Search Results (97)

This research aimed to establish reference intervals and evaluate the influence of age in 56 Nguni cattle raised in Mozambique. Blood samples containing EDTA as anticoagulant were collected. The erythrogram and total leukocyte count were analyzed using the BC-2800 Vet Mindray^® automatic counter. The differential counting of leukocytes was performed in blood smears stained using Giemsa and Mcgruwald’s stain. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical analysis system (SAS). Analysis of variance was performed using the GLM procedure, and mean contrasts were analyzed using Duncan’s parametric test at 5% significance, with the Shapiro–Wilk and Levene tests for date normalities. The reference intervals for the erythrogram are as follows: red blood cells: 6.78 to 7.40 × 10¹²/L; hemoglobin: 10.77 to 11.36 g/dL; hematocrit: 28.02 to 29.56%; mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 39.91 to 43.02 fL; mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): 15.27 to 16.44 pg; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): between 37.86 and 39.10 g/dL; and red blood cell distribution width (RDW): between 16.98 and 19.40%. For leukograms, the following references values were obtained: total leukocytes: between 14,106 and 16,233 × 10⁶/L; basophils: between 32 and 165 × 10⁶/L; eosinophils: between 823 and 1262 × 10⁶/L; band neutrophils: between 25 and 87 × 10⁶/L; segmented neutrophils: between 2510 and 3249 × 10⁶/L; total neutrophils: between 2565 and 3306 × 10⁶/L; lymphocytes: between 9471 and 11,474 × 10⁶/L; and monocytes: between 154 and 296 × 10⁶/L. Age influenced MCV, MCH, leukocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. Leukogram reference intervals of other countries could not be used for the breed of Mozambique without making gross errors. Full article

Striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, has recently emerged as a promising candidate for Egyptian aquaculture owing to its rapid growth; however, under intensive culture, it is vulnerable to Aeromonas hydrophila. The efficacy of dietary supplementation with effective probiotic microorganisms (EPMs) in enhancing growth performance, feed utilization, physiological health, and disease resistance of P. hypophthalmus against A. hydrophila challenge was evaluated. A 90-day feeding trial was conducted with 300 fish randomly distributed into four triplicate groups (25 fish per replicate) reared in 12 indoor fiberglass tanks: a control and three groups receiving EPMs at inclusion levels of 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5%. The results showed significant, dose-dependent improvements across all EPMs-supplemented groups in survival, growth rates, feed utilization, and hematological parameters (RBC, Hb, PCV, WBC, and lymphocytes). Dietary EPMs led to significant improvements (p ≤ 0.001) in digestive efficiency, protein and lipid metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activity, immune performance, and the ability of striped catfish to withstand A. hydrophila infection. Hepatobiliary enzyme activities (ALT, AST, and ALKP), glucose levels, lipid profile markers, and hepatic MDA exhibited a significant linear decrease (p ≤ 0.0001) with increasing EPMs levels. The gut microbial composition showed a dose-dependent increase in beneficial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and a reduction in TAPC, pathogenic coliforms (TFCC), and Vibrio spp. (TVC). These results demonstrate the dose-dependent effects of EPMs on enhancing aquafeed efficiency, overall health, and innate immunity in striped catfish. Full article

Background and Objectives: Acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular mortality. Recent insights into PTE pathophysiology emphasize the complex interplay of multiple mechanisms, particularly the roles of thrombosis and inflammation. Methods: This retrospective, single-center observational study included 138 participants: 69 adult patients diagnosed with PTE via computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and 69 matched healthy controls. Upon admission, a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed, and Daniel’s score was calculated. Peripheral blood samples were collected to assess inflammatory biomarkers and hemogram-derived ratios (SII, NLR, dNLR, NPR, PLR, LMR). CTPA scans were analyzed not only for diagnostic purposes and PTE localization but also for inflammatory changes. PTE severity was classified according to the 2019 ESC guidelines. Results: Patients with PTE had significantly higher Daniel’s ECG scores, initial values of inflammatory biomarkers (WBC, neutrophils, IL-6, CRP) and hemogram-derived ratios (SII, NLR, dNLR, NPR) compared to controls. In multivariate analysis, older age (OR = 1.05; p = 0.038), higher Daniel’s ECG score (OR = 1.24; p < 0.001), and higher dNLR (OR = 1.40; p = 0.001) were found as an independent predictors of PTE severity. Ground-glass opacity (GGO) was the most common parenchymal and pleural inflammatory finding relating to CTPA (48.4%), but these findings did not show significant predictive value for PTE severity. Conclusions: Daniel’s ECG score and dNLR, both readily available and cost-effective biomarkers demonstrated independent predictive value for assessing PTE severity. Full article

Background and Objectives: Upadacitinib is a recently approved Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although it has been adopted for clinical use, there are limited real-world data regarding its efficacy and safety, as well as its effects on laboratory parameters. In our study, we aimed to evaluate these outcomes in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) who had previously failed biologic agents. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 22 UC and 19 CD patients who received Upadacitinib for at least six months, where efficacy was assessed at pretreatment and at 3 and 6 months. We used the Harvey–Bradshaw Index (HBI) for CD and the partial Mayo score (PMS) for UC to define clinical response and remission. Results: All patients were biologic-experienced, with a substantial portion (47%) having previously failed at least two different agents. At six months, the persistence rates were 78.3% for CD and 88% for UC. The clinical response rates were 72.7% for CD and 83.3% for UC, while the clinical remission rates were 50% and 58.3%, respectively. Fecal calprotectin and C-reactive protein levels significantly improved (p < 0.001). Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels increased, but triglyceride levels and the LDL/HDL ratio remained unchanged. Biochemical parameters, including glucose, HbA1c, and thyroid, kidney, and liver function tests, remained within normal limits. No clinically significant changes were observed in hemogram parameters, and no serious adverse events, embolisms, major cardiovascular events (MACEs), or deaths occurred. Conclusions: Upadacitinib is effective in biologic-unresponsive IBD patients. While it increases cholesterol levels, it does not alter the LDL/HDL ratio and does not demonstrate a negative effect on glucose metabolism. Further multicenter, longer-term studies are needed on this topic. Full article

Background: Various studies have shown that viral pneumonia pathogens display distinct inflammatory profiles, and hematological indices, such as the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Lymphocyte/Monocyte Ratio (LMR), and Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), can serve as accessible markers of disease severity. Moreover, the seasonal distribution of respiratory viruses appears to have shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This retrospective case–control study was conducted on patients diagnosed with PCR-confirmed viral pneumonia in the emergency department of a tertiary care center between 1 January and 31 December 2024. The control group comprised age- and sex-matched individuals without viral pneumonia. Subjects with comorbidities or ongoing treatments potentially affecting hematological indices were excluded. Seasonal distribution of viral pathogens was recorded. Hematological and inflammatory parameters at admission—including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR)—were evaluated. The associations between these biomarkers, Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) scores, and hospitalization status were statistically analyzed. Results: In this study, it was determined that Influenza A/B was more common in winter (67.3%) and SARS-CoV-2 in summer (70.7%). The relationship between the Pneumonia Severity Index and hemogram parameters was examined in determining the severity of pneumonia. In SARS-CoV-2, leukocyte and neutrophil counts were positively correlated (R: 0.392, p: 0.003; R: 0.466, p: <0.001), while in Influenza A/B, lymphocyte, platelet, and monocyte counts showed a negative correlation (R: −0.402, p: 0.005; R: −0.331, p: 0.021; R: −0.327, p: 0.023). Correlations were found between inflammation parameters and the Pneumonia Severity Index, except for the Lymphocyte/Monocyte Ratio, between SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A/B (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The seasonal distribution of viral pneumonia pathogens has been revealed following the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to differences in inflammation patterns in viral infections, different leukocyte subgroups have been suggested as biomarkers. Full article

Background and Objectives: Early diagnosis and monitoring of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B are crucial for effective disease management and prognosis. Traditionally, percutaneous liver biopsy has been regarded as the gold standard for assessing the degree of fibrosis histopathologically. However, this method has several drawbacks. Consequently, non-invasive serum scoring systems are becoming increasingly preferred. These serum scoring systems have emerged as valuable non-invasive tools for predicting liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Multiple serum-based scoring systems have been developed and validated for this purpose. The aim of this study is to determine the role of serum scoring systems in chronic hepatitis B, evaluate their performance, and analyze their correlation with liver biopsy results. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with Chronic Hepatitis B who underwent liver biopsy and were found to have liver fibrosis associated with chronic hepatitis B between August 2018 and July 2024 were included in this retrospective comparative case-control study and liver function tests, INR, alpha-fetoprotein levels, hemogram parameters, kidney function tests, and cholesterol levels at the time of biopsy were recorded. Results: The present study included a total of 249 patients, comprising 138 men (55.5%; mean age 42.1 years) and 111 women (44.5%; mean age 45.8 ± 13.5 years). The results of sixteen commonly used scoring systems in the current literature were evaluated for predicting fibrosis. According to ROC analysis, the most notable score identified was the KING score (0.775). The subsequent scores, in order, were AGAP (0.768), GUCI (0.748), FIB-4 (0.735), APRI (0.729), and S-INDEX (0.701). Conclusions: Non-invasive methods offer potential advantages over liver biopsy. While these scoring systems demonstrate good accuracy in identifying advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis, their performance in detecting mild to moderate fibrosis is generally less reliable. They can function as preliminary screening tests to identify patients who may require further evaluation or to prioritize individuals for more advanced imaging studies or liver biopsy. Full article

Objective: This study aims to evaluate obstetric and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by RDs and to identify hemogram-derived biomarkers associated with adverse perinatal events. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed 360 pregnancies in individuals diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Sjögren’s disease, sarcoidosis, undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), and other autoimmune conditions, followed up at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, between 2013 and 2018. Data on disease activity, maternal complications, neonatal outcomes, and inflammatory markers were extracted from electronic medical records. Results: Patients with SSc had the highest rates of preterm birth (57.1%) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) (42.9%), whereas those with SLE (50%) and AS (25%) exhibited the highest disease flare rates. Neonates born to mothers with SSc, SLE, and Sjögren’s disease had significantly lower Apgar scores, suggesting increased neonatal distress. NICU admission was associated with elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (ELR), with higher NLR and ELR also predicting spontaneous abortion. Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and ELR demonstrated the highest predictive value for composite adverse perinatal outcomes. Additionally, RA patients experiencing disease flares had an 87.5% cesarean section (CS) rate, significantly exceeding the general population rate. Conclusions: This study underscores the increased risk of preterm birth, FGR, and neonatal complications in RD pregnancies, particularly in SSc and SLE patients. The findings suggest that early risk assessment using hemogram-based inflammatory markers may improve perinatal management and patient stratification. Full article

Background and Objectives: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) poses a major public health problem worldwide. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we included 274 patients with CDI, who were hospitalized in Internal Medicine Departments in Evangelismos General Hospital in Athens, Greece, during the past decade. Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters of the patients were recorded. Statistical analysis revealed an association between older age and mortality as well as heart failure and mortality among patients with CDI. Results: Notably, WBC (white blood count), neutrophils, NLR (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio), dNLR (derived NLR), SII (systemic immune–inflammation index) and hs-CRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) demonstrated a positive association with mortality, whereas serum albumin levels and PNR (platelet-to-neutrophil ratio) exhibited an inverse relationship with mortality. We propose that the aforementioned biomarkers may be used as prognostic parameters regarding mortality from CDI. Conclusions: Large scale studies among patients with CDI with the advent of AI (artificial intelligence) may incorporate demographic, clinical and laboratory features into prognostic scores to further characterize the global CDI threat. Full article

Background and Objectives: Immunodeficiency associated with aging comorbidities increases the vulnerability of geriatric patients to sepsis. Early recognition and management of sepsis are essential in this population. This study evaluated the relationships between RDW, MPV, and MPV/PLT ratios and mortality in geriatric sepsis patients. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between 2020 and 2024 in the Intensive Care Unit of the Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation at a university hospital. Patients aged ≥ 65 years with a SOFA score of ≥2 were included. Demographic data (sex, age, height, weight, and BMI), hemogram parameters (RDW, MPV, and PLT), blood gas, and biochemical values were analyzed. Furthermore, their comorbidities; site of infection; ICU length of stay; vital signs; and SOFA, APACHE II, and SAPS II scores, recorded within the first 24 h following ICU admission, were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Student’s t-test, the Mann–Whitney U test, the Monte Carlo exact test, and ROC analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 247 patients were included, with 46.2% (n = 114) classified as non-survivors during the 28-day follow-up period. Among them, 64.9% (n = 74) were male, with a mean age of 78.22 ± 8.53 years. Significant differences were also found in SOFA, APACHE-II, and SAPS-II scores between non-survivors and survivors (SOFA: 7.64 ± 3.16 vs. 6.78 ± 2.78, p = 0.023; APACHE-II: 21.31 ± 6.36 vs. 19.27 ± 5.88, p = 0.009; SAPS-II: 53.15 ± 16.04 vs. 46.93 ± 14.64, p = 0.002). On days 1, 3, and 5, the MPV/PLT ratio demonstrated a statistically significant predictive value for 28-day mortality. The optimal cut-off values were >0.03 on day 1 (AUC: 0.580, 95% CI: 0.516–0.642, sensitivity: 72.81%, specificity: 65.91%, p = 0.027), >0.04 on day 3 (AUC: 0.602, 95% CI: 0.538–0.663, sensitivity: 60.53%, specificity: 60.61%, p = 0.005), and >0.04 on day 5 (AUC: 0.618, 95% CI: 0.554–0.790, sensitivity: 66.14%, specificity: 62.88%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The MPV and MPV/PLT ratios demonstrated statistically significant but limited predictive value for 28-day mortality in geriatric patients with sepsis. In contrast, the limited prognostic value of RDW may be related to variability in the inflammatory response and other underlying conditions. The correlations found between SOFA, APACHE II, and SAPS II scores highlight their importance in mortality risk prediction. Full article

Introduction: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an inflammatory biomarker (hemogram-derived-ratio) related to ischemic-inflammatory diseases. Its usefulness in the diagnosis of pediatric testicular torsion (TT) has recently been reported, although its prognostic implication has not been evaluated. Our aim is to analyze the role of NLR in the evolution of TT in children, determining its potential for predicting the risk of adverse outcomes such as orchiectomy or testicular atrophy. Methods: We performed a retrospective multicentric case-control study in patients with clinical and ultrasound suspicion of TT, in whom surgical testicular examination was performed between 2016–2022 in seven pediatric hospitals. Patients’ outcomes were analyzed according to the intraoperative and postoperative evolution (orchiectomy/testicular atrophy or not). Demographics and clinical, ultrasound and laboratory features at admission were analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity were determined by the area under the curve (AUC) represented on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: A total of 455 patients (median age 13.2 years; interquartile range 10.6–14.4 years) were included, in whom 87 orchiectomies (19.1%) were performed and 34 cases of testicular atrophy (7.5%) were observed during follow-up (median follow-up: 10 months). When comparing clinical, ultrasound and laboratory predictors of both events on ROC curves, NLR was the most sensitive and specific parameter for predicting orchiectomy (AUC = 0.834; p < 0.001), as well as testicular atrophy (AUC = 0.849; p < 0.001). Compared with other parameters, the designed cut-off point of NLR = 5.2 had maximum sensitivity and specificity (82.2% and 77.0%, respectively) for predicting orchiectomy or atrophy after testicular torsion. Conclusions: NLR may be considered the best predictor for the risk of orchiectomy or testicular atrophy following torsion in pediatric patients, helping the identification of high-risk cases. It can be useful both for obtaining more accurate preoperative information on patient prognosis and for closer follow-up of high-risk testicular atrophy patients. Full article

Asthma exacerbations are acute worsening episodes in individuals with bronchial asthma, frequently necessitating emergency hospital care. Early differentiation between eosinophilic (≥150 eosinophils/mm³) and non-eosinophilic (<150 eosinophils/mm³) subtypes plays a crucial role in treatment decisions and identifying patients eligible for biologic therapies. The ExBA Study explored variations in complete blood count (CBC) parameters and derived cellular ratios—namely the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), thrombocyte-to-lymphocyte (TLR), and eosinophil-to-leukocyte ratios (ELR)—in adults hospitalized with severe asthma exacerbations. Ninety patients were enrolled and categorized into eosinophilic (n = 38) and non-eosinophilic (n = 52) groups. Significant statistical differences were observed in the neutrophil and lymphocyte levels, as well as in all three ratios. ROC analysis highlighted the ELR as the most specific indicator of the eosinophilic phenotype (specificity 100%, AUC 0.938, cut-off 0.003), whereas the NLR and TLR showed stronger associations with the non-eosinophilic group (AUC 0.733 and 0.676). No meaningful differences emerged regarding arterial blood gas levels, length of hospital stay, treatment costs, or mortality. A notable association was found between a personal or family history of atopy and the eosinophilic subtype (p = 0.0181). This study underscores the relevance of CBC-based ratios in asthma phenotyping during exacerbation events. Full article

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to persistent or newly emerging symptoms lasting for months, a condition known as long COVID (LC). The pathophysiology of LC remains poorly understood, with cytokine dysregulation proposed as a key mechanism, although findings across the studies have been inconsistent. Patients and methods: We conducted a longitudinal study using the Olink^® Target 96 Inflammation Panel to assess cytokines in COVID-19 (COV) patients at three months and six months post-infection. These profiles were compared with those of individuals recovering from other upper respiratory tract infections (non-COV). Additionally, we analyzed differences between individuals with LC and those who recovered from COVID-19. Predictive models for LC at three months and sixth months post-infection were developed using inflammatory markers and relevant clinical cofactors, including gender, age, BMI, hemogram, Β2-microglobulin, D-dimers, LDH, AST, ALT, Ferritin, vitamin D, CRP, and the severity of acute COVID-19 infection as classified by WHO criteria. Results: We observed a general decline in inflammatory biomarkers in post-COVID-19 patients over time, with only a few cytokines elevated (CCL4 at month 3 and CST5 at month 6) compared to non-COV controls. In LC patients, an early phase of low-grade inflammation transitioned into significant reduction in proinflammatory biomarkers compared to recovered individuals. Rather than indicating immune normalization, this pattern suggests a possible suppression or exhaustion of the immune response in the months following acute infection. Importantly, our predictive modeling demonstrated that this specific cytokine signature, in combination with acute disease severity and clinical cofactors, described well the presence of LC. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that inflammation-related biomarker dysregulation following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection evolves dynamically over a six-month period. By the sixth month, compared to the third month, the presence of LC is more accurately predicted by a combination of persistent biomarker alteration and the severity of the initial infection, as defined by WHO criteria. This represents a novel insight, as previous studies have primarily associated LC with elevated proinflammatory markers, whereas our results suggest that immune suppression or exhaustion may play a more prominent role in the later stages. Full article

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the hemoglobin–albumin–lymphocyte–platelet (HALP) score—a marker reflecting both inflammatory and nutritional status—in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing immunotherapy. We also sought to determine whether dynamic changes in the HALP score during treatment could predict therapeutic success and help distinguish between pseudoprogression and hyperprogression. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 160 patients diagnosed with metastatic NSCLC and treated with immunotherapy at the Ankara Atatürk Sanatorium Training and Research Hospital. Chemotherapy regimens, metastatic sites, baseline and third-month hemograms and biochemistry parameters, and survival data were recorded. Survival outcomes were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards regression model using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results: The median overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 15 months (95% CI: 11.88–18.12). HALP1 score (p = 0.048), HALP2 score (p = 0.026), and hyperprogression (p < 0.001) were statistically significant predictors of OS. Regarding progression-free survival (PFS), the HALP2 score (p = 0.031), line of immunotherapy (p = 0.046), and hyperprogression (p < 0.001) were found to be significant. When comparing patients with increasing versus decreasing HALP scores, those with increasing HALP scores demonstrated significantly better outcomes for both OS (p = 0.034) and PFS (p = 0.007). Conclusions: In patients with metastatic NSCLC undergoing immunotherapy, the HALP score and its dynamic alterations during treatment appear to be non-invasive, easily calculable biomarkers that may predict both OS and PFS. Full article

Background and Objectives: Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with oxidative stress. It has been reported that oxidative stress caused by disruption of redox signaling can cause molecular damage, activate dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and keratinocytes, and lead to angiogenesis, inflammation, cell necrosis, and apoptosis by increasing the levels of lipid peroxidation products. In this study, serum levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were analyzed to gain insight into the oxidative balance in patients with PV. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 59 PV patients and 40 healthy volunteers as the healthy control group. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, routine hematologic parameters [fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood lipid levels, hemogram parameters], disease duration, and disease severity were recorded on data forms. The levels of ADMA, MDA, and GSH were analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Results: When analyzed in terms of demographic characteristics, no statistically significant difference was observed between the patient and control groups. When examined in terms of biochemical variables, white blood cell (WBC) values were found to be significantly higher in the patient group (t: 2.825; p < 0.05). Although waist circumference, BMI, glucose, CRP, ESR, lipids, platelet count, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in the patient group, this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). ADMA (t: 4.532; p < 0.05) and MDA (t: 9.598; p < 0.05) values were found to be higher and GSH (t: −4.717; p < 0.05) values were found to be lower in the patient group compared to the control group. When correlation analysis was performed between the parameters, a significant relationship was found only between GSH values and ADMA values (r: −0.256; p < 0.05). Accordingly, as the patients’ GSH values increased, ADMA values decreased. Conclusions: Increased WBC, ADMA, and MDA levels, and decreased GSH levels in PV patients reveal the critical role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the disease process. Evaluation of these biomarkers may contribute to the identification of new targets for the treatment of PV and the development of more effective management strategies. Full article

Background and Objectives: The transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy-vestibular approach (TOETVA) and parathyroidectomy-vestibular approach (TOEPVA) are scar-free alternatives to conventional surgery but are classified as clean-contaminated due to the oral incision, raising concerns about surgical site infections (SSIs). This study evaluates whether perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (pABX) alone is sufficient compared to extended antibiotic prophylaxis (eABX) in preventing SSIs in TOET/PVA, particularly considering the surgical learning curve. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study analyzed 162 patients undergoing TOET/PVA at a single center from January 2018 to June 2024. Patients were divided into two groups: 82 received eABX (intravenous cefazolin preoperatively plus 7 days of oral amoxicillin/clavulanate), and 80 received pABX alone (intravenous cefazolin). The inclusion criteria included complete postoperative hemogram and C-reactive protein (CRP) records; exclusions comprised other surgical approaches or missing data. Outcomes included postoperative white blood cell (WBC) count, CRP levels, and complications (seroma, cellulitis, and flap perforation), defined using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. The statistical analysis comprised t-tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression, adjusting for confounders like age and sex. Results: The postoperative WBC and CRP levels were significantly higher in the pABX group (p = 0.001), but all values remained within the laboratory normal limits. Complications were observed in 14 patients: seroma in 11, cellulitis in 2, and flap perforation in 1. Complications occurred more frequently in the eABX group but without statistical significance (p = 0.103). The duration of surgery was longer in the eABX group (117.93 ± 52.35 vs. 72.44 ± 22.54 min, p = 0.001) and was an independent predictor of complications (OR = 1.018, 95% CI: 1.006–1.031, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis alone does not increase the risk of SSIs compared to extended prophylaxis in TOETVA. However, eABX may be prudent during the learning curve due to longer operative times and higher complication risks. Future prospective, randomized trials are needed to standardize prophylaxis regimens. Full article