Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) is a member of the ginsenoside family of chemicals extracted from Panax ginseng. Like other ginsenosides, Rg3 has two epimers: 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (SRg3) and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (RRg3). Rg3 is an intriguing molecule due to i...
Four known ginsenosides: ginsenoside-Rb1 (1), Rb3 (2), Rd (3) and Re (4) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the traditional Chinese medicine Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Further enzyme reactions and chemical modifications led us to obtain gin...
In recent years, minor ginsenosides have received increasing attention due to their outstanding biological activities, yet they are of extremely low content in wild ginseng. Ginsenoside Rb1, which accounts for 20% of the total ginsenosides, is common...
To investigate the protective effects of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside (PDG) and its metabolite ginsenoside M1 (G-M1) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic liver injury in ICR mice, we carried out conversion of protopanaxadiol-type ginsen...
Background: Ginsenosides, triterpene saponins of Panax species, are considered the main active ingredients responsible for various pharmacological activities. Herein, a new protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside called “ginsenoside MT1” is des...
As the main bioactive constituents of Panax species, ginsenosides possess a wide range of notable medicinal effects such as anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activities. However, the increas...
Heating is a traditional method used in ginseng root processing, however, there aren’t reports on differences resulting from baking and steaming. Moreover, ginseng flowers, with 5.06 times more total saponins than ginseng root, are not fully taken ad...
Zebrafish, a common model organism for studies of vertebrate development and gene function, has been used in pharmaceutical research as a new and powerful tool in recent years. In the present study, we applied zebrafish for the first time in a metabo...
(24R)-pseudo-ginsenoside HQ (R-PHQ) and (24S)-pseudo-ginsenoside HQ (S-PHQ) are the main metabolites of (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) in vivo. In this study, we found that Rh2, R-PHQ, and S-PHQ upregulated the innate and adaptive immune response in cyc...
Despite the rapid advancement of glycosidase biotechnology, ginsenoside-transforming rhamnosidases remain underexplored due to a lack of research. In this study, we aimed to bridge this gap by evaluating eight putative rhamnosidases for their ability...
Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the major clinical features of many neurodegenerative diseases. It can be aging-related or even appear in non-central nerve system (CNS) diseases. CI has a wide spectrum that ranges from the cognitive complaint wit...
Ginseng is an increasingly popular ingredient in supplements for healthcare products and traditional medicine. Heat-processed ginsengs, such as red ginseng or black ginseng, are regarded as more valuable for medicinal use when compared to white ginse...
Light is essential for plants and plays a vital role in their growth and development. Light irradiation affects the physiological characteristics and synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. As a semi-shade perennial plant, Panax ginseng C.A. Me...
Ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb commonly consumed world-wide owing to its unique family of saponins called ginsenosides. The absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides mainly depend on an individual’s gastrointestinal bioconversion...
An Aspergillus niger strain was isolated from the soil around ginseng fruit. In vitro enzyme assays showed that this strain had the ability to transform total ginsenosides (TGS) into several new products. In a further biochemical study, a β-glucosida...
Recently Panax ginseng has been grown as a secondary crop under a pine tree canopy in New Zealand (NZ). The aim of the study is to compare the average content of ginsenosides from NZ-grown ginseng and its original native locations (China and Korea) g...
Ginsenoside Rg3 is a bioactive compound from Panax ginseng and exhibits diverse notable biological properties. Glycosylation catalyzed by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT) is the final biosynthetic step of ginsenoside Rg3 and de...
For over 2000 years, ginseng (roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine. Ginsenosides are bioactive compounds present in ginseng responsible for the pharmacological effects and curing various acute diseases as...
Black ginseng (BG), a traditional medicinal herb produced through a nine-stage steaming and drying process, exhibits stronger pharmacological efficacy, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, when compared to white and r...
Ginsenoside CK, a kind of rare ginsenoside transformed from protopanaxadiol saponins extracted from the genus Panax, has been proven to possess favorable bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and hepatoprotective effect...
This review explores the antidepressant effects of ginsenoside Rb1, a natural compound in traditional Chinese medicine, and its potential for treating major depressive disorder (MDD). The aetiology of depression was reviewed up to 2024, focusing on t...
Protopanaxatriol saponins obtained with AB-8 macroporous resin mainly consisted of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re. A novel mono-ester of ginsenoside-Rh1 (ginsenoside-ORh1) was synthesized through further enzymatic hydrolysis and octanoyl chloride modificati...
Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) are unique triterpenoidal saponins that are considered to be responsible for most of the pharmacological activities of P. ginseng. However, the various linkage positions cause different pharmacological...
Rb1-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger KCCM 11239 was studied to develop a bioconversion process for minor ginsenosides. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 46.5 times greater than that of the crude enzyme. The molecular we...
Panax ginseng and Panax notoginseng, two well-known medical plants with economic value, have a long history of use for managing various diseases in Asian countries. Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests that notoginsenosides and gi...
Ginsenosides are active components found abundantly in ginseng which has been used as a medicinal herb to modify disease status for thousands of years. However, the pharmacological activity of ginsenoside Re in the neuronal system remains to be eluci...
The skin, the largest organ in the human body, mainly plays a protective role. Once damaged, it can lead to acute or chronic wounds. Wound healing involves a series of complex physiological processes that require ideal wound dressings to promote it....
Cancer is currently one of the most significant health threats facing humanity in general. The clinical treatment of cancer is constrained by the current development of chemotherapy drug resistance, poor pharmacokinetics, off-target toxicity, and ins...
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 5.8% of all malignancies in Taiwan, and the incidence of OSCC is on the rise. OSCC is also a common malignancy worldwide, and the five-year survival rate remains poor. Therefore, new and effective trea...
Suppressive effects of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), (24R)-pseudo-ginsenoside HQ (R-PHQ), and (24S)-pseudo-ginsenoside HQ (S-PHQ) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behavior were evaluated using the forced swimming test (FST) and tail...
The HD-Zip gene family plays a vital regulatory role in plant growth and development, but its function in plant secondary metabolism remains to be further elucidated. This study therefore investigated the involvement of the HD-Zip gene family in gins...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the herb–drug interactions involving red ginseng extract (RGE) or ginsenoside Rc with valsartan, a substrate for organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP/Oatp) transporters. In HEK293 cells overe...
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), currently ranking as the third most lethal malignancy, poses a grave threat to human health. Ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell demise, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in HCC treatment. In...
Ginsenoside F1, the metabolite of Rg1, is one of the most important constituents of Panax ginseng. Although the effects of ginsenosides on amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation in the brain are known, the role of ginsenoside F1 remains unclear. Here, we...
It is well known that ginsenosides—major bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng—are attracting more attention due to their beneficial pharmacological activities. Ginsenoside Rd, belonging to protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides, exhib...
Ginsenosides, the main active compounds in Panax species, are glycosides of protopanaxadiol (PPD) or protopanaxatriol (PPT). PPT-type ginsenosides have unique pharmacological activities on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. As an u...
We conducted this study to investigate the beneficial effects of Rhizopus oligosporus fermentation of wild ginseng on ginsenosides, l-carnitine contents and its biological activity. The Rhizopus oligosporus fermentation of wild ginseng was carried ou...
Cancer is one of the major lethal diseases in the world, and Western medicine treatments are often affected by side effects and drug resistance. Ginseng is a commonly used Chinese medicine in clinical practice, and Ginsenoside Rh1, an important activ...
Background/Objectives: Ginsenosides, one of the most pharmaceutically valuable chemical compounds in Panax ginseng, are synthesized with several enzymes, including UGTs. UGTs determine absorbability and physiological function upon consumption. Thus,...
Ginsenosides, the most active components in Panax ginseng, exhibit pharmacological and therapeutic properties but are limited by their low abundance. Jasmonates (JAs), a class of stress-induced phytohormones, are integral in modulating plant defense...
A new saponin, malonylginsenoside Ra3, was isolated from the fresh root of Panax ginseng, along with four known ginsenosides. The new compound was identified as (20S)-protopanaxadiol-3-O-(6-O-malonyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside-20-O-β...
Novel strategies for overcoming multidrug resistance are urgently needed to improve chemotherapy success and reduce side effects. Ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, display anti-cancer properties and reverse drug resistance; h...
Ginsenoside Rg1, a saponin that is a primary component of ginseng, has been demonstrated to protect hearts from diverse cardiovascular diseases with regulating multiple cellular signal pathways. In the present study, we investigated the protective ro...
Panax ginseng is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Ginsenosides, the main bioactive components responsible for the medicinal value of ginseng, are regulated by transcription factors. Among these regulatory factors, basic leucine zipper (bZIP) tr...
Breast cancer is still one of the most prevalent cancers and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The key challenge with cancer treatment is the choice of the best therapeutic agents with the least possible toxicities on the patient. Recently,...
Neurological-related disorders are diseases that affect the body’s neurons or peripheral nerve tissue, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The development of neurological disorders can cause serious harm t...
Ginsenosides are the pharmacologically active constituents of ginseng. So far, more than 30 ginsenosides have been identified and widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. However, the therapeutic applications of ginsenosides are hampered by their...
Ginsenoside Rg3 extracted from Panax notoginseng has therapeutic effects on diabetes and heart diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains unclear. 24-week-old diabetic db/db mice were treat...
Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, the major bioactive components of Panax ginseng, exhibit diverse pharmacological activities, but suffer from low oral bioavailability due to poor water solubility and membrane permeability. Enzymatic deglycosylation...
In this paper, the isolation, purification and quantification of ginsenoside F5 and F3 isomeric compounds from crude extracts of flower buds of Panax ginseng (CEFBPG) was investigated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)...
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