Search Results (156)

Zwitterionic hydrogels have emerged as eco-friendly anti-fouling materials owing to their superior hydration-mediated resistance to biofouling. Nevertheless, their practical utility remains constrained by intrinsically poor mechanical robustness. Herein, this study proposes a novel strategy to develop novel tough zwitterionic hydrogels by freezing the gels’ polymer network. As a proof of concept, a zwitterionic hydrogel was synthesized via copolymerization of hydrophobic monomer phenyl methacrylate (PMA) and hydrophilic cationic monomer N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) methacrylamide (DMAPMA), followed by post-oxidation to yield a zwitterionic structure. At service temperature, the rigid and hydrophobic PMA segments remain frozen, while the hydrophilic zwitterionic units maintain substantial water content by osmotic pressure. Synergistically, the zwitterionic hydrogel achieves robust toughness and adhesiveness, with high rigidity (66 MPa), strength (4.78 MPa), and toughness (2.53 MJ/m³). Moreover, the hydrogel exhibits a distinct temperature-dependent behavior by manifesting softer and more stretchable behavior after heating, since the thawing of the gel network at high temperatures increases segmental mobility. Therefore, it achieved satisfactory adhesiveness to substrates (80 kPa). Additionally, the hydrogel demonstrated remarkable anti-fouling performance, effectively suppressing biofilm formation and larval attachment. In summary, this work opens up promising prospects for the development of zwitterionic hydrogels with high application potential. Full article

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using spheroidal cellulose powders with different particle sizes (2 and 7 µm) in face creams and to evaluate their effect on selected physicochemical and performance properties of these products. A series of prototypes of facial creams with spheroidal cellulose were prepared. The following tests were carried out: stability, dynamic viscosity, texture analysis, degree of skin hydration, and evaluation of sensory appeal by consumers. It was observed that none of the creams showed instability over time. The addition of powdered spheroidal cellulose was found to increase dynamic viscosity and hardness and reduce the adhesion strength of the tested emulsions to the base face cream. A positive effect of the presence of polymeric raw materials on the level of skin hydration was observed. The most favorable results were obtained for the E4 cream prototype containing spheroidal powders of both 2 and 7 µm particle size at a weight ratio of 2.5 to 2.5. In addition, according to the members of the sensory panel, the E4 face cream was best evaluated and showed sensory benefits. The study concluded that spheroidal cellulose powders are a promising biodegradable alternative to microplastics in cosmetics. Full article

Infectious wounds pose formidable clinical challenges due to hypoxia, exacerbated inflammation, and persistent microbial colonization. To address this, we developed a bioinspired multifunctional hydrogel (PTDPs) through the in situ freeze-thaw co-assembly of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), tea polyphenols (TP), polydopamine (PDA), and marine-derived self-assembling peptides (AAPs). The resultant PTDP hydrogel formed an intricate hydrogen-bonded network that enhanced mechanical robustness and substrate adhesion. TP and PDA synergistically confer potent antioxidant properties: TP scavenges radicals via phenolic hydroxyl groups while PDA enhances responsiveness to diverse radicals in hypoxic environments. Integrated with AAPs’ pro-regenerative functions and PDA’s broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy, this system generates therapeutic synergy. Characterization revealed outstanding physicochemical properties including tunable plasticity, high swelling ratios, and sustained hydration retention. In vitro studies demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, efficient inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli proliferation, and cytocompatibility facilitating endothelial cell migration/proliferation. In murine full-thickness infected wound models, the PTDP hydrogel significantly accelerated wound closure, enhanced neovascularization, and improved collagen deposition, underscoring its potential as an innovative therapeutic platform for infected and chronic wounds with strong translational prospects. Full article

Egg protein gels have relatively poor water-holding capacity, hardness, and freeze–thaw properties. Jujube juicing residue dietary fiber (JJRDF) is available, but it is rarely used in the food industry because of its poor hydration properties. Versions of JJRDF modified via cellulase and xylanase hydrolysis separately coupled with carboxymethylation (JJRDF-CXHC), phosphate crosslinking (JJRDF-CXHPC), and acetylation (JJRDF-CXHA) were prepared, and their effects on heat-induced and alkaline-induced egg protein gels (HA-EPGs) were studied. Smaller particle sizes and higher solubility, viscosity, expansion volume, and ability to retain water were observed in JJRDF-CXHC, JJRDF-CXHPC, and JJRDF-CXHA compared to JJRDF (p < 0.05). JJRDF-CXHC showed the highest viscosity (18.46 cP) and expansion volume (10.40 mL/g). Higher random coil and β-sheet contents resulted in an increase in pH, adhesiveness, hardness, and chewiness, and a decrease in the water-losing rate in freeze–thaw cycles, and gastric digestion was observed in the HA-EPGs as a consequence of adding JJRDF, JJRDF-CXHC, JJRDF-CXHPC, and JJRDF-CXHA at 3–5 g/100 g. Moreover, JJRDF-CXHC and JJRDF-CXHPC were better at improving the textural quality of the unmodified HA-EPG compared to JJRDF-CXHA and JJRDF (p < 0.05). Therefore, to improve egg protein gel quality, JJRDF modified with cellulase and xylanase hydrolysis separately coupled with carboxymethylation and crosslinking is a good choice. However, the functionalities of these modified JJRDFs should be studied. Full article

This study systematically investigates the effects of repeated Kurome treatment—a physical modification method combining mechanical stirring and oxidative regulation—on the processing characteristics and film properties of Chinese lacquer (urushi). By subjecting raw lacquer to 1–4 cycles of hydration–dehydration (KL1–KL4), the researchers observed a significant increase in viscosity (from 12,688 to 16,468 mPa·s) and a dramatic reduction in curing time (from 74 h to just 3.6 h), driven by deep oxidation of urushiol and quinone-mediated crosslinking, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The Kurome treatment enabled controlled darkening (L* value decreased from 29.31 to 26.89) while maintaining stable hue and gloss (88.96–90.96 GU), with no adverse effects on abrasion resistance (mass loss of 0.126–0.150 g/100 r) or adhesion (9.58–9.75 MPa). The reduced transparency of the KL3/KL4 films is associated with a densified polymer network, a feature that may benefit protective coatings. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the formation of uniform, defect-free surfaces across all treatment groups. Among them, the KL2 group (viscosity of 14,630 mPa·s, curing time of 9.2 h) exhibited the most favorable balance for industrial applications. This study establishes Kurome technology as a low-carbon, additive-free strategy that enhances the processability of Chinese lacquer while preserving its traditional craftsmanship standards, offering scientific support for its sustainable use in modern coatings and cultural heritage conservation. Full article

Background/Objectives: Sandblasting build-ups before applying the acid and adhesive significantly improves the bond strength. The aim of this study is to evaluate, for the first time, the effectiveness of an Er:YAG laser used in QSP mode to treat the surface of build-ups before the adhesive cementation sequence. Methods: This ex vivo study was conducted on 12 intact, undecayed extracted teeth kept hydrated in NaCl 0.9% solution. A cavity was created in the center and reconstructed with composite resin (build-up). Then, samples were prepared with burs and divided into three groups: control group G1, prepared only with burs; group G2, in which surfaces were treated with a sandblaster (2.5 bar, 10 mm from composite surface, aluminum oxide, 10 s); and group G3, treated using an Er:YAG laser (QSP modality, 1 W, 10 Hz, 100 mJ). The surface roughness of the build-ups was measured using a CCI MP-L digital optical profiler (Taylor Hobson, Leicester, UK), and surface morphology was studied using the Quanta™ 250 FEG (FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) ESEM instrument. Results: Regarding enamel, mean surface roughness in G1 vs. G2 was not statistically significant (p = 0.968); meanwhile, differences between the Er:YAG laser group (G3) and G1 or G2 were significant (G3 vs. G1 p < 0.001; G3 vs. G2 p < 0.001). Regarding dentin, G1 vs. G2 was significant (p = 0.021); differences between G3 and G1 or G2 were extremely significant (G3 vs. G1 p < 0.001; G3 vs. G2 p < 0.001). The same trend was detected for resin. Conclusions: An Er:YAG laser in QSP mode used on the build-up surface for indirect adhesive restorations is innovative and should be investigated with further studies. However, it seems extremely effective with increased roughness, the absence of a smear layer and characteristics potentially favorable for good adhesion for all substrates (enamel, dentin, resin). Full article

Alkali-activated materials have gained increasing popularity in the field of soil barrier materials due to their high strength and low environmental impact. However, barrier materials made from alkali-activated materials still suffer from long setting times and poor barrier performance in acidic, alkaline, and saline environments, which hinders the sustainable development of green alkali-activated materials. Herein, coconut shell biochar, sodium silicate-based adhesives, and polyether polyol/polypropylene polymers were used for multi-stage material modification. The modified materials were evaluated for barrier performance, rapid formation, and resistance to acidic, alkaline, and saline environments, using metrics such as compressive strength, permeability, mass loss, and VOC diffusion efficiency. The results indicated that adhesive modification reduced the material’s setting time from 72 to 12 h. Polymer modification improved resistance to corrosion by 15–20%. The biochar-containing multi-stage modified materials achieved VOC diffusion barrier efficiency of over 99% in both normal and corrosive conditions. These improvements are attributed to the adhesive accelerating calcium silicate hydration and forming strength-enhancing compounds, the polymer providing corrosion resistance, and biochar enhancing the volatile organic compounds (VOC) barrier properties. The combined modification yielded a highly effective multi-stage green barrier material suitable for rapid barrier formation and corrosion protection. These findings contribute to evaluating multi-level modified barrier materials’ effectiveness and potential benefits in this field and provide new insights for the development of modified, green, and efficient alkali-activated barrier materials, promoting the green and sustainable development of soil pollution control technologies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Recent studies highlight the excellent wound-healing properties of collagen and chitosan materials. Combining these polymers with a bioactive compound could enhance their effectiveness as next-generation wound dressings. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), an antioxidant derived from olive oil, may aid wound healing due to its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and angiogenesis-stimulating properties, making it a beneficial addition to collagen–chitosan dressings. It could be a beneficial addition to collagen–chitosan dressings, thus improving their therapeutic effects. This study screens the potential of collagen–chitosan composites with HT for wound-healing applications and assesses the influence of the compound’s incorporation on the materials’ properties. Methods: The material production involved incorporating chitosan and HT into a marine collagen extract. The resulting collagen–chitosan–HT material was obtained through freeze-drying. Prototype dressing characterization included morphology by scanning electron microscopy, solid and hydrated state by textural and rheological studies, and in vitro HT release studies. The materials’ cytocompatibility screening was assessed using a mouse fibroblast cell line, and the antibacterial activity was evaluated against microorganisms commonly implicated in wound infections. Results: Burst strength, viscosity, frequency sweep test, tackiness, and adhesion results indicate that chitosan contributes to the material’s mechanical robustness by maintaining a high viscosity and preserving the material’s gel structure. The in vitro release studies suggest an HT-controlled release profile with a maximum release (70%) achieved after 10 h. Biological experiments confirmed the materials’ cytocompatibility with skin cells and very promising antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: In conclusion, HT was successfully incorporated into a collagen–chitosan matrix, enhancing the therapeutic prospect of the resultant material. The collagen–chitosan–HT composite presents a promising potential as an advanced wound-healing material. Full article

Copper nanowires (Cu NWs) are considered a promising alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO) and silver nanowires (Ag NWs) due to their excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, abundant reserves, and low cost. They have been widely applied in various optoelectronic devices. In this study, Cu NWs were synthesized using copper chloride (CuCl₂) as the precursor, monoethanolamine (MEA) as the complexing agent, and hydrated hydrazine (N₂H₄) as the reducing agent under strongly alkaline conditions at 60 °C. Notably, this is the first time that MEA has been employed as a complexing agent in this synthesis method for Cu NWs. Through a series of experiments, the optimal conditions for the CuCl₂–MEA–N₂H₄ system in Cu NWs synthesis were determined. This study revealed that the presence of amines plays a crucial role in nanowire formation, as the co-ordination of MEA with copper in this system provides selectivity for the nanowire growth direction. MEA prevents the excessive conversion of Cu(I) complexes into Cu₂O octahedral precipitates and exhibits an adsorption effect during Cu NWs formation. The different adsorption tendencies of MEA at the nanowire ends and lateral surfaces, depending on its concentration, influence the growth of the Cu NWs, as directly reflected by changes in their diameter and length. At an MEA concentration of 210 mM, the synthesized Cu NWs have an average diameter of approximately 101 nm and a length of about 28 μm. To fabricate transparent conductive films, the Cu NW network was transferred onto a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate by applying a pressure of 20 MPa using a tablet press to ensure strong adhesion between the Cu NW-coated mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filter membrane and the PET substrate. Subsequently, the MCE membrane was dissolved by acetone and isopropanol immersion. The resulting Cu NW transparent conductive film exhibited a sheet resistance of 52 Ω sq⁻¹ with an optical transmittance of 86.7%. Full article

Thin spray on-liner (TSL) is a new type of rock support technology, but ordinary cement-based TSL has low tensile strength and poor toughness, which makes it difficult to meet the challenges of large deformation of coal mine roadway perimeter rock surface maintenance. A high-performance composite cement-based TSL was obtained by adding acrylic emulsion, basalt fiber and rubber powder to modify ordinary Portland cement. The orthogonal test and range analysis method were used to systematically study the change law of the physical and mechanical properties of the composite cement-based TSL, determine its reasonable ratio, and further microscopic analysis to find out the modification mechanism. The results show that the reasonable ratio of composite cement-based TSL is as follows: polymer–cement ratio is 1.75, basalt fiber content is 1%, and rubber powder content is 3%; that is, the viscosity is 20,000 mps, and the elongation, tensile strength and adhesive strength in 28 d are 121%, 2.28 Mpa, and 1.66 Mpa, respectively. When the acrylic emulsion-basalt fiber-rubber powder is compositely modified, the acrylic emulsion cures and the cement hydration product to form a three-dimensional space network structure, which increases the compactness, the basalt fiber reduces the porosity of the matrix, inhibits the development of matrix cracks, and the rubber powder improves the elongation of the matrix and jointly improves the mechanical properties of TSL. This study provides a theoretical basis for the preparation of composite cement-based TSL. Full article

This research investigates the effects of steel (ST) and synthetic (SYN) fibers on the workability and mechanical properties of HPFRC. It also analyzes their influence on the material’s microstructural characteristics. ST fibers improve tensile strength, fracture toughness, and post-cracking performance owing to their rigidity, mechanical interlocking, and robust adhesion with the matrix. SYN fibers, conversely, mitigate shrinkage-induced micro-cracking, augment ductility, and enhance concrete performance under dynamic stress while exerting negative effects on workability. Hybrid fiber systems, which include ST and SYN fibers, offer synergistic advantages by enhancing fracture management at various scales and augmenting ductility and energy absorption capability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been crucial in investigating fiber–matrix interactions, elucidating the effects of ST and SYN fibers on hydration, crack-bridging mechanisms, and interfacial bonding. ST fibers establish thick interfacial zones that facilitate effective stress transfer, whereas SYN fibers reduce micro-crack formation and enhance long-term durability. Nonetheless, research deficiencies persist, encompassing optimal hybrid fiber configurations, the enduring performance of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), and sustainable fiber substitutes. Future investigations should examine multi-scale reinforcing techniques, intelligent fibers for structural health assessment, and sustainable fiber alternatives. The standardization of testing methodologies and cost–benefit analyses is essential to promote industrial deployment. This review offers a thorough synthesis of the existing knowledge, emphasizing advancements and potential to enhance HPFRC for high-performance and sustainable construction applications. The findings facilitate the development of new, durable, and resilient fiber-reinforced concrete systems by solving current difficulties. Full article

Unlike many biopolymers, α-1,3-glucan (α-1,3-GLU) is water-insoluble, making it a promising candidate for the production of moisture-resistant films with applications in biodegradable packaging, biomedicine, and cosmetics. This study aimed to characterize the structural, physicochemical (water affinity, optical, mechanical), and biodegradation properties of a film made from α-1,3-GLU extracted from Laetiporus sulphureus. The film was fabricated through alkaline dissolution, casting, drying, washing to remove residual NaOH, and re-plasticization with a glycerol solution. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the polysaccharide nature of the film, with predominant α-glycosidic linkages. The film exhibited a semi-crystalline structure and high opacity due to surface roughness resulting from polymer coagulation. Owing to re-plasticization, the film showed a high moisture content (~47%), high water solubility (81.95% after 24 h), and weak mechanical properties (tensile strength = 1.28 MPa, elongation at break ≈ 10%). Its water vapor permeability (53.69 g mm m⁻² d⁻¹ kPa⁻¹) was comparable to other glycerol-plasticized polysaccharide films reported in the literature. The film supported the adhesion of soil microorganisms and target bacteria and was susceptible to degradation by Trichoderma harzianum and endo- and exo-α-1,3-glucanases, indicating its biodegradability. The limitations in its mechanical strength and excessive hydration indicate the need for improvements in the composition and methods of producing α-1,3-GLU films. Full article

With increasing service life, concrete durability gradually deteriorates, requiring urgent repair and reinforcement. Conventional cement-based repair materials exhibit disadvantages such as high brittleness, low tensile strength, poor adhesion, and insufficient durability, making them inadequate for high-quality structural repairs. Based on the molecular structure–activity relationship, this study developed a novel waterborne epoxy–cement-based composite repair material using self-synthesized waterborne epoxy resin (WEP). The mechanism by which WEP improves the performance of cement-based materials was elucidated. The results indicate that WEP significantly influenced the early formation of silicate crystals. Furthermore, the addition of WEP enhanced material flexibility and adhesion, achieving flexural strength of 12.9 MPa and direct tensile bond strength of 2.13 MPa at 28 days, representing increases of approximately 30% and 58%, respectively, compared to the control group. Stress–strain curve analysis revealed that the ultimate strain of WEP-modified cement mortar reached 0.024%. SEM analysis revealed that cured WEP formed a dense cross-linked network with cement hydration products. This microstructural modification refined the pore structure, effectively addressing the material’s brittleness, ductility, and durability limitations. Full article

The fundamental processes in flotation involve the collision, adhesion, and detachment between bubbles and mineral particles. The hydration film, which is commonly found on the surface of both particles and bubbles, hinders the effective interaction between the gas, liquid, and solid phases. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a Reverse Sequence Collision Flotation (RSCF) model, which changes the conventional sequence of gas–liquid–solid interactions. Theoretical analysis reveals that, compared to the traditional flotation process, the proposed model enhances the collision and adhesion between bubbles and mineral particles. Building upon this, preliminary studies were carried out to develop both a single-bubble static reverse sequence collision testing system and a multi-bubble dynamic reverse sequence collision testing system. These systems were used to conduct both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the collision and adhesion effects, thereby confirming the feasibility and separability of the RSCF model. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that mechanical disturbance can be used to adjust the bubble loading, thus creating a new enrichment strategy based on the RSCF model. In conclusion, the RSCF model presents a novel approach to improving flotation efficiency. Future research should focus on optimizing this model and exploring its application potential across different mineral systems. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to develop and evaluate an anti-pollution film-forming spray (FFS) containing coffee cherry pulp extract (FFS-CCS). The formulation was designed to create a protective skin barrier, improving skin health while defending against environmental pollutants. Its physical properties, dust resistance, stability, skin penetration, and clinical effectiveness were assessed to ensure optimal performance and safety. Methods: Various polymers and a ternary solvent system were used to enhance the stability and solubility of bioactive compounds from the coffee cherry pulp extract. The formulations were characterized based on appearance, film formation, viscosity, pH, spray uniformity, spray pattern, angle, film thickness, and particle adhesion. Stability testing was conducted under different storage conditions. Skin penetration was assessed using Franz diffusion cells with Strat-M^® membranes to simulate human skin. A single-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 42 participants was conducted over 60 days to evaluate the effects of FFS-CCS on skin hydration, tone, and wrinkle reduction. Clinical assessments were performed using a Corneometer, Mexameter, and Skin Visioscan. Results: The FFS1-CCS formulation, incorporating PVP K90 and a ternary solvent system, significantly improved the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of key bioactive compounds (chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and theophylline). Physical characterization confirmed uniform, transparent films with optimal viscosity and sprayability. Stability testing showed minimal degradation. Skin penetration and retention studies revealed enhanced retention of bioactive compounds with minimal systemic absorption. PVP K90, along with ethanol and propylene glycol, extended the compounds’ residence time on the skin, ensuring localized delivery. Clinically, FFS1-CCS significantly improved skin hydration, reduced roughness, lightened skin tone, and decreased erythema. Conclusions: The FFS1-CCS formulation utilizing PVP K90 significantly enhanced the stability, bioavailability, and skin retention of coffee cherry pulp extract, resulting in improved skin hydration, wrinkle reduction, and skin tone enhancement. These findings highlight the potential of coffee cherry pulp extract as a multifunctional, sustainable cosmeceutical ingredient, offering both anti-aging and environmental protection benefits, making it a promising solution for skincare applications. Full article