Search Results (2,449)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the combined effects of resistance exercise and whey protein supplementation on plasma irisin levels in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) under a 30% calorie-restricted weight loss diet. Methods: Thirty adult patients with MASLD were randomized into the following three groups for a 4-week intervention: calorie restriction group (CR) (n = 8), CR with resistance exercise group (EX) (n = 11), and CR with resistance exercise and whey protein group (EX + P) (n = 11; 0.7 g/kg per day). All participants received boxed meals providing 70% of their total energy expenditure. The participants in the resistance exercise groups performed full-body resistance exercises 5 days/week (50–75% one-repetition maximum). Plasma irisin level, controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), and body composition were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: Plasma irisin levels significantly increased in the EX (+2.24 ng/mL, p = 0.016) and EX + P (+4.86 ng/mL, p = 0.004) groups but not in the CR group. Muscle mass increased significantly only in the EX + P group. The CAP decreased in all groups. The change in irisin level was negatively correlated with the change in CAP (r = −0.459, p = 0.032). Conclusions: Resistance exercise under calorie-restricted conditions effectively increased plasma irisin levels in patients with MASLD, whereas caloric restriction alone did not. Furthermore, a stronger increasing trend in the plasma irisin levels was observed with whey protein supplementation. An increase in irisin levels was significantly associated with hepatic fat reduction, suggesting that irisin may serve as a biomarker reflecting improvements in hepatic steatosis following lifestyle intervention. Full article

The homogenization of landscapes and reduction in floral diversity have increasingly led to low diversity in pollen diets for honey bees. In this study, we examined the effects of monofloral pollen diets based on wind-pollinated (Corylus sp., Pinus sp.) and insect-pollinated plants (Brassica napus L., Phacelia sp., Solidago sp., Fagopyrum sp.) on the development of hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs), activities of enzymatic (AST, ALT, ALP, GGTP) and non-enzymatic (urea, uric acid) biomarkers, as well as magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations in the hemolymph and fat bodies from different locations (tergite 3, 5 and sternite) in worker bees. Even a small (10%) addition of pollen to sugar candy stimulated the development of acini compared to the control group, with phacelia, buckwheat, and goldenrod pollen having the strongest effects. The largest acini developed in the 14-day-old bees fed with Phacelia pollen, whereas the collecting duct diameters were significantly reduced in all the pollen-supplemented groups. Enzymatic biomarker activities were the highest in the hemolymph of newly emerged bees and increased with age across all the tissues, particularly in tergite 5, with the highest activities recorded in the bees fed with insect-pollinated plant pollen. Non-enzymatic parameters and ion concentrations also varied with tissue type and segmental location, generally increasing with age and reaching the highest values in tergite 5. Regardless of the tissue (the fat body vs. hemolymph), the bees fed a diet containing pollen from Brassica napus, Phacelia, Solidago, and Fagopyrum had higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, while the effects of hazel and pine pollen were less pronounced. These findings suggest that even limited pollen supplementation can positively shape the morphological and biochemical physiology of worker bees. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing strategies to support bee health under increasing environmental pressures and changing floral availability. Full article

Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is widely used in the management of prostate cancer (PCa) and remains a cornerstone of treatment across multiple disease settings. Although ADT contributes substantially to disease control, it also induces significant adverse metabolic and body composition changes. These alterations include loss of lean mass, increased fat mass, and deterioration in muscle quality, together contributing to a clinical phenotype consistent with sarcopenic obesity (SO). Importantly, ADT-induced SO is characterized not only by reductions in skeletal muscle mass but also by impaired muscle quality, particularly the fatty infiltration of skeletal muscle, or myosteatosis, an underrecognized but defining feature of this syndrome. Methods: This narrative review examines current evidence regarding interventions aimed at mitigating sarcopenic obesity in men treated with ADT for prostate cancer, identifies key gaps in the literature, and proposes a mechanism-driven path forward for intervention development. Results: Several exercise- and nutrition-based interventions have been evaluated in men receiving ADT and demonstrate improvements in selected outcomes such as muscle strength, body composition, and metabolic parameters. However, most studies have been limited by small sample sizes, short intervention durations, and a focus on isolated intervention components. Importantly, muscle quality and intramuscular fat infiltration (myosteatosis), a central component of sarcopenic obesity, have rarely been incorporated as biomarkers or endpoints in intervention trials targeting men receiving ADT. Conclusions: Future interventions designed to mitigate SO and its associated metabolic abnormalities should evaluate comprehensive, bundled strategies initiated early during ADT and sustained long enough to capture clinically meaningful changes. Outcomes should include biomarkers of muscle mass, strength, and quality, including imaging-based measures of myosteatosis, along with metabolic syndrome markers, inflammatory mediators, functional outcomes, adherence, and quality of life. These changes should evaluate the correlation with underlying biological mechanisms such as NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such data may inform future phase III trials and ultimately support clinical strategies to mitigate ADT-related sarcopenic obesity and its downstream cardiometabolic and oncologic consequences. Full article

Milk production in dairy cattle is increasingly challenged by thermal variability. This underscores the need for reliable assessment of microclimatic conditions and their interaction with animal- and management-related factors to ensure sustainable dairy production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of thermal variability and selected environmental and biological factors on key milk production traits in dairy cattle. The influence of fixed factors related to production conditions and microclimatic variability, including the Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) as an indicator of thermal variability, on daily milk yield (MY), milk fat content (MF), and milk protein content (MP) was assessed. This study used a dataset covering two observation periods of daily milk production traits in cows of different breeds (Simmental, Holstein-Friesian, Red Holstein, and Brown Swiss) reared in three regions of the Republic of Serbia (Mačva, Podunavlje, and Šumadija), enabling an assessment of thermal variability under diverse production and microclimatic conditions. The expression and variability of the investigated traits were determined using the PROC FREQ and PROC MEANS procedures, while the effects of individual factors were analysed using general linear and regression models, with results expressed as least squares means. All examined factors showed a highly significant effect on MY, MF, and MP (p < 0.0001). Milk production was highest within the THI range of 51–60, corresponding to thermoneutral conditions, whereas higher THI values (>60) reflect increasing thermal load and were associated with measurable reductions in milk yield, as confirmed by statistical analysis. These findings demonstrate that thermal variability and heat stress significantly influence milk production and composition and highlight the importance of integrating microclimatic indicators into sustainability-oriented dairy management and breeding strategies. Full article

Background: The consumption of meat and high-fat foods is constantly discussed, with attention to their health and environmental consequences, as well as the barriers to changing current behaviors. Objective: The study aimed to examine how pro-environmental behavior, perceived food insecurity, and financial constraints correlate with intentions to limit meat and fat consumption among older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2025 among 475 individuals aged 60 to 92 years. The questionnaire includes scales that enable the calculation of four scores: Meat Reduction, Low Fat, Perceived Food Insecurity, and Lack of Financial Support. Additionally, questions about involvement in pro-ecological behaviors and sociodemographic characteristics were included. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between perceived food insecurity, lack of financial support, and pro-environmental behaviors (independent variables) and intentions to reduce meat (Model 1) and fat (Model 2) (dependent variables). Results: Intentions to limit meat correlated positively with buying food produced in an environmentally friendly way (adjusted OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.56, 2.69), not wasting food (adjusted OR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.51), and buying local food (adjusted OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.82). Intentions to limit fat correlated positively with buying food produced in an environmentally friendly way (adjusted OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.18) and not wasting food (adjusted OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.76). No relationships were found between the lack of financial support and intentions to limit meat (p = 0.069) and fat (p = 0.600). The perceived food insecurity decreased the likelihood of intentions to restrict fat (adjusted OR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.83), but not meat (p = 0.387). Conclusions: To better understand why experienced financial constraints did not influence the intention to reduce consumption of meat and high-fat products, further research is needed that focuses on motivation to change and the ability to change behavior among older people. Nevertheless, the results suggest that enhancing pro-environmental behaviors beyond those directly related to meat and fat consumption may facilitate reductions in meat and fat consumption through pro-environmental behavioral spillover. Full article

Introduction: Oxidative stress and inflammation are major factors linked to obesity and metabolic dysfunction, leading to a significantly higher risk of related diseases. Atorvastatin and liraglutide possess lipid-lowering, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects that could synergistically improve obesity-related perturbations through modulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Methodology: We assessed liraglutide’s pharmacological potential in extending atorvastatin’s benefit on obesity, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. We specifically evaluated the effects of liraglutide treatment on atorvastatin-induced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms, with a particular focus on Nrf2/HO 1 modulation in adipose and hepatic tissue. In silico analyses, including molecular docking and AlphaFold- Multimer modeling, evaluated the binding affinities of atorvastatin and liraglutide to Nrf2 and HO 1. Results: Compared to ND, the HFD-fed rats had a significantly higher final body weight (362.4 ± 12.7 g vs. 245.6 ± 9.8 g in ND, p < 0.05). There was a marked increase in serum total cholesterol (178.6 ± 9.2 mg/dL vs. 98.3 ± 6.4), fasting glucose (340.1 ± 8.2 mg/dL vs. 82.3 ± 3.1), HbA1c (7.8 ± 0.3 vs. 4.5 ± 0.2), and hepatic COX-2 expression (99.9 ± 6.3 vs 19.6 ± 2.4). The oxidative stress markers were also disturbed, as indicated by SOD (42.5 ± 3.1 vs. 95.2 ± 4.6 U/mg protein), GSH (18.3 ± 1.5 vs. 42.7 ± 2.8 nmol/mg), and p62 (0.005 ± 0.001 vs. 0.125 ± 0.01). Atorvastatin lowered cholesterol (121.2 ± 7.5 mg/dL), COX-2 (61.3 ± 3.3), and body weight (301.7 ± 11.5 g) compared to HFD. Meanwhile, liraglutide caused a greater reduction in body weight (268.5 ± 10.3 g), glucose (112.5 ± 6.7 mg/dL), and COX-2 (42.2 ± 2.9) than atorvastatin. The combination therapy produced the most significant effects, returning body weight (253.6 ± 9.1 g) to baseline, normalizing glucose and lipids, reducing COX-2 to 22.9 ± 2.0, and reactivating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, as shown by increased HO-1 expression and the restoration of p62 levels (0.078 ± 0.004). In silico analyses suggest that atorvastatin favorably binds to Nrf2 and HO-1, while liraglutide interacts with structurally relevant interfaces on these proteins, providing a mechanistic basis for their complementary antioxidant and cytoprotective effects. Conclusions: Our findings support targeting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway as a potential therapy for reversing hyperlipidemia and preventing mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress damage in the liver tissue. The evidence of increased efficacy observed with the combined atorvastatin and liraglutide supports a potential novel understanding of the complementary effects of atorvastatin and liraglutide. This finding requires further investigation to elucidate the combination’s therapeutic advantages in treating metabolic disorder scenarios. Full article

This study aimed to identify the main food processing by-products used in the development of new meat products. An integrative review was conducted based on original scientific articles available in the Lilacs, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Scielo databases published between 2014 and 2024. After applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria based on publication period, document type, and relevance to the study objectives, 35 studies were selected from the 2182 records initially identified. Among these, 16 (45.7%) investigated ingredient substitution in meat products, with 9 (25.7%) specifically addressing fat replacement using vegetable agro-industrial by-products. Burger patties were the most frequently evaluated product (54.3%; n = 19), followed by sausages (34.3%; n = 12) and meatballs or ground meat preparations (8.6%; n = 3), while one study evaluated both burgers and sausages (2.9%; n = 1). Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of by-products from fruit and vegetable processing in meat products, particularly in reducing fat and enriching fiber. Their incorporation can improve the nutritional, sensory, and technological properties of meat products, reducing the need for synthetic additives. Therefore, their use represents a sustainable and promising strategy, contributing to circular economy practices, product innovation, and reduced environmental impact. Full article

Background: Autologous fat grafts are widely used for skull base reconstruction following endoscopic endonasal surgery. However, uncertainty regarding their postoperative volumetric evolution may complicate the distinction between expected postoperative changes and residual or recurrent disease on imaging. Methods: We performed a retrospective volumetric imaging analysis of patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery with reconstruction using autologous fat and the 3F technique between 2013 and 2023. Fat graft volumes were measured on postoperative day 1 CT scans and on 3-, 9-, and 15-month postoperative MRI using standardized volumetric segmentation analysis (method described in detail in the main text). It should be noted that baseline measurements were derived from CT, whereas follow-up assessments were performed using MRI. Resorption rates were correlated with demographic, pathological, surgical, and postoperative variables. Results: Thirty-four patients met inclusion criteria. Mean initial fat graft volume was 3.01 ± 2.65 cm³. Overall, fat graft volume demonstrated a consistent temporal decline, with mean reductions of 56.8% at 3 months, 75.3% at 9 months, and 81.8% at 15 months. In subgroup analysis, differences in resorption were observed according to surgical approach, with higher resorption following transsellar compared with transtuberculum approaches (87.4% vs. 74.8% at 15 months, p = 0.042). These findings were closely related to graft compartment, although compartment and surgical approach showed substantial overlap in this cohort. No significant associations were detected between resorption rate and age, sex, comorbidities, postoperative CSF leak, extent of resection, or adjuvant radiotherapy. Conclusions: Autologous fat grafts used for skull base reconstruction demonstrate substantial early postoperative resorption followed by slower progressive volume loss. Recipient anatomical compartment was associated with differences in observed resorption patterns, although this relationship should be interpreted in the context of overlap with surgical approach and limited sample size. These findings may assist in improving interpretation of postoperative imaging by clarifying the expected temporal pattern of fat graft evolution after endoscopic skull base reconstruction. Full article

Background: Bikram yoga, a form of hot yoga practiced in heated environments, has been associated with improvements in flexibility, body composition, and overall well-being. However, longitudinal evidence on its effects in adult women remains limited. Obesity/metabolic syndrome (MetS) is highly prevalent among adult women worldwide, with estimates exceeding 40% in middle-aged populations, underscoring the need for low-impact interventions targeting adiposity and age-related metabolic risks. This study evaluated the effects of 6-month Bikram yoga on body fat percentage (%BF) in adult women, with age-stratified analyses. Methods: Twenty-two women (20–65 years) participated in a structured Bikram yoga program consisting of three weekly sessions (90 min, 26 postures + 2 breathing exercises, 40 °C, 40% humidity) over six months. Anthropometric assessments (8 skinfolds, 5 body circumferences, weight, and height) were conducted at T0, T1 (~45 days), T2 (~90 days), and T3 (6 months). %BF was estimated using multiple validated prediction equations integrated into the Exercise Science Toolkit. Results: A significant and progressive reduction in %BF was observed across the sample: −3.71% at T1 (p < 0.0001) and −6.07 at T3 (p < 0.0001) compared to the baseline. Positive outcomes were consistent across all age subgroups: subgroup A (20–35 years, T3 −6.62%), subgroup B (36–50 years, T3 −5.96%), and subgroup C (51–65 years, T3 −5.39%). Decreased inter-subject variability (SD) suggests a similar direction of change among participants. Conclusions: Regular Bikram yoga practice (three sessions per week for six months) was associated with significantly and consistently reduced %BF among adult women aged 20–65, exceeding the clinical threshold (>5%) for metabolic benefits. Effects were evident after six weeks and remained across all age subgroups, suggesting that Bikram yoga may represent an effective, low-impact intervention for health promotion and active aging. Full article

Background/Objectives: this study evaluated the effects of a 12-week multicomponent training (MCT) program combined with multiprofessional interventions (nutritional and psychoeducational) on body composition, lipid profiles, fasting glucose levels, and arterial stiffness in Brazilian older women stratified by nutritional status. Methods: thirty-six older women, who were classified as normal weight (n = 8; mean age: 69.2 ± 7.2 years), overweight (n = 13; mean age: 72.1 ± 5.3 years), or obese (n = 15; mean age: 70.3 ± 4.6 years), were included in the study. The outcomes included body fat percentage (BFP), visceral fat level, fat-free mass (FFM), fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and arterial stiffness, as determined by pulse wave velocity (PWV). Results: BFP was reduced in all groups (p < 0.001), but in the overweight and obese groups, these decreases were greater. Visceral fat level decreased significantly in all groups (p < 0.001), with greater decreases in the obese group compared with the normal weight and overweight groups (p < 0.001), and greater reductions in the normal weight group compared to the overweight group (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in PWV was observed only in the overweight group (p < 0.05), while greater improvements were observed in the overweight group compared to the normal weight group (p < 0.05) in FFM, lipid profiles, and fasting glucose. Conclusions: an MCT combined with multiprofessional intervention effectively reduced BFP and arterial stiffness in Brazilian older women with excess adiposity. Full article

Background/Objectives: Carbohydrate-restricted diets (CHRs) are increasingly employed in the treatment of obesity. We aimed to investigate the effects of a CHR on hepatic lipid anabolism and its association with changes in the proinflammatory environment and insulin signaling. Methods: Forty-eight C57BL/6J female mice were used in this study. We aimed to analyze the impact of a CHR on the hepatic proinflammatory profile and its relationship with changes in insulin signaling and fatty acid anabolism in obese female mice after two months on a high-fat diet. We also examined the impact of a one-month chow diet after CHR. Blood samples were collected, and the liver was processed during all-time study periods for analyses of biochemical, hormonal, and inflammatory markers, as well as possible changes in leptin and insulin signaling pathways. Results: Compared with chow-fed mice, CHR mice showed increased interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-2 levels, as well as leptin-related signaling in the liver. There was also a decrease in the expression of fatty acid synthase and the phosphorylation of ATP-citrate lyase, which was associated with a reduction in the activation of the insulin receptor, Akt, the mammalian target of rapamycin, cAMP-response element-binding protein, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β. The subsequent reintroduction of a chow diet after CHR resulted in lower hepatic free fatty acid and triglyceride levels than in obese mice without previous CH restriction. Conclusions: This study suggests that CHR inhibits de novo hepatic lipogenesis in obese mice by attenuating insulin signaling in a low-grade proinflammatory state. Full article

Postmenopausal women with obesity often show blood abnormalities and low plasma volume, which reduce aerobic capacity and raise health risks. The purpose is to compare the effects of high-intensity (HIIWT) versus moderate-intensity interval walking training (MIIWT) on body composition, plasma volume variations (PVV), hematological parameters, muscle damage, and aerobic capacity in postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity. Thirty-two postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity were randomly assigned to HIIWT (n = 11), MIIWT (n = 11), or control (CON, n = 10) groups. The HIIWT and MIIWT groups performed intermittent walking at 90–110% and 60–80% of their 6-min-walk-test (6MWT) distance, respectively, four times per week for 10 weeks. Body composition, hematological and muscle damage markers, and 6MWT performance were assessed pre- and post-intervention. After ten weeks, PVV was calculated in all three groups. A significant group × time interaction was observed for body composition, erythrocytes, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and 6MWT performance (p < 0.05). Both the HIIWT and MIIWT groups showed significant reductions in body mass, body fat, waist circumference (p < 0.05), and erythrocyte count (p = 0.010 and 0.028, respectively). Only the HIIWT group showed significant reductions in hemoglobin (p < 0.001), hematocrit (p = 0.005), CK (p = 0.002), and LDH (p = 0.009), along with a significant increase in 6MWT-performance (p = 0.002). The HIIWT group demonstrated a significantly greater increase in PVV compared to both MIIWT (p = 0.018) and CON (p < 0.001) groups. HIIWT induced superior improvements in body composition, aerobic capacity, plasma volume, and hematological and muscle-damage markers compared to MIIWT. HIIWT represents a practical strategy for improving health outcomes in postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity. Full article

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation. Irisin, released during exercise, regulates energy metabolism and may contribute to exercise-induced metabolic adaptations. This study aimed to compare the effects of 24 weeks of two different training programs on body composition, physical capacities, and irisin levels in male adults with obesity, and to investigate the relationship between irisin and metabolic parameters. Thirteen male adults with obesity were randomly assigned to polarized (POL) or threshold (THR) training programs. Anthropometric measurements, physical capacity parameters, serum and salivary samples were collected before (T0) and after the training period (T1). Irisin levels were measured by ELISA. After training, body composition significantly improved, with reductions in body mass and body mass index, and an increase in fat-free mass. Maximal oxygen consumption (V’O₂max) significantly increased, while a decrease in HRmax indicated improved cardiac efficiency. Although serum and salivary irisin levels did not significantly increase overall, a trend toward increased irisin was observed in the THR group. Furthermore, serum irisin at T1 positively correlated with V’O₂ at the respiratory compensation point (p = 0.019), and V’O₂max (p = 0.031). Both POL and THR training programs significantly improved body composition and cardiometabolic fitness after 24 weeks. The positive association of irisin with aerobic fitness parameters suggests that irisin may reflect physiological adaptations to exercise. Full article

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although women generally exhibit a more favorable cardiovascular risk profile than men in the general population, this protection is substantially reduced in the presence of diabetes, resulting in a disproportionately greater relative increase in CVD risk among women. Objective: This review aims to integrate the roles of metabolic phenotypes, dietary exposures, and genetic susceptibility in shaping cardiovascular risk in women with T2DM, with a focus on diet–gene and diet–epigenetic interactions across critical stages of the female life course. Methods: A narrative review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic evidence from recent literature was conducted to synthesize current knowledge on sex-specific cardiometabolic pathways and nutritional determinants of vascular risk in T2DM. Results: Current evidence indicates that several interconnected mechanisms contribute to enhanced cardiovascular vulnerability in diabetic women, including (i) adipose tissue dysfunction and ectopic fat accumulation; (ii) insulin resistance with metabolic inflexibility and lipotoxicity; and (iii) endothelial and microvascular dysfunction driven by impaired nitric oxide signaling. Dietary patterns modulate these pathways through effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, postprandial lipid metabolism, and vascular function. Emerging evidence highlights that genetic variants (e.g., APOE; CETP; TCF7L2) significantly modify metabolic responses to dietary exposures in patients with T2DM; supporting a role for nutrigenetic interactions in shaping cardiovascular risk. In parallel, diet-related epigenetic mechanisms—including metabolic memory and early-life programming—may contribute to long-term and potentially intergenerational cardiometabolic risk. Conclusions: Integrating dietary patterns with genetic susceptibility and epigenetic regulation provides a mechanistic framework for understanding the disproportionate cardiovascular risk in diabetic women and supports the development of sex-specific, life-course-oriented precision nutrition strategies for cardiovascular risk reduction Full article

This study investigated the technological feasibility of using a pre-structured bovine blood plasma–flaxseed composition as a functional partial substitute for beef in emulsion-type sausages. Five formulations containing 0–30% replacement were evaluated to determine effects on structural, nutritional, and microbiological properties. Incorporation of the structured composition modified the functional balance of the protein system: water-holding capacity remained stable (p > 0.05), while fat-holding and emulsifying capacities improved at higher inclusion levels (p < 0.05), indicating enhanced interfacial stabilization of the fat phase. Progressive softening of texture was observed, with significant reductions in hardness and chewiness at 30% replacement (p < 0.05). Cooking loss increased at elevated substitution levels but remained within acceptable technological limits. During refrigerated storage, microbial counts remained below safety thresholds. A 15–25% replacement level provided the most balanced performance, maintaining sensory acceptability while improving lipid stabilization. The results demonstrate that structured plasma-based systems can function as effective protein–emulsion modifiers in meat formulations, supporting sustainable valorization of slaughter by-products. Full article