Fibromyalgia: An Observational Study

by Halil Ibrahim Altun and Fatma Aysen Eren

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(8), 2887; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15082887 - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Fibromyalgia is a painful syndrome with biopsychosocial components that predominantly affects middle-aged women. This study aimed to evaluate changes in sleep quality and quality of life following intravenous (IV) lidocaine treatment in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). Methods: This retrospective observational study included patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia who underwent intravenous lidocaine treatment at a tertiary pain clinic between June 2023 and June 2024 and had a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score > 5. The patients’ demographic data, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) scores at baseline and at 1 and 3 months post-treatment, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11) scores, Short Form-12 (SF-12) mental and physical component scores (MCS-12, PCS-12), and PSQI scores were recorded. Results: Overall, 51 patients were included. 92.2% of the patients were women, with a mean age of 41.6 ± 9.5 years. Statistically significant reductions in NRS-11, FIQ, and PSQI scores and increases in SF-12 component scores were observed at 1 and 3 months compared with baseline (p < 0.001). Negative correlations were found between NRS-11 and PCS-12 and MCS-12, and a positive correlation was found between FIQ and PSQI. Sleep quality showed a marked improvement at 1 month; however, attenuation of this benefit was observed at the 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: Sleep quality appeared to be associated with short-term functional outcomes, whereas pain intensity was associated with mid-term clinical status in patients with fibromyalgia. Prospective randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these findings and to determine optimal dosing and treatment schedules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chronic Pain Research and Therapy)

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27 pages, 10569 KB

Open AccessArticle

Operational Discharge Severity Analysis and Multi-Horizon Forecasting Based on Reservoir Operation Data: A Case Study of Ba Ha Hydropower Reservoir, Vietnam

by Nguyen Thi Huong, Vo Quang Tuong and Ho Huu Loc

Hydrology 2026, 13(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13040110 - 10 Apr 2026

Abstract

Reservoir release induced flooding is a major downstream hazard worldwide, yet most warning systems rely on hydraulic modeling and underuse real time reservoir operation data. This study presents a data driven framework to detect flood discharge events, assess downstream operational severity, and forecast daily discharges using deep learning. The approach was validated at the Ba Ha hydropower reservoir (Vietnam) with inflow, discharge, water level, and CHIRPS rainfall data to represent basin-scale precipitation forcing. More than 160 discharge events were identified using a composite Operational Severity Index (OSI) based on peak discharge, duration, and rise rate; although only ~2% were extreme, they posed the greatest risks. Among three Transformer-based models, Informer achieved the best short-term forecasting performance (RMSE ≈ 78 m³/s, R² ≈ 0.80), while Autoformer showed greater stability at longer horizons (3–7 days). In contrast, all models exhibited reduced skill under abrupt and extreme discharge conditions. These results demonstrate that combining trend and anomaly-aware modeling enables reliable discharge prediction and severity assessment without complex hydraulic simulations. The proposed framework provides a practical foundation for reservoir early warning systems by transforming routine operational data into actionable flood-risk information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Twin-Enabled Hydrological and Hydropower Systems for Reservoir Inflow Modelling)

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