Search Results (2,452)

Background: Handgrip strength has been proposed as an objective marker of post-COVID functional impairment, but its contribution relative to fatigue and sleep quality has not been formally evaluated in Latin American populations. Methods: We conducted an exploratory cross-sectional analysis of 130 adults with post-COVID condition in Palmira, Colombia. The outcome was any functional limitation on the Post-COVID Functional Status (PCFS) scale (grades 1–4 versus grade 0). Eight predictors were pre-specified on clinical grounds before examining outcome associations, and ridge-penalized logistic regression was pre-specified as the primary model. Sample size adequacy followed the criteria of Riley et al. Internal validation used bootstrap optimism correction (B = 1000), re-running the complete pipeline within each replicate. We assessed calibration, decision curves, prediction stability, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) with bootstrap rank intervals, and subgroup performance. Reporting followed TRIPOD + AI; risk of bias was self-assessed with PROBAST + AI. Results: Functional limitation affected 91/130 participants (70.0%). The minimum sample required for eight parameters was 566; the cohort met 23.0% of this requirement, so the analysis is exploratory. The optimism-corrected area under the curve was 0.748 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.669–0.830), with calibration slope 1.15 (0.71–1.69). Fatigue ranked first in SHAP importance (54.0% of resamples), whereas grip strength ranked fifth (median rank 6). Net benefit exceeded both default strategies between thresholds 0.38 and 0.88. Thirty percent of participants changed classification in over 20% of resamples. Conclusions: Fatigue, sleep quality and acute-phase severity, rather than grip strength, emerged as the most influential correlates. These hypothesis-generating findings require confirmation in adequately powered cohorts. Full article

The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in public-sector financial management has raised significant concerns regarding interpretability, accountability, governance alignment, and institutional transparency. Existing AI-based fiscal analytical approaches frequently emphasize predictive capability while providing limited integration with formal governance structures and public-sector oversight requirements. This study proposes a governance-centered AI consultancy framework that embeds AI-assisted fiscal analysis directly within institutional budgeting, accountability, and governance-oriented decision-support workflows. Rather than treating AI as an isolated predictive or automation technology, the proposed framework operationalizes analytical intelligence within governance-aware consultancy structures emphasizing interpretability, auditability, traceability, and institutional usability. The framework was evaluated using authentic longitudinal public-sector fiscal records obtained from the official Ministry of Finance budget performance reports of Saudi Arabia for fiscal year 2023. The experimental evaluation incorporated temporal fiscal monitoring, robustness analysis under heterogeneous budgetary conditions, and comparative assessment against conventional descriptive budgetary analysis and standalone AI-based fiscal analytical procedures. The experiments utilized quarterly governmental fiscal indicators including revenues, expenditures, deficit progression, debt accumulation, expenditure volatility, and oil and non-oil revenue behavior across multiple reporting intervals. The findings demonstrate that the proposed governance-centered framework preserves strong temporal analytical consistency (81.9%) while achieving an algorithmically computed interpretability-support score of 4.6/5, a Governance Alignment Index of 0.94, and an operational Decision Usability Index of 4.7/5 relative to the conventional statistical baseline (Logistic Regression) and standalone AI-based analytical approaches. Improvements over conventional descriptive budgetary analysis are reported separately through the governance-oriented institutional comparison. Additional validation studies showed that the Decision Usability Index and Governance Alignment Index provided the strongest predictive contributions, while Traceability Index and Temporal Support Index exhibited the strongest construct-level statistical validity evidence. Robustness analysis further showed stable governance-aware analytical behavior across heterogeneous fiscal conditions involving expenditure volatility, debt progression, and changing revenue structures. Additional statistical validation demonstrated empirical support for the Traceability Index and Temporal Support Index, while other governance metrics exhibited weaker evidence and should be interpreted primarily as governance-support indicators rather than primary predictive drivers. The findings suggest that governance-aware analytical operationalization can provide measurable value beyond standalone AI models for formula-based operational fiscal-risk categorization when supported by reproducible governance-oriented analytical procedures. Because the supervised labels represent deterministic operational fiscal-risk categories rather than independently verified fiscal anomalies, the reported results should not be interpreted as direct validation of real-world fiscal anomaly detection or financial misconduct identification. Full article

Background/Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and is associated with ischemic stroke, systemic thromboembolism, heart failure, and mortality. Although oral anticoagulation (OAC) remains the cornerstone of stroke prevention, long-term therapy may be limited by bleeding risk, contraindications, intolerance, nonadherence, or thromboembolic events despite treatment. Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) has therefore emerged as a non-pharmacological alternative for selected patients with nonvalvular AF. This review aimed to synthesize current evidence on LAAC, focusing on comparative efficacy versus OAC, device evolution, imaging-guided strategies, antithrombotic management, procedural optimization, unresolved challenges, and emerging technologies. Methods: This state-of-the-art narrative review was informed by targeted, non-systematic searches of PubMed and Scopus for publications from January 2009 to June 2026. Evidence was selected purposively to represent clinically relevant guidelines, randomized trials, registries, comparative observational studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, imaging studies, device-comparison studies, and reports of emerging technologies. The selected evidence was synthesized narratively; no exhaustive screening process, PRISMA flow diagram, formal risk-of-bias assessment, or quantitative synthesis was performed. Results: Randomized evidence was context dependent. OPTION supported LAAC as an alternative to oral anticoagulation in selected anticoagulation-eligible patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation. CHAMPION-AF established noninferiority of Watchman FLX to non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for its composite efficacy endpoint in a predominantly moderate-risk, anticoagulation-eligible population and demonstrated less non-procedural bleeding, although ischemic stroke occurred numerically more often after LAAC. In contrast, CLOSURE-AF did not establish noninferiority of LAAC to physician-directed medical therapy in an older population at high risks of both stroke and bleeding. These findings indicate that the comparative value of LAAC depends strongly on patient selection, comparator therapy, endpoint composition, procedural risk, and trial design. Observational, registry, and emerging evidence was considered supportive or hypothesis-generating rather than equivalent to randomized evidence. OPTION enrolled only patients undergoing or recently undergoing AF ablation who were suitable for anticoagulation. CHAMPION-AF included 3000 anticoagulation-eligible patients but had relatively low baseline bleeding risk, while CLOSURE-AF studied 912 substantially older, higher-risk patients and did not meet its noninferiority criterion. Conclusions: LAAC has evolved into a precision-guided intervention integrating patient risk, left atrial appendage anatomy, device choice, imaging, antithrombotic therapy, and structured surveillance. Further studies are needed to optimize patient selection, standardize post-procedural therapy, and clarify its long-term role compared with contemporary direct oral anticoagulant therapy. Full article

Background/Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the understandability and actionability of Arabic text generated by a large language model for commonly searched Arabic queries on dry mouth. Methods: Using Google Trends, the top 10 searches worldwide related to ‘oral dryness’ were entered in OpenAI’s Generative Pretrained Transformer 5.1. Generated texts were achieved independently. Assessments were performed using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) to evaluate the content, word choice, and style. Results: Causes, symptoms, and treatment of dry mouth were the most common dry-mouth-related queries. The highly temporal distribution of search interests among Arabic-speaking countries peaked between 2020 and 2021, then remained high throughout 2023, before declining in November 2025. The mean PEMAT understandability and actionability scores were 89% and 80%, respectively. It was notable that all generated responses lacked visual aids, which could have made the content difficult to understand and insufficient for acting on the information. Moreover, the formal Arabic form of ‘causes of dry mouth’ with a glottal stop yielded lower actionability scores (60%) than the informal Arabic form (80%). Conclusions: Clinicians could actively supplement clinic-based discussions with advice on using large language models to help patients recognise dry mouth symptoms and improve self-care. Also, they could improve their effective adoption by clearly explaining expectations, limitations, and language/cultural differences when adopting these models. Full article

Background/Objectives: Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) causes substantial morbidity in children and young people (CYP). Although prehabilitation benefits adults with cancer, its role in paediatric HSCT remains underexplored. This study aimed to describe current pre-transplant assessment and supportive care practices across paediatric HSCT centres, explore healthcare professional perspectives on prehabilitation implementation, and integrate patient and public involvement (PPI) to inform future intervention design. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to healthcare professionals across 16 paediatric HSCT centres in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, alongside semi-structured PPI discussions conducted with eight children, young people, and caregivers with direct experience of paediatric HSCT. Survey data were analysed descriptively, free-text responses by qualitative content analysis, and PPI by reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Forty-nine eligible responses were received from healthcare professionals. Formal prehabilitation services were reported by 27 (55.1%) respondents, with substantial within-centre variation. Nutritional advice was the most consistently delivered component, 36 (72%), whilst physical activity interventions were the least consistently provided, 13 (26%). Workforce limitations were identified as the dominant barrier by 37 (95%) respondents. PPI findings described provision as reactive and inconsistent, with families expressing preference for flexible, hybrid, and family-centred delivery models. Conclusions: Prehabilitation provision in paediatric HSCT is variable, often informal, and limited by workforce capacity. CYP and caregivers expressed a desire for prehabilitation, particularly through flexible, hybrid (face-to-face and online), and family-centred approaches. Future research should prioritise co-design and feasibility testing of safe, individually tailored programmes that can be integrated into paediatric HSCT pathways. Full article

Rapid advances in nanomaterials, wearable biosensors, multimodal acquisition, and artificial intelligence have enabled increasingly integrated health-monitoring systems, yet their progression toward health digital twins remains unclear. We conducted a protocol-driven scoping review of original studies combining nano-enabled multianalyte or multimodal sensing, AI-supported analysis, and health applications. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and IEEE Xplore were searched using a publication cutoff of 10 July 2026; platform execution was completed on 13 July 2026. Two reviewers independently screened 528 unique records and assessed 20 full-text reports. A 79-item charting form was jointly verified for 12 included studies. Nine studies reported reference-method or matrix-relevant analytical validation, nine included human-sample or on-body evidence, and six acquired longitudinal or continuous data. Under the author-proposed, corpus-specific functional classification, six systems were L0, five L1, and one L2; none of the 12 met the L3 or L4 functional criteria. No included study combined dynamic individual-state assimilation with prospective prediction or simulation, and none reported external-site validation or formal predictive uncertainty quantification. Because eligibility required nano-enablement, multiple analytes or channels, AI integration, and selected clinical domains, these findings do not estimate the prevalence or maturity of health digital twins in the wider literature. Progress requires longitudinal multimodal data, validated state updating, external generalization, confidence-aware AI, and prospective evaluation of governed feedback. Full article

Gender equality has become a fundamental indicator of constitutional democracy, effective governance, and the protection of human rights. This study examines the effectiveness of legal and institutional mechanisms for promoting gender equality through a comparative analysis of selected European jurisdictions and recent legal reforms in Uzbekistan. Comparative legal, doctrinal, systemic, statistical, and socio-legal methods were employed, complemented by original empirical evidence from an anonymous sociological survey. The findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of gender-equality reforms depends on the interaction between the scope and enforceability of legal guarantees, institutional capacity and accountability, socio-economic conditions affecting equality of opportunity and outcomes, and the accessibility and effectiveness of protection against discrimination, harassment, and gender-based violence. Although Uzbekistan has introduced significant legislative reforms, substantive gender equality remains constrained by persistent gender stereotypes, unequal career opportunities, and limited public awareness of available legal protections. The study proposes an integrated legal-institutional framework that combines comparative legal analysis with empirical socio-legal evidence to assess the implementation of gender equality reforms in transitional legal systems. It concludes that strengthening institutional accountability, introducing systematic gender monitoring and audits, enhancing transparency in labor relations, and ensuring effective enforcement of existing legal guarantees are essential for translating formal legal equality into substantive equality in accordance with international human rights standards. Full article

Background/Objectives: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) initiates a cascade from intracranial electric-field exposure through neural recruitment and plasticity to distributed network responses. Neuronavigation improves the geometric reproducibility of delivery but does not guarantee equivalent cortical exposure or target engagement. This narrative review integrates these levels within an operational framework for precision TMS. Methods: Six domain-specific PubMed searches covering 1 January 1985 to 31 July 2026 were supplemented by Google Scholar and citation tracking. A documented rerun on 17 August 2026 yielded 6430 records (5617 unique after cross-query deduplication). Evidence was synthesized narratively; no quantitative synthesis or formal risk-of-bias assessment was performed. Results: Neuronavigation improves geometric precision by stabilizing target definition and coil pose, whereas individualized electric-field models estimate intracranial exposure. Neither establishes biological precision, which also depends on neuronal orientation, brain state, circuit architecture, medication, and behavior. Motor-system measures are not validated as universal biomarkers for nonmotor cortex, and no single validated biomarker captures TMS-induced plasticity. Convergent, controlled multimodal evidence may strengthen inference about target engagement; adaptive and closed-loop approaches remain experimental. Conclusions: Geometric delivery, modeled exposure, biological engagement, and durable functional or clinical benefit require separate validation. Spatial accuracy alone does not establish clinical value. Full article

Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and epidemiological projections indicate that its incidence will continue to increase. Gastrointestinal cancers are among the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasms. Quality of life is a key component of oncology care and is significantly influenced by nutritional status and dietary habits. Methods: The study included 52 adult patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal cancer. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire based on the QEB (Questionnaire of Eating Behaviour) and WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Organization Quality of Life—BREF) instruments, supplemented with questions regarding changes in dietary habits and the use of dietary counseling following diagnosis. Nutritional knowledge, dietary habits, and quality of life across four domains (physical, psychological, social, and environmental) were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and appropriate tests of statistical significance. Results: Cancers of the colon and rectum—reported either as unspecified colorectal cancer or as separately specified colon or rectal cancer—together accounted for the largest share of diagnoses (26 diagnoses, representing 44.8% of the 58 total reported diagnoses). Quality-of-life assessment revealed the lowest scores in the physical domain and the highest scores in the social domain. The youngest participants achieved the highest scores in the psychological domain, whereas the lowest scores across all domains were observed among individuals aged over 60 years. Following diagnosis, 63.5% of participants reported reviewing and modifying their dietary habits; however, the majority had not received dietary counseling. Women reported higher fruit and vegetable consumption than men, while higher educational attainment was associated with greater self-assessed nutritional knowledge. Conclusions: Among patients with gastrointestinal cancers surveyed in this study, the physical domain of quality of life had the lowest WHOQOL-BREF score. Most participants reported modifying their dietary habits after diagnosis, although most had not received formal dietary counseling. Higher educational attainment was associated with higher self-assessed nutritional knowledge. Given the small convenience sample and cross-sectional design, these findings should be considered exploratory. Full article

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains endemic in southern Italy, particularly in Sicily, posing challenges for disease control and eradication. This study evaluated the diagnostic agreement between the intradermal tuberculin test (IDT), interferon-gamma release assay (IFN-γ), and post-mortem lesion detection in 1801 cattle from 44 herds in the province of Palermo during 2024–2025. Diagnostic agreement between IDT and IFN-γ was substantial in 2024 (κ = 0.731; 95% CI: 0.64–0.82; n = 991) and decreased to moderate in 2025 (κ = 0.453; 95% CI: 0.33–0.57; n = 572), reflecting a higher proportion of IFN-γ positive and inconclusive animals. An increase in inconclusive results for IFN-γ was observed in 2025, but the available data did not allow investigation of the factors underlying this difference. Agreement between ante-mortem tests and post-mortem lesion detection was poor in a selected subgroup of slaughtered animals, potentially subject to verification bias, highlighting the limitations of single diagnostic tools and the need for a complementary approach combining immunological and pathological methods. These findings support the interpretation of the complementary roles of IDT and IFN-γ within herd-level bTB surveillance, highlight the need for standardized protocols to manage inconclusive IFN-γ results, and underline the complementary contribution of post-mortem inspection within integrated surveillance strategies in endemic settings. Official confirmation of bovine tuberculosis relies on an integrated evaluation combining diagnostic results, post-mortem findings, and epidemiological investigations. Given the absence of a validated gold standard applicable to all animals in this observational dataset, the study was designed as a diagnostic agreement study rather than a formal accuracy assessment. Full article

Background: Anthropometric body-composition assessment in youth soccer commonly relies on equations developed in different source populations and based on distinct body-composition models, potentially altering nutritional and sport-related interpretation. This study compared body-fat estimates from equations intended to report the same outcome, body fat percentage, but based on different operational models, and quantified muscle-mass outputs from anthropometric approaches targeting total-body skeletal, whole-body, and tissue-level muscle compartments in a cohort of Chilean male U-15 and U-16 players. Methods: This secondary cross-sectional method-comparison study analyzed anonymized anthropometric records collected in 2018 from 50 male players. Slaughter, Faulkner, Carter, Deurenberg, and Sloan–Siri estimates of body fat were compared, together with Poortmans, Lee, Doupe, and Kerr muscle-mass approaches. Absolute agreement among adiposity equations was evaluated using a two-way random-effects, absolute-agreement, single-measure ICC [ICC(A,1)] and Bland–Altman analyses. Muscle-mass approaches were compared with repeated-measures analysis; pairwise difference-versus-mean summaries across different muscle constructs were interpreted descriptively rather than as formal agreement tests. Sensitivity analyses excluded Deurenberg and examined a maturation-related Slaughter scenario. Results: Deurenberg yielded the highest body-fat estimate (18.97 ± 3.07%), followed by Slaughter (13.32 ± 3.35%), Faulkner (10.84 ± 1.40%), Sloan-Siri (8.01 ± 2.80%), and Carter (7.91 ± 1.49%). Global differences were large (χ²(4) = 182.96; p < 0.001; Kendall’s W = 0.915), and individual absolute agreement was low [ICC(A,1) = 0.157; bootstrap 95% CI 0.102–0.212]. Excluding Deurenberg did not remove the between-method differences (χ²(3) = 124.44; p < 0.001; W = 0.830). For muscle mass, mean estimates ranged from 25.11 ± 3.07 kg with Poortmans to 31.26 ± 4.94 kg with Doupe, with a significant method effect after Greenhouse–Geisser correction (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The adiposity equations yielded substantially different numerical estimates of the same reported outcome, body fat percentage, and showed low individual-level absolute agreement. Muscle-mass approaches also produced large numerical differences, partly expected because they target different compartments. Outputs from different equations or constructs should not be treated as numerically interchangeable. Because no criterion reference method was included, this study quantifies method dependence rather than validity and cannot identify the most accurate equation. Full article

Integrated watershed sustainability assessments are still incipient in Ecuador, where scarce and heterogeneous data are limiting factors. This study introduces the Watershed Sustainability Index (WSI) to the Chibunga Basin in Chimborazo, Ecuador, marking its first application in this region. A key aspect of this study is the development of a clear and reproducible method for applying the index, particularly in inter-Andean basins where data are limited. The four dimensions—Hydrology, Environment, Life, and Policy—were assessed through the Pressure–State–Response (PSR) framework by combining secondary statistics, field sampling, GIS land-use analysis, and a two-round Delphi consultation with ten experts to operationalize the institutional (Policy) component. The basin scored 0.38 (low sustainability), with a critical Hydrology dimension (0.08), poor Policy dimension (0.33), moderate–low Life dimension (0.42), and moderate Environment dimension (0.67). The central finding goes beyond these scores: the operationalized PSR framework pinpointed where the management cycle breaks down in practice. Systematically null response scores reveal that unsustainability stems from the failure to translate an existing regulatory framework into formal institutional action, rather than from regulatory absence or physical water scarcity alone, further constrained by unfavorable socioeconomic conditions. The procedure turns the WSI from a scoring tool into a diagnostic one, providing a replicable reference for data-scarce Andean basins. Full article

Formal thought disorder (FTD) is classically associated with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, but speech disorganization may also occur in other acute psychotic conditions. This study compared eight prespecified FTD phenomena between operationally defined primary and secondary psychotic disorders. In this single-center cross-sectional study, 93 adults admitted with an acute psychotic state to three psychiatric inpatient departments were classified as having primary psychotic disorders (F20/F23.2; n = 51) or secondary psychotic disorders (F06.2/F10.5/F15.5; n = 42). Eight phenomena derived from Andreasen’s descriptions were rated using study-specific 0–2 ordinal anchors. Item-level distributions were analyzed using exact tests with Benjamini–Hochberg correction and covariate-adjusted ordinal regression; composite and diagnostic-subgroup analyses were exploratory. Higher ratings in the primary group were observed for derailment, tangentiality, incoherence, neologisms, and clanging, whereas loss of goal, circumstantiality, and perseveration did not differ statistically. Adjusted models supported the same item-level pattern, and sensitivity analyses supported several principal findings. The exploratory composite was also higher in the primary group (median 10 [8–10.5] vs. 7 [6–8]; p < 0.001). These findings support cautious, descriptive phenomenon-level assessment across acute psychotic disorders but do not validate the framework as a diagnostic instrument or establish disorder-specific FTD profiles. Full article

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with atrial remodelling, hemodynamic stress, and complex cardiopulmonary interactions. While natriuretic peptides and echocardiographic abnormalities are established markers of AF-related substrate, the contribution of spirometry changes, as a landmark of pulmonary impairment, remains less clearly defined. This study evaluated whether AF is associated with an integrated cardiopulmonary profile characterized by altered spirometry, increased NT-proBNP, and conventional echocardiographic markers of left atrial structure and function. Methods: We performed a retrospective, single-center observational study based on an existing clinical database of adult patients referred for 24 h 12-lead Holter ECG monitoring because of palpitations and/or chest pain. None of the included patients had a previously documented diagnosis of atrial fibrillation before Holter monitoring. Because a single 24 h Holter recording cannot establish spontaneous termination or long-term temporal pattern with certainty, AF documented for the first time during this recording is referred to throughout as “newly detected AF” rather than “paroxysmal AF”. During Holter monitoring, no ECG changes suggestive of myocardial ischemia were detected. From 536 records of patients without previously known AF who underwent 24 h 12-lead Holter ECG monitoring for palpitations and/or chest pain, 164 patients were retained for the main comparison, including 48 with newly detected paroxysmal AF and 116 without AF. Demographic, biochemical, spirometric, and echocardiographic variables were analyzed. The main respiratory parameters were forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). NT-proBNP was the primary biomarker, while conventional left atrial structural and functional variables were used for echocardiographic assessment. Results: NT-proBNP was markedly higher in the AF group (684.5 vs. 62.3 pg/mL, p = 0.001), even when accounting for confounders like age, CKD, or CPD, showing by far the largest between-group difference among the biomarkers assessed (formal discrimination statistics such as ROC/AUC were not computed). The exploratory inflammatory markers assessed (hs-CRP, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, homocysteine) showed only modest, non-significant differences. Conventional echocardiographic parameters did not differ significantly between groups. In the strict complete-case comparison, spirometric indices did not reach statistical significance; however, preliminary project-level analysis showed lower FVC, FEV1, and PEF in AF patients, but without supporting the COPD diagnosis, and exploratory correlations suggested a relationship between spirometric performance and left atrial function. Conclusions: In this cohort, AF was most strongly associated with NT-proBNP, while the respiratory signal was weaker but directionally consistent with a broader cardiopulmonary phenotype. These findings do not support spirometry or NT-proBNP as stand-alone diagnostic tools for AF. However, when interpreted alongside traditional AF risk factors and symptoms, elevated NT-proBNP with concordant spirometric impairment may represent a hypothesis-generating additive signal supporting longer or repeated rhythm monitoring beyond 24 h in selected patients with suspected AF; this additive value was not formally tested against clinical models alone and requires prospective confirmation. Full article

High-precision long-baseline coordinate transfer is essential for maintaining spatial reference frames, and the modernized multi-frequency signals of BDS-3 provide new opportunities for this task. However, existing long-baseline network solutions still rely mainly on legacy frequency combinations, and quantitative evidence for pure new-frequency BDS-3 combinations in large-scale coordinate transfer remains limited. This study evaluates the applicability of BDS-3 high- and low-frequency signal combinations for long-baseline position datum transfer and investigates frequency-combination selection. Seven continuous stations were used to form 21 long baselines. Five dual-frequency schemes were tested, including four BDS-3 combinations, namely B1I/B3I, B1I/B2a, B1C/B2a, and B1C/B3I, and one GPS reference combination, L1/L5. Double-differenced ionosphere-free baseline processing and three-dimensional constrained network adjustment were applied. Performance was assessed using carrier-phase precision, normalized root mean square (NRMS), baseline vector quality, and point-transfer differences. The results show that the BDS-3 B1C/B2a new-frequency combination achieved the best overall consistency among the BDS-3 schemes, with an average high-frequency carrier-phase precision of 6.3 mm, a mean NRMS of 0.23, millimeter-level baseline vector formal-error RMS, and a 19.7 mm point difference at the unknown station DCMS. Given that the evaluation is based on seven consecutive days of observations, the long-term applicability of the proposed strategy requires further validation. Full article