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Keywords = fractional forced oscillator

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20 pages, 1397 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Modeling of a Bionic Arm with Elastomer Fiber as Artificial Muscle Controlled by Periodic Illumination
by Changshen Du, Shuhong Dai and Qinglin Sun
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2122; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152122 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have shown great potential in the field of soft robotics due to their unique actuation capabilities. Despite the growing number of experimental studies in the soft robotics field, theoretical research remains limited. In this paper, a dynamic model of [...] Read more.
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have shown great potential in the field of soft robotics due to their unique actuation capabilities. Despite the growing number of experimental studies in the soft robotics field, theoretical research remains limited. In this paper, a dynamic model of a bionic arm using an LCE fiber as artificial muscle is established, which exhibits periodic oscillation controlled by periodic illumination. Based on the assumption of linear damping and angular momentum theorem, the dynamics equation of the model oscillation is derived. Then, based on the assumption of linear elasticity model, the periodic spring force of the fiber is given. Subsequently, the evolution equations for the cis number fraction within the fiber are developed, and consequently, the analytical solution for the light-excited strain is derived. Following that, the dynamics equation is numerically solved, and the mechanism of the controllable oscillation is elucidated. Numerical calculations show that the stable oscillation period of the bionic arm depends on the illumination period. When the illumination period aligns with the natural period of the bionic arm, the resonance is formed and the amplitude is the largest. Additionally, the effects of various parameters on forced oscillation are analyzed. The results of numerical studies on the bionic arm can provide theoretical support for the design of micro-machines, bionic devices, soft robots, biomedical devices, and energy harvesters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Physics and Theory)
14 pages, 2132 KiB  
Article
Using He’s Two-Scale Fractal Transform to Predict the Dynamic Response of Viscohyperelastic Elastomers with Fractal Damping
by Alex Elías-Zúñiga, Oscar Martínez-Romero, Daniel Olvera-Trejo and Luis Manuel Palacios-Pineda
Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(6), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9060357 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 373
Abstract
This article aims to clarify the applicability of He’s two-scale fractal dimension transform by replacing tα with τ. It demonstrates the potential to capture the influence of the fractal parameter on the system’s damping frequency, particularly when the viscoelastic term (damping) [...] Read more.
This article aims to clarify the applicability of He’s two-scale fractal dimension transform by replacing tα with τ. It demonstrates the potential to capture the influence of the fractal parameter on the system’s damping frequency, particularly when the viscoelastic term (damping) does not equal half of the fractional inertia force term. The analysis examines the elastomer materials’ dynamic fractal amplitude–time response, considering the viscohyperelastic effects related to the material’s energy dissipation capacity. To determine the amplitude of oscillations for the nonlinear equation of motion of a body supported by a viscohyperelastic elastomer subjected to uniaxial stretching, the harmonic balance perturbation method, combined with the two-scale fractal dimension transform and Ross’s formula, is employed. Numerical calculations demonstrate the effectiveness of He’s two-scale fractal transformation in capturing fractal phenomena associated with the fractional time derivative of deformation. This is due to a correlation between the fractional rate of viscoelasticity and the fractal structure of media in elastomer materials, which is reflected in the oscillation amplitude decay. Furthermore, the approach introduced by El-Dib to replace the original fractional equation of motion with an equivalent linear oscillator with integer derivatives is used to further assess the qualitative and quantitative performance of our derived solution. The proposed approach elucidates the applicability of He’s two-scale fractal calculus for determining the amplitude of oscillations in viscohyperelastic systems, where the fractal derivative order of the inertia and damping terms varies. Full article
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21 pages, 7274 KiB  
Article
Mega-Instability: Order Effect on the Fractional Order of Periodically Forced Oscillators
by Zainab Dheyaa Ridha and Ali A. Shukur
Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(4), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9040238 - 10 Apr 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
The stability of differential equations is one of the most important aspects to consider in dynamical system theory. Chaotic systems were classified according to stability as multi-stable systems; systems with a single stable equilibrium; bi-stable systems; and, recently, mega-stable systems. Mega-stability refers to [...] Read more.
The stability of differential equations is one of the most important aspects to consider in dynamical system theory. Chaotic systems were classified according to stability as multi-stable systems; systems with a single stable equilibrium; bi-stable systems; and, recently, mega-stable systems. Mega-stability refers to the infinity countable nested attractors of a periodically forced non-autonomous system. Many researchers attempted to present a simple mega-stable system. In this paper, we investigated the mega-stability of periodically damped non-autonomous differential systems with the following different order cases: integer and fractional. In the case of the integer order, we generalize the mega-stable system, such that the velocity is multiplied by a trigonometrical polynomial, and we present the necessary and sufficient conditions to generated countable infinity nested attractors. In the case of the fractional order, we obtained that the fractional order of periodically damped non-autonomous differential systems has infinity countable nested unstable attractors for some orders. The mega-instability was illustrated for two examples, showing the order effect on the trajectories. In addition, and to further recent work presenting simple high dimensional mega-stable chaotic systems, we introduce a 4D mega-stable hyperchaotic system, examining chaotic and hyperchaotic behaviors through Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams. Full article
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27 pages, 365 KiB  
Article
Common φ-Fixed Point Results for S-Operator Pair in Symmetric M-Metric Spaces
by Sadia Farooq, Naeem Saleem, Maggie Aphane and Ali Althobaiti
Symmetry 2025, 17(2), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17020254 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 749
Abstract
In this article, we define a new class of noncommuting self mappings known as the S-operator pair. Also, we provide the existence and uniqueness of common fixed point results involving the S-operator pair satisfying the [...] Read more.
In this article, we define a new class of noncommuting self mappings known as the S-operator pair. Also, we provide the existence and uniqueness of common fixed point results involving the S-operator pair satisfying the (F,φ,ψ,Z)-contractive condition in m-metric spaces, which unifies and generalizes most of the existing relevant fixed point theorems. Furthermore, the variables in the m-metric space are symmetric, which is significant for solving nonlinear problems in operator theory. In addition, examples are provided in order to illustrate the concepts and results presented herein. It has been demonstrated that the results can be applied to prove the existence of a solution to a system of integral equations, a nonlinear fractional differential equation and an ordinary differential equation for damped forced oscillations. Also, in the end, the satellite web coupling problem is solved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Fixed Point Theory with Emphasis on Symmetry)
21 pages, 631 KiB  
Article
Fractional Mathieu Equation with Two Fractional Derivatives and Some Applications
by Ahmed Salem, Hunida Malaikah and Naif Alsobhi
Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9020080 - 24 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 848
Abstract
The importance of this research comes from the several applications of the Mathieu equation and its generalizations in many scientific fields. Two models of fractional Mathieu equations are provided using Katugampola fractional derivatives in the sense of Riemann-Liouville and Caputo. Each model contains [...] Read more.
The importance of this research comes from the several applications of the Mathieu equation and its generalizations in many scientific fields. Two models of fractional Mathieu equations are provided using Katugampola fractional derivatives in the sense of Riemann-Liouville and Caputo. Each model contains two fractional derivatives with unique fractional orders, periodic forcing of the cosine stiffness coefficient, and many extensions and generalizations. The Banach contraction principle is used to prove that each model under consideration has a unique solution. Our results are applied to four real-life problems: the nonlinear Mathieu equation for parametric damping and the Duffing oscillator, the quadratically damped Mathieu equation, the fractional Mathieu equation’s transition curves, and the tempered fractional model of the linearly damped ion motion with an octopole. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section General Mathematics, Analysis)
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24 pages, 13873 KiB  
Article
Integrated Solution Combining Low-Frequency Forced Oscillation Technique and Continuous Equivital Sensor Monitoring for Assessment of Non-Invasive Ambulatory Respiratory Mechanics
by Ghada Ben Othman, Amani R. Ynineb, Erhan Yumuk, Hamed Farbakhsh, Cristina Muresan, Isabela Roxana Birs, Alexandra De Raeve, Cosmin Copot, Clara M. Ionescu and Dana Copot
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020751 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 755
Abstract
Early assessment of respiratory mechanics is crucial for early-stage diagnosing and managing lung diseases, leading to greater patient outcomes. Traditional methods like spirometry are limited in continuous monitoring and patient compliance as they require forced maneuvers with significant patient cooperation, which may not [...] Read more.
Early assessment of respiratory mechanics is crucial for early-stage diagnosing and managing lung diseases, leading to greater patient outcomes. Traditional methods like spirometry are limited in continuous monitoring and patient compliance as they require forced maneuvers with significant patient cooperation, which may not be available in fragile individuals. The Forced Oscillation Technique (FOT) is a non-invasive measurement method, only based on the tidal breathing at rest from the patient for a limited time period. The proposed solution integrates low-frequency FOT with continuous monitoring using Equivital (EQV) sensors to enhance respiratory mechanics information with heart rate variability. Data were collected over a two-hour period from six healthy volunteers, measuring respiratory impedance every 7 min and continuously recording physiological parameters. The best-fitting fractional-order models for impedance data were identified using genetic algorithms. This study also explores the correlation between impedance model parameters and EQV data, discussing the potential of AI tools for forecasting respiratory properties. Our findings indicate that combined monitoring techniques and AI analysis provides additional complementary information, subsequently aiding the improved evaluation of respiratory function and tissue mechanics. The proposed protocol allows for ambulatory assessment and can be easily performed in normal breathing conditions. Full article
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12 pages, 289 KiB  
Article
Forced-Perturbed Fractional Differential Equations of Higher Order: Asymptotic Properties of Non-Oscillatory Solutions
by Said R. Grace, Gokula N. Chhatria, S. Kaleeswari, Yousef Alnafisah and Osama Moaaz
Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9010006 - 27 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 888
Abstract
This study investigates the asymptotic behavior of non-oscillatory solutions to forced-perturbed fractional differential equations with the Caputo fractional derivative. The main aim is to unify the Beta Integral Lemma (Lemma 2) and the Gamma Integral Lemma (Lemma 3) into a single framework. By [...] Read more.
This study investigates the asymptotic behavior of non-oscillatory solutions to forced-perturbed fractional differential equations with the Caputo fractional derivative. The main aim is to unify the Beta Integral Lemma (Lemma 2) and the Gamma Integral Lemma (Lemma 3) into a single framework. By combining these two powerful tools, we propose new criteria that effectively characterize the asymptotic behavior of non-oscillatory solutions to the given equations. The analysis of such solutions has significant implications in the fields of oscillation and stability theory. Notably, our findings extend prior work by exploring a wider range of equations with more general functions and coefficients, thereby broadening the applicability and deepening the understanding of both asymptotic and oscillatory behaviors. Moreover, the criteria we introduce offer improvements over previous approaches, as demonstrated by the example provided, which highlights the advantages of our results in comparison to earlier methods. Full article
37 pages, 9612 KiB  
Article
Rheological Burgers–Faraday Models and Rheological Dynamical Systems with Fractional Derivatives and Their Application in Biomechanics
by Katica R. (Stevanović) Hedrih and Andjelka N. Hedrih
Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(12), 742; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8120742 - 16 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1066
Abstract
Two rheological Burgers–Faraday models and rheological dynamical systems were created by using two new rheological models: Kelvin–Voigt–Faraday fractional-type model and Maxwell–Faraday fractional-type model. The Burgers–Faraday models described in the paper are new models that examine the dynamical behavior of materials with coupled fields: [...] Read more.
Two rheological Burgers–Faraday models and rheological dynamical systems were created by using two new rheological models: Kelvin–Voigt–Faraday fractional-type model and Maxwell–Faraday fractional-type model. The Burgers–Faraday models described in the paper are new models that examine the dynamical behavior of materials with coupled fields: mechanical stress and strain and the electric field of polarization through the Faraday element. The analysis of the constitutive relation of the fractional order for Burgers–Faraday models is given. Two Burgers–Faraday fractional-type dynamical systems were created under certain approximations. Both rheological Burgers-Faraday dynamic systems have two internal degrees of freedom, which are introduced into the system by each standard light Burgers-Faraday bonding element. It is shown that the sequence of bonding elements in the structure of the standard light Burgers-Faraday bonding element changes the dynamic properties of the rheological dynamic system, so that in one case the system behaves as a fractional-type oscillator, while in the other case, it exhibits a creeping or pulsating behavior under the influence of an external periodic force. These models of rheological dynamic systems can be used to model new natural and synthetic biomaterials that possess both viscoelastic/viscoplastic and piezoelectric properties and have dynamical properties of stress relaxation. Full article
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16 pages, 7742 KiB  
Article
Response Analysis and Vibration Suppression of Fractional Viscoelastic Shape Memory Alloy Spring Oscillator Under Harmonic Excitation
by Rong Guo, Na Meng, Jinling Wang, Junlin Li and Jinbin Wang
Axioms 2024, 13(11), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13110803 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 787
Abstract
This study investigates the dynamic behavior and vibration mitigation of a fractional single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) viscoelastic shape memory alloy spring oscillator system subjected to harmonic external forces. A fractional derivative approach is employed to characterize the viscoelastic properties of shape memory alloy materials, leading [...] Read more.
This study investigates the dynamic behavior and vibration mitigation of a fractional single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) viscoelastic shape memory alloy spring oscillator system subjected to harmonic external forces. A fractional derivative approach is employed to characterize the viscoelastic properties of shape memory alloy materials, leading to the development of a novel fractional viscoelastic model. The model is then theoretically examined using the averaging method, with its effectiveness being confirmed through numerical simulations. Furthermore, the impact of various parameters on the system’s low- and high-amplitude vibrations is explored through a visual response analysis. These findings offer valuable insights for applying fractional sliding mode control (SMC) theory to address the system’s vibration control challenges. Despite the high-amplitude vibrations induced by the fractional order, SMC effectively suppresses these vibrations in the shape memory alloy spring system, thereby minimizing the risk of catastrophic events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractional Differential Equation and Its Applications)
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11 pages, 382 KiB  
Article
Multivariate Mittag-Leffler Solution for a Forced Fractional-Order Harmonic Oscillator
by Jessica Mendiola-Fuentes, Eugenio Guerrero-Ruiz and Juan Rosales-García
Mathematics 2024, 12(10), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12101502 - 11 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2321
Abstract
The harmonic oscillator is a fundamental physical–mathematical system that allows for the description of a variety of models in many fields of physics. Utilizing fractional derivatives instead of traditional derivatives enables the modeling of a more diverse array of behaviors. Furthermore, if the [...] Read more.
The harmonic oscillator is a fundamental physical–mathematical system that allows for the description of a variety of models in many fields of physics. Utilizing fractional derivatives instead of traditional derivatives enables the modeling of a more diverse array of behaviors. Furthermore, if the effect of the fractional derivative is applied to each of the terms of the differential equation, this will involve greater complexity in the description of the analytical solutions of the fractional differential equation. In this work, by using the Laplace method, the solutions to the multiple-term forced fractional harmonic oscillator are presented, described through multivariate Mittag-Leffler functions. Additionally, the cases of damped and undamped free fractional harmonic oscillators are addressed. Finally, through simulations, the effect of the fractional non-integer derivative is demonstrated, and the consistency of the result is verified when recovering the integer case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractional Calculus: Advances and Applications)
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10 pages, 1773 KiB  
Article
The El Niño Southern Oscillation Recharge Oscillator with the Stochastic Forcing of Long-Term Memory
by Xiaofeng Li and Yaokun Li
Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(2), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8020121 - 18 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1690
Abstract
The influence of the fast-varying variables that have a long-term memory on the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated by adding a fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (FOU) process stochastic noise on the simple recharge oscillator (RO) model. The FOU process noise converges to zero [...] Read more.
The influence of the fast-varying variables that have a long-term memory on the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated by adding a fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (FOU) process stochastic noise on the simple recharge oscillator (RO) model. The FOU process noise converges to zero very slowly with a negative power law. The corresponding non-zero ensemble mean during the integration period can exert a pronounced influence on the ensemble-mean dynamics of the RO model. The state-dependent noise, also called the multiplicative noise, can present its influence by reducing the relaxation coefficient and by introducing periodic external forcing. The decreasing relaxation coefficient can enhance the oscillation amplitude and shorten the oscillation period. The forced frequency is close to the natural frequency. The two mechanisms together can further amplify the amplitude and shorten the period, compared with the state-independent noise or additive noise, which only exhibits its influence by introducing non-periodic external forcing. These two mechanisms explicitly elucidate the influence of the stochastic forcing on the ensemble-mean dynamics of the RO model. It provides comprehensive knowledge to better understand the interaction between the fast-varying stochastic forcing and the slow-varying deterministic system and deserves further investigation. Full article
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22 pages, 3024 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of the Fractional Oscillation Equations under the Context of Variable Order Caputo Fractional Derivative via Fractional Order Bernstein Wavelets
by Ashish Rayal, Bhagawati Prasad Joshi, Mukesh Pandey and Delfim F. M. Torres
Mathematics 2023, 11(11), 2503; https://doi.org/10.3390/math11112503 - 29 May 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1837
Abstract
This article describes an approximation technique based on fractional order Bernstein wavelets for the numerical simulations of fractional oscillation equations under variable order, and the fractional order Bernstein wavelets are derived by means of fractional Bernstein polynomials. The oscillation equation describes electrical circuits [...] Read more.
This article describes an approximation technique based on fractional order Bernstein wavelets for the numerical simulations of fractional oscillation equations under variable order, and the fractional order Bernstein wavelets are derived by means of fractional Bernstein polynomials. The oscillation equation describes electrical circuits and exhibits a wide range of nonlinear dynamical behaviors. The proposed variable order model is of current interest in a lot of application areas in engineering and applied sciences. The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior of the fractional force-free and forced oscillation equations under the variable-order fractional operator. The basic idea behind using the approximation technique is that it converts the proposed model into non-linear algebraic equations with the help of collocation nodes for easy computation. Different cases of the proposed model are examined under the selected variable order parameters for the first time in order to show the precision and performance of the mentioned scheme. The dynamic behavior and results are presented via tables and graphs to ensure the validity of the mentioned scheme. Further, the behavior of the obtained solutions for the variable order is also depicted. From the calculated results, it is observed that the mentioned scheme is extremely simple and efficient for examining the behavior of nonlinear random (constant or variable) order fractional models occurring in engineering and science. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractional Calculus and Mathematical Applications)
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23 pages, 15939 KiB  
Article
Bubble Sliding Characteristics and Dynamics of R134a during Subcooled Boiling Flow in a Narrow Gap
by Bo Yu, Jinfeng Wang, Jing Xie, Bingjun Wang, Fei Wang and Meng Deng
Mathematics 2023, 11(9), 2197; https://doi.org/10.3390/math11092197 - 6 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2153
Abstract
The numerical method was used to study bubble sliding characteristics and dynamics of R134a during subcooled flow boiling in a narrow gap. In the numerical method, the volume of fraction (VOF) model, level set method, Lee phase change model and the SST k [...] Read more.
The numerical method was used to study bubble sliding characteristics and dynamics of R134a during subcooled flow boiling in a narrow gap. In the numerical method, the volume of fraction (VOF) model, level set method, Lee phase change model and the SST kω turbulent model were adopted for the construction of the subcooled flow boiling model. In order to explore bubble sliding dynamics during subcooled flow boiling, the bubble sliding model was introduced. The bubble velocity, bubble departure diameter, sliding distance and bubble sliding dynamics were investigated at 0.2 to 5 m/s inlet velocities. The simulation results showed that the bubble velocity at the flow direction was the most important contribution to bubble velocity. Additionally, the bubble velocity of 12 bubbles mostly oscillated with time during the sliding process at 0.2 to 0.6 m/s inlet velocities, while the bubble velocity increased during the sliding process due to the bubble having had a certain inertia at 2 to 5 m/s inlet velocities. It was also found that the average bubble velocity in flow direction accounted for about 80% of the mainstream velocities at 0.2 to 5 m/s. In the investigation of bubble sliding distance and departure diameter, it was concluded that the ratio of the maximum sliding distance to the minimum sliding distance was close to two at inlet velocities of 0.3 to 5 m/s. Moreover, with increasing inlet velocity, the average sliding distance increased significantly. The average bubble departure diameter obviously increased from 0.2 to 0.5 m/s inlet velocity and greatly reduced after 0.6 m/s. Finally, the investigations of the bubble sliding dynamics showed that the surface tension dominated the bubble sliding process at 0.2 to 0.6 m/s inlet velocities. However, the drag force dominated the bubble sliding process at 2 to 5 m/s inlet velocities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Analysis for Applied Sciences)
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12 pages, 6716 KiB  
Article
Potential Predictability of Seasonal Global Precipitation Associated with ENSO and MJO
by Haibo Liu, Xiaogu Zheng, Jing Yuan and Carsten S. Frederiksen
Atmosphere 2023, 14(4), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040695 - 7 Apr 2023
Viewed by 2041
Abstract
A covariance decomposition method is applied to a monthly global precipitation dataset to decompose the interannual variability in the seasonal mean time series into an unpredictable component related to “weather noise” and to a potentially predictable component related to slowly varying boundary forcing [...] Read more.
A covariance decomposition method is applied to a monthly global precipitation dataset to decompose the interannual variability in the seasonal mean time series into an unpredictable component related to “weather noise” and to a potentially predictable component related to slowly varying boundary forcing and low-frequency internal dynamics. The “potential predictability” is then defined as the fraction of the total interannual variance accounted for by the latter component. In tropical oceans (30° E–0° W, 30° S–30° N), the consensus is that the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO, with 4–8 year cycles) is a dominant driver of the potentially predictable component, while the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO, with 30–90 days cycles) is a dominant driver of the unpredictable component. In this study, the consensus is verified by using the Nino3-4 SST index and a popular MJO index. It is confirmed that Nino3-4 SST does indeed explain a significant part of the potential predictable component, but only limited variability of the unpredictable component is explained by the MJO index. This raises the question of whether the MJO is dominant in the variability of the unpredictable component of the precipitation, or the current MJO indexes do not represent MJO variability well. Full article
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27 pages, 11133 KiB  
Article
Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Systems Based on Global Sliding Mode Control with Adaptive Gain Scheduling
by Rudi Uswarman, Khalid Munawar, Makbul A. M. Ramli, Houssem R. E. H. Bouchekara and Md Alamgir Hossain
Electronics 2023, 12(5), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051128 - 25 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3063
Abstract
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers have already achieved remarkable efficiencies. For smaller photovoltaic (PV) systems, any improvement will not really be worth mentioning as an achievement. However, for large solar farms, even a fractional improvement will eventually create a significant impact. This [...] Read more.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers have already achieved remarkable efficiencies. For smaller photovoltaic (PV) systems, any improvement will not really be worth mentioning as an achievement. However, for large solar farms, even a fractional improvement will eventually create a significant impact. This paper presents an MPPT control scheme using global sliding mode control (GSMC) with adaptive gain scheduling. In the two-loop controller, the first loop determines the maximum power point (MPP) reference using online calculations, while the GSMC with adaptive gain scheduling in the second loop adjusts the boost converter’s pulse width modulation (PWM) to force the PV system to operate at the MPP with improved performance. The adaptive gain scheduling regulates the gain of the switching control to maintain the controller performance over a wide range of operating conditions, while GSMC guarantees the system robustness throughout the control process by eliminating the reaching phase and improving MPPT performance. The overall PV system also has Lyapunov stability. Furthermore, the robustness analysis of the proposed controller is also performed under load variations and parametric uncertainties at various temperatures and irradiances. In the simulations, the proposed MPPT control scheme has shown faster response than other controllers, reaching the set point with rise time 0.03 s as compared to 0.07 s and 0.13 s for quasi sliding mode control (QSMC) and conventional sliding mode control (CSMC), respectively. The proposed controller showed an overshoot of 1.2 V around a steady state value of 21.9 V as compared to 1.51 V and 1.45 V, respectively, for QSMC and CSMC for a certain parametric variation. Furthermore, the proposed controller and the QSMC-based scheme showed a steady-state error of 0.3 V, while the CSMC-based approach has a more significant error. In conclusion, the proposed MPPT control scheme has a faster response and low tracking error with minimal oscillations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)
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