Search Results (1,444)

The growing environmental impact of petroleum-based plastic packaging has accelerated the development of biodegradable materials from renewable resources. In this study, cellulose extracted from wheat straw was regenerated into biodegradable films using calcium-ion crosslinking and glycerol plasticization. A Box–Behnken experimental design optimized cellulose content (0.35–0.5 g), calcium chloride concentration (200–800 nm), and glycerol concentration (0.5–1.5%) to produce films with balanced mechanical and barrier properties. The optimized film was characterized for its physicochemical, mechanical, optical, antioxidant, and biodegradation properties and evaluated for fresh grape packaging. The film exhibited favorable mechanical strength of 30.82 ± 4.70 MPa, controlled water vapor permeability of 0.59 ± 0.06 10⁻¹⁰ gm⁻¹ s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹, elongation at break of 4.36 ± 0.35%, moderate transparency of 22.95 ± 0.65% mm⁻¹ at 600 nm, and ultraviolet light-blocking capability, allowing only 9.57 ± 1.44% of UV-B at 300 nm, and an IC₅₀ value of 0.33, indicating moderate antioxidant potential, with 35% biodegradation after 37 days at a soil moisture of 24%. During ambient storage, grapes packaged with the film reached 15% weight loss by 13 days, while slowing changes in total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, and vitamin C, and delaying visible quality deterioration. Compared with the uncovered control, packaged grapes maintained acceptable quality for approximately six additional days, reaching 15 days of storage. Unlike conventional polystyrene film, which promoted excessive gas accumulation and fruit cracking, the wheat straw cellulose film provided a semipermeable barrier that balanced moisture and gas exchange. The systematic optimization of these formulations, followed by comprehensive characterization of the optimized films, demonstrates the potential of wheat straw cellulose as a functional material for developing cellulose films as sustainable, biodegradable packaging materials for extending the postharvest quality of fresh produce. Full article

The selection and breeding of salt-tolerant rice and the use of saline–alkali land for rice cultivation are crucial for food security. However, most studies have focused only on the seedling salt tolerance stage, with little research on the salt tolerance mechanisms during the reproductive growth period. This study selected the salt-tolerant rice line SR17, the salt-tolerant variety SR86, and the salt-sensitive variety IR29 as research subjects. Two salt stress gradients of 0% and 0.5% (7.8 dS m⁻¹) were established. Salt stress was applied continuously from rice transplanting to the maturity stage, and the differences in response mechanisms during the young panicle stage under long-term salt stress were analyzed. The results showed that, under salt stress, SR17 exhibited the least lipid peroxidation and membrane damage, followed by SR86, while IR29 suffered the most severe damage. SR17 and SR86 could reduce oxidative damage and maintain membrane system integrity by activating the antioxidant enzyme system and accumulating soluble proteins. In contrast, the antioxidant system in IR29 was insufficiently activated; this indicates that the adaptability of this variety to salt-induced oxidative stress is relatively poor. The chlorophyll content and most photosynthetic parameters in SR17 showed no significant changes, and leaf gas exchange performance and chlorophyll status were the least affected, whereas IR29 suffered severe damage. Agronomic trait investigation revealed that, compared with the control, SR17 exhibited the smallest reductions in plant height, spikelets per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield per plant, and main spikelet number under salt stress, and the decreases in key yield-related indicators—effective panicle number, grain yield per plant, and seed setting rate—were not significant. This study confirms that SR17 possesses superior salt tolerance and holds potential for further breeding and multi-environment trials, while also providing an important basis for elucidating the physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance during the reproductive stage of rice. Full article

This study evaluated the effect of an integrated irrigation practice (IP), including regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), managed through an IoT-based platform, on a pear orchard (Pyrus communis L., cv. ‘Krystali’) compared to the farmer’s standard practice (FP). Tree response was evaluated through the measurement of tree water relations, leaf physiological functions, biochemical parameters, fruit growth and quality, production, and aerial multispectral NDVI imaging. IP achieved 15.8% water savings, significantly enhancing water-use efficiency and increasing yield per tree. However, IP trees exhibited higher crop water stress index (CWSI) values and lower midday stem water potential (Ψstem) than FP, particularly by late July, indicating progressive water stress. Leaf-level responses revealed morphological and biochemical alterations to drought, including increased leaf mass per area (LMA), dry matter content (DM), and accumulation of proline, alongside declines in chlorophyll pigments. Despite these stress indicators, gas exchange parameters were maintained in IP, possibly due to fruit load modulating source–sink relationships and surpassing stomatal limitations. IP reduced vegetative growth, as evidenced by lower winter pruning material mass, but this did not result in improved fruit quality. IP produced smaller fruit with lower antioxidant activity, polyphenolic content and soluble solids content/acidity ratio, although fruit firmness was improved. UAV-derived NDVI successfully detected changes in canopy structure following summer pruning but did not discriminate between irrigation treatments, indicating that moderate water stress affected tree physiology before producing measurable changes in canopy greenness. The study highlights the need for integrating irrigation management with fruit thinning and careful scheduling to optimize both water productivity and marketable fruit quality in water-scarce pear production areas. Full article

The efficient development of heavy oil reservoirs is challenged by the high viscosity and poor mobility of heavy oil. Although multicomponent thermal fluid technologies involving heat, gas, and chemical agents have demonstrated potential advantages over conventional steam-based recovery methods, the microscopic synergistic mechanisms responsible for viscosity reduction remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, this study investigates the synergistic mechanisms by which heat, an alkane solvent (C₁₁H₂₄), and CO₂ reduce heavy-oil viscosity. Heavy oil from the Shengli Oilfield was selected as the research object, and rheological experiments were combined with molecular dynamics simulations to systematically analyze viscosity variations and their underlying microscopic mechanisms under different conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that increasing temperature significantly reduces heavy oil viscosity, and a characteristic transition in viscosity reduction behavior occurs at approximately 100 °C. At 90 °C, the addition 5 wt% oil-soluble viscosity reducer C₁₁H₂₄ decreases the heavy oil viscosity to 442.2 mPa·s, corresponding to a reduction rate of 83%. The solubility of CO₂ increases markedly with pressure, and at 30 MPa, the viscosity reduction exceeds 99%. The combined effects of these three factors exhibit superior viscosity-reduction performance. Molecular dynamics simulation results indicate that CO₂ and the viscosity reducer synergistically weaken the π-π stacking interactions of asphaltenes and resins in heavy oil, transforming heavy components from locally aggregated states into more uniformly dispersed configurations. Meanwhile, the intermolecular interaction energy and cohesive energy density decrease, indicating weakened molecular interactions and enhanced diffusion behavior. These results demonstrate that the synergistic viscosity-reduction mechanism of heat–gas–agent systems is mainly associated with structural disaggregation, interaction weakening, and diffusion enhancement. This study provides molecular-level insights into multicomponent thermal fluid-assisted heavy oil recovery and offers theoretical support for improving heavy oil development efficiency. Full article

Biochar has traditionally been investigated as a soil amendment for improving fertility, carbon sequestration, and nutrient retention. However, recent advances in fine milling, colloidal stabilization, and nanotechnology have enabled the development of biochar-derived materials for foliar application. Unlike conventional soil application, foliar delivery enables direct interaction with leaf tissues, potentially providing faster physiological responses, improved resource-use efficiency, and complementary functions to existing plant biostimulants. This review critically evaluates the scientific basis, agronomic performance, and regulatory implications of foliar biochar applications across diverse crop systems. We synthesize and compare major formulation types, including finely milled suspensions, aqueous extracts, nano-biochar dispersions, and biochar-based composite carriers, based on their formulation characteristics, application methods, and reported biological effects. Across multiple crops, foliar biochar has been associated with enhanced chlorophyll content, improved gas exchange, strengthened antioxidant systems, better osmotic adjustment, and increased nutrient uptake, particularly under abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and heat. Mechanistically, these responses are linked to surface deposition effects, redox-active functional groups, modulation of leaf microclimate, and delivery of soluble bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, outcomes remain highly context-dependent, influenced by feedstock origin, pyrolysis conditions, particle size, formulation chemistry, dose, and crop species. Potential risks including phytotoxicity, nanoparticle exposure, environmental fate, and regulatory ambiguity especially for nano-scale formulations pose additional challenges for large-scale adoption. By integrating physiological, agronomic, environmental, and legislative perspectives, this review also highlights key barriers to commercialization, including formulation stability, limited field-scale validation, environmental safety, and regulatory uncertainty, while identifying research priorities needed to determine whether foliar biochar can become a scalable and scientifically validated biostimulant for sustainable agriculture. Full article

Plateau environments are characterized by low temperatures, intensive radiation and drastic diurnal temperature fluctuations, all of which greatly suppress rooting and seedling establishment of tea chrysanthemum cuttings. To compare the regulatory effects of different rooting regulators on tea chrysanthemum cuttings under plateau cultivation conditions, this study conducted a 60-day plug-tray cultivation experiment from late July to late September with three biological replicates. All the cuttings, including the IBA-pre-treated control (CK), were uniformly pretreated with 500 mg·L⁻¹ indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). On this basis, four treatments, including 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA, T1), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA, T2), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (T3) and Bacillus velezensis (T4), were applied to determine root morphology, seedling growth, physiological stress metabolism, photosynthetic capacity and rhizosphere substrate characteristics. The different rooting promoters exerted distinct regulatory effects on cutting performance. The GABA treatment significantly improved leaf gas exchange, seedling growth, antioxidant status and rhizosphere nutrient conditions, with net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate improved by 316.34%, 92.31% and 168.00%, respectively, and significantly increased seedling vigor index, plant height and stem diameter by 21.74%, 60.85% and 46.08%, respectively. It also elevated the soluble sugar content and the ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation, and optimized rhizosphere available nitrogen and phosphorus levels, as well as related enzyme activities. Nevertheless, the 5-ALA treatment exhibited unique advantages in improving rooting rate and seedling survival. Mantel tests confirmed that the seedling vigor index closely correlated with the root architecture, the total chlorophyll and the transpiration rate. A principal component analysis (PCA) and a cluster heatmap both identified GABA as the treatment with relatively balanced overall performance. A comprehensive D-value evaluation ranked the treatments as GABA > B. amyloliquefaciens > 5-ALA > B. velezensis > control. The treatment with 5-ALA mainly improved the antioxidant capacity, the B. amyloliquefaciens treatment favored root elongation and total nutrients, and the B. velezensis treatment only produced mild improvements. This study indicates that the different exogenous regulators target divergent growth and physiological processes, and the GABA treatment could coordinately boost root development, photosynthetic performance, antioxidant defense and rhizosphere nutrient cycling, thus presenting great application potential for tea chrysanthemum cutting propagation under plateau cultivation conditions. Full article

To address the challenge of efficiently blending low-mutual-solubility gas–liquid two-phase systems, a composite structure comprising a Venturi and a static mixer was designed, and its flow field characteristics were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results indicate that positioning the static mixer at the exit of the Venturi diffusion section yields optimal performance. This configuration prevents disruption of the jet premix flow field and facilitates the uniform dispersion of gas–liquid mixtures throughout the entire domain via six sets of SK-type single-spiral static mixer (SK) units following the initial blending. The composite structure exhibits a three-tier synergistic mechanism characterized by “suction–premix–mixing intensification”: the negative pressure zone within the throat tube induces suction of the gas phase, the diffusion section converts pressure energy to enhance shearing and crushing, and the static mixing section disrupts the axial jet through cutting and swirling effects, thereby generating secondary vortices. This process ultimately achieves uniform dispersion of gas and liquid across the entire domain. The structure’s lack of moving parts addresses the issues of low efficiency and unstable flow fields associated with traditional devices. This design facilitates enhanced crude oil recovery and low-pressure reservoir gas injection drilling. Full article

During forest exploitation, large amounts of wood biomass are left as residues after harvesting, even though this material could be valuable in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels and serving as a source of bioactive compounds. Within the context of the European Union’s circular bioeconomy strategy, enhancing the efficacy and rational application of forest logging residues constitutes a critical future objective. To evaluate the possible use of the stumps as forest residue-derived woody biomass for the first time, the chemical composition and presence of bioactive compounds in the xylem and bark of F. angustifolia Vahl. ssp. pannonica Soó & Simon stumps were analyzed, including the content of cellulose, acid-insoluble lignin, acid-soluble lignin, ash, and extractives soluble in toluene–ethanol and hot water. In hot water extracts, total phenolic content, the antioxidant activity determined by scavenging capacity toward DPPH and HPTLC, the content of elements by ICP-OES, and the identification of bioactive compounds by UHPLC-DAD-ESI MS/MS were assessed. Considering the chemical composition, the quality of the xylem of the F. angustifolia (cellulose: 42.46 ± 0.45%; lignin: 25.05 ± 0.02%; hemicelluloses: 19.74 ± 0.46%) was similar to that of the stem. Hot water extracts of the bark of F. angustifolia stumps showed high total phenolic content (33.94 ± 1.43 mg GAE/g DW) and strong antioxidant potential (198.48 ± 3.33 μmol TE/g DW), while toxic metals were not detected. UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated phenylethanoid glycosides as the dominant compounds in the extracts. The analyzed stumps of Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. in the “Morović” Forest Administration represent a valuable biomass with potential for further valorization. Full article

Strawberry is a nutritive fruit with a short life and postharvest losses. In this study, the quality and shelf life of strawberries during storage at 4 °C were evaluated after applying hurdle treatment of packaging with active polylactic acid (PLA)/Gelatine (G)-based films loaded with essential oils (EOs) and/or AgNPs and combined with low-energy (L-E) X-ray at a dose of 0.5 kGy. The results showed that the addition of EOs, AgNPs, or their combination decreased the tensile strength (TS) of films from 16.70 to 6.65–10.01 MPa and increased elongation at break (Eb) from 215.4 to 218.2–398.2%. The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of films increased from 219.7 to 274.8–298.6 cm³/m²·day, which promoted the development of gas selective films for equilibrium-modified atmosphere packaging (EMAP). A level of 20% decay (primary shelf life criterion) of strawberries was observed on day 8 for the commercial control (polyethylene terephtalate clamshell), on day 9 for the PLA/G-AgNPs films, and on day 10 for the PLA/G-EOs films and PLA/G-EOs + AgNPs films. The combined application of the active films with L-E X-ray irradiation (PLA/G/EOs + AgNPs + I) extended the time to reach 20% decay to day 13 compared to day 9 for irradiated commercial control. An EMAP was achieved after 6–9 days of storage, with a gas composition around 13–14% O₂ and 8–9% CO₂. The combined treatment of EOs, AgNPs containing films, and L-E X-ray irradiation prevented firmness and total soluble solid loss of strawberries. The redness of strawberries and their total phenolic/anthocyanin content increased after irradiation treatment and maintained significantly higher levels (p ≤ 0.05) than those of non-irradiated samples during storage. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of combining active PLA/G films and L-E X-ray irradiation in extending the shelf life and preserving the quality of fresh strawberries. Full article

High temperature can impair leaf water status, photosynthetic function, and membrane stability in ornamental woody seedlings. However, integrated evidence combining gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, oxidative injury, antioxidant activity, and osmotic-adjustment-related responses in heat-stressed Syringa oblata remains limited. One-year-old seedlings from a single nursery batch were exposed for 7 d to 25/18 °C or 40/30 °C day/night conditions and sprayed with either a solvent solution or 0.5 mM salicylic acid. Growth, leaf water status, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorescence, OJIP/JIP-test parameters, oxidative-injury markers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmotic-adjustment-related compounds were evaluated. Heat treatment reduced leaf relative water content, photosynthetic performance, and photosystem II function and increased reactive oxygen species accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage. Compared with heat treatment alone, seedlings receiving salicylic acid under heat showed an 82.2% higher net photosynthetic rate, a 12.2% higher maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, and a 116.4% higher performance index on an absorption basis. Hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage were 35.1%, 35.8%, and 32.5% lower, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activities were also higher under heat plus salicylic acid than under heat alone, whereas additional increases in proline and soluble sugars were not statistically confirmed; soluble protein was partially maintained. Gas exchange was measured after treatment at a common leaf-chamber temperature of 25 °C and therefore represented retained photosynthetic capacity under standardized conditions. Overall, foliar application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid was associated with partial maintenance of photosynthetic function and lower oxidative injury during short-term heat exposure. Because one chamber was assigned to each treatment combination in a single experimental run, possible chamber-specific effects could not be statistically separated from treatment-related differences. Independent validation is therefore required. Full article

The transition toward lower-carbon polyolefin manufacturing requires evaluating whether renewable hydrogen can be used in industrial polypropylene production while maintaining acceptable process operation and product quality. In this study, an industrial gas-phase polypropylene production campaign that used electrolytic hydrogen was assessed using statistical and multivariate analyses. A dataset comprising 1441 process observations and more than 100 laboratory measurements was analyzed to characterize process variability, catalyst-feed stability, fouling behavior, and polypropylene quality. The monitored variables included the H₂/C₃, triethylaluminum-to-titanium selectivity-control-agent-to-titanium (TEAL/Ti), SCA/Ti, and TEAL/SCA ratios, production rate, reactor pressure, distributor-plate pressure drop, recycle-system variables, and fouling indicators. Product quality was evaluated through melt flow index, xylene solubles, bulk density, and residual catalyst species. Descriptive statistics, temporal analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis, and principal component analysis were applied to identify the main sources of operational variability and their relationships with product quality. During the evaluated campaign, the process maintained an average production rate of 30.62 ± 0.69 t h⁻¹, with low variability in the principal catalyst-feed ratios. The polypropylene exhibited an average melt flow index of 2.10 ± 0.11 g/10 min and a xylene-soluble content of 1.19 ± 0.08 wt.%, both within the specifications considered for the commercial grade produced. Temporal analysis of variance identified catalyst ratios, hydrogen utilization, and production rate as the variables with the largest temporal effects, whereas the distributor-plate fouling factor showed comparatively limited variation. The first two principal components explained 58.99% of the total process variance, with hydrogen utilization, catalyst-related variables, reactor pressure, and space–time yield among the dominant contributors. These results provide industrial-scale evidence that electrolytic hydrogen can be integrated into the investigated polypropylene process while maintaining stable operation and specification-compliant product quality during the evaluated period. However, because no parallel or matched campaign using fossil-derived hydrogen was available under the same plant, catalyst, grade, and operating conditions, the present results should not be interpreted as demonstrating full equivalence or direct replacement of conventional hydrogen. Instead, the study establishes an operational baseline and a multivariate monitoring framework for future comparative validation of the use of renewable hydrogen in polyolefin manufacturing. Full article

Geographic atrophy (GA) represents the advanced, non-neovascular (dry) form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a chronic, progressive, and currently irreversible neurodegenerative disease of the retina. The clinical consequences of GA are severe; it is characterized by the insidious, expanding loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the overlying photoreceptors, and the underlying choriocapillaris. This state of complete RPE and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA) permanently destroys the neural architecture required for high-acuity central vision. For decades, the pathophysiological etiology of geographic atrophy was framed principally in terms of cumulative oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and cellular senescence. However, the foundational understanding of AMD pathophysiology changed substantially following the landmark genomic discoveries published in 2005. Multiple independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) linked specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CFH gene to a substantially increased risk of developing AMD. The CFH gene encodes Complement Factor H (FH) and its alternative splice variant, Factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1), which are the primary soluble regulators of the alternative complement pathway. This genetic discovery established GA not merely as a disease of metabolic wear-and-tear, but fundamentally as an immunologic disorder driven by the chronic dysregulation of the innate immune system. With the rapid emergence and clinical validation of targeted gene-silencing technologies, particularly small interfering RNA (siRNA) and antisense oligonucleotides, there is substantial scientific and pharmaceutical interest in modulating the complement cascade at the post-transcriptional level. This narrative review examines the structural biology, spatial partitioning, and pathophysiological roles of the FHL-1/CFH axis in GA focusing on the possibilities of using siRNA as a new potential therapy for GA. Full article

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is an important medicinal crop with high economic value in the world. Due to its growth patterns and environmental requirements, Chinese enterprises employ two-stage cultivation for saffron. However, the relationship between corm size and flowering characteristics in this cultivation remains understudied. This study investigated the correlation between corm size and flowering characteristics, including flower count, stigma yield, and mass concentration percentage of crocin and picrocrocin, as well as physiological differences in corm of different sizes indoors. Results indicated that there was a significantly positive correlation with corm size and flower number (r = 0.98) and stigma yield (r = 0.98). Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between corm size and mass concentration percentage of crocin (r = 0.54), whereas no correlation existed between corm size and mass concentration percentage of picrocrocin (r = 0.19). Significant variations in soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, and hormone (ZR, IAA, GA₃, ABA) contents were noted in this study. Larger corm sizes had higher contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and starch. Meanwhile, starch content mostly had a decreasing trend indoors, which provides sufficient energy and nutrients for flower bud differentiation. ZR and IAA showed greater responsiveness, and increased levels of ZR and IAA potentially promote flower bud differentiation. This study provides theoretical guidance for field management optimization, yield improvement, and quality control of saffron in Chinese two-stage cultivation. Full article

Mulberry leaves are used as functional food materials, but drought can reduce leaf production and physiological stability. This study evaluated whether foliar sodium selenite application could partially alleviate drought injury while increasing total selenium and selected functional-quality indicators in mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves. Seedlings were assigned to four treatments: normal water supply with the surfactant-containing control spray (CK), normal water supply with sodium selenite application (Se), drought stress with the control spray (D+CK), and drought stress with sodium selenite application (D+Se). Drought reduced plant growth, leaf water status, leaf pigment status, gas exchange, and PSII photochemical performance while increasing oxidative damage and membrane injury. Under drought stress, sodium selenite application partially maintained growth, water status, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidant enzyme activities and was associated with lower oxidative-damage indicators. Drought alone increased several stress-responsive secondary metabolites but reduced biomass, polysaccharides, and soluble protein, indicating a trade-off rather than a uniform improvement in leaf quality. Compared with D+CK, D+Se increased total selenium, several functional compounds, and in vitro antioxidant capacity. Overall, foliar application of 10 μM sodium selenite was associated with partial drought-stress alleviation and higher functional-quality indicators under controlled pot conditions. Further studies are required to optimize the application dose and evaluate selenium speciation, bioaccessibility, intake safety, and field performance. Full article

Enteric methane (CH₄) emissions from ruminants contribute to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and represent a loss of dietary energy that could otherwise support animal production. Dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGSs) have received increasing attention as an alternative feed ingredient because of their nutritional value and potential to influence rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and CH₄ emissions. This systematic review evaluated the effects of DDGSs on enteric CH₄ emissions and nutrient utilization in ruminant diets. Literature searches were conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 2010 and 2025. Following PRISMA guidelines and using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool, 17 studies, comprising 9 in vivo, 5 in vitro, and 3 integrated in vivo–in vitro studies, were included in the qualitative synthesis. The DDGS supplementation did not consistently reduce absolute CH₄ production, although reductions in CH₄ yield and emission intensity were more frequently reported. Moderate inclusion levels (up to 20% of diet dry matter) were frequently associated with improved nutrient utilization, feed efficiency, and animal performance, although these responses varied among studies. Reductions in CH₄ yield and emission intensity were more commonly reported than reductions in absolute CH₄ production. Higher inclusion levels (>30% of diet dry matter) produced more variable responses and were often associated with reduced fiber digestibility. In conclusion, the available evidence suggests that DDGS may act as a dietary modifier capable of improving nutrient utilization and production efficiency under appropriate dietary conditions; however, responses remain dependent on inclusion level, DDGS source, basal diet composition, and production system. Full article