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12 pages, 6858 KiB  
Perspective
Cellulose Nanocrystals for Advanced Optics and Electronics: Current Status and Future Directions
by Hyeongbae Jeon, Kyeong Keun Oh and Minkyu Kim
Micromachines 2025, 16(8), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16080860 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 412
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted growing interest in optics and electronics, extending beyond their traditional applications. They are considered key materials due to their fast computing, sensing adhesion, and emission of circularly polarized luminescence with high dissymmetry factors. This interest arises from their [...] Read more.
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted growing interest in optics and electronics, extending beyond their traditional applications. They are considered key materials due to their fast computing, sensing adhesion, and emission of circularly polarized luminescence with high dissymmetry factors. This interest arises from their unique chemical structure, which gives rise to structural color, a chiral nematic phase, and high mechanical strength. In this perspective, we first introduce the definition, sources, and fundamental properties of CNCs to explain the basis for their unique and effective use in optics and electronics. Next, we review recent research on the application of CNCs in these fields. We then analyze the current limitations that hinder further advancement. Finally, we offer our own perspective on future directions for the CNC-enabled advanced optics and electronics. Full article
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37 pages, 2536 KiB  
Review
Multidimensional Exploration of Wood Extractives: A Review of Compositional Analysis, Decay Resistance, Light Stability, and Staining Applications
by Chenggong Gao, Xinjie Cui and Junji Matsumura
Forests 2024, 15(10), 1782; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101782 - 10 Oct 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3783
Abstract
Extractives, which naturally evolve as fundamental defense mechanisms in wood against environmental stresses, hold an essential place in the field of wood conservation science. Despite their low content in woody substrates, extractives are chemically complex and can be extracted accurately by solvents with [...] Read more.
Extractives, which naturally evolve as fundamental defense mechanisms in wood against environmental stresses, hold an essential place in the field of wood conservation science. Despite their low content in woody substrates, extractives are chemically complex and can be extracted accurately by solvents with different polarities, covering key components such as aliphatic, terpenoid, and phenolic compounds. The application of solvent extraction allows for the effective recovery of these extracts from forestry waste, thereby creating new opportunities for their reuse in wood modification and enhancing the economic value and potential applications of forestry waste. In the wood industry, extractives not only act as efficient preservatives and photo-stabilizers, significantly improving the decay resistance and photodegradation resistance of wood, but also serve as ideal dyes for fast-growing wood due to their abundant natural colors, which lend the product a distinct aesthetic appeal. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the origin and distribution characteristics of wood extractives and to examine the impact of solvent selection on extraction efficiency. At the same time, the mechanism of extractives in enhancing wood decay resistance and slowing down photodegradation is deeply analyzed. In addition, specific examples are presented to illustrate their wide utilization in the wood industry. This is intended to provide references for research and practice in related fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
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15 pages, 4220 KiB  
Article
Effect of Physico-Chemical Properties Induced by N, P Co-Doped Biomass Porous Carbon on Nitrous Oxide Adsorption Performance
by Xiyue Gong, Zheng Liu, Jingxian Mou and Jiaying Wang
Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 4120; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104120 - 14 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1361
Abstract
The adsorption and enrichment of greenhouse gases on biomass porous carbon is a promising approach. Herein, a simple type of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped biomass porous carbon (NPPC), which was derived from fast-growing eucalyptus bark, was reported via one-step method of carbonization and [...] Read more.
The adsorption and enrichment of greenhouse gases on biomass porous carbon is a promising approach. Herein, a simple type of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped biomass porous carbon (NPPC), which was derived from fast-growing eucalyptus bark, was reported via one-step method of carbonization and activation, and the nitrous oxide (N2O) adsorption performance and the adsorption mechanism of the NPPCs were also investigated. The results showed that NPPC-800-2 demonstrated a high specific surface area (1038.48 m2∙g−1), abundant micropores (0.31 cm3∙g−1), and enriched content of N and P (4.17 wt.% and 0.62 wt.%), which also exhibited a high N2O adsorption capacity of 0.839 mmol∙g−1. Moreover, the addition of N enhanced the surface polarity of carbon, thereby altering its pore structure. And P doping induced changes in the structural orientation of carbon, resulting in an increased presence of N-P functional groups. This finding reveals that the eucalyptus bark-based N and P co-doped porous carbon shows great potential for wide applications in N2O capture and provides effective guidance for the design and development of waste biomass adsorbent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Materials for Sustainable Futures)
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48 pages, 12107 KiB  
Review
Role of Pyramidal Low-Dimensional Semiconductors in Advancing the Field of Optoelectronics
by Ao Jiang, Shibo Xing, Haowei Lin, Qing Chen and Mingxuan Li
Photonics 2024, 11(4), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11040370 - 15 Apr 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3940 | Correction
Abstract
Numerous optoelectronic devices based on low-dimensional nanostructures have been developed in recent years. Among these, pyramidal low-dimensional semiconductors (zero- and one-dimensional nanomaterials) have been favored in the field of optoelectronics. In this review, we discuss in detail the structures, preparation methods, band structures, [...] Read more.
Numerous optoelectronic devices based on low-dimensional nanostructures have been developed in recent years. Among these, pyramidal low-dimensional semiconductors (zero- and one-dimensional nanomaterials) have been favored in the field of optoelectronics. In this review, we discuss in detail the structures, preparation methods, band structures, electronic properties, and optoelectronic applications (photocatalysis, photoelectric detection, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and optical quantum information processing) of pyramidal low-dimensional semiconductors and demonstrate their excellent photoelectric performances. More specifically, pyramidal semiconductor quantum dots (PSQDs) possess higher mobilities and longer lifetimes, which would be more suitable for photovoltaic devices requiring fast carrier transport. In addition, the linear polarization direction of exciton emission is easily controlled via the direction of magnetic field in PSQDs with C3v symmetry, so that all-optical multi-qubit gates based on electron spin as a quantum bit could be realized. Therefore, the use of PSQDs (e.g., InAs, GaN, InGaAs, and InGaN) as effective candidates for constructing optical quantum devices is examined due to the growing interest in optical quantum information processing. Pyramidal semiconductor nanorods (PSNRs) and pyramidal semiconductor nanowires (PSNWRs) also exhibit the more efficient separation of electron-hole pairs and strong light absorption effects, which are expected to be widely utilized in light-receiving devices. Finally, this review concludes with a summary of the current problems and suggestions for potential future research directions in the context of pyramidal low-dimensional semiconductors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optoelectronics and Optical Materials)
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42 pages, 8548 KiB  
Review
Magnetron Sputtered Lead Titanates Thin Films for Pyroelectric Applications: Part 1: Epitaxial Growth, Material Characterization
by Morteza Fathipour, Yanan Xu and Mukti Rana
Materials 2024, 17(1), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010221 - 30 Dec 2023
Viewed by 2200
Abstract
Pyroelectric materials, are those materials with the property that in the absence of any externally applied electric field, develop a built-in spontaneous polarization in their unit cell structure. They are regarded as ideal detector elements for infrared applications because they can provide fast [...] Read more.
Pyroelectric materials, are those materials with the property that in the absence of any externally applied electric field, develop a built-in spontaneous polarization in their unit cell structure. They are regarded as ideal detector elements for infrared applications because they can provide fast response time and uniform sensitivity at room temperature over all wavelengths. Crystals of the perovskite Lead Titanate (PbTiO3) family show pyroelectric characteristics and undergo structural phase transitions. They have a high Curie temperature (the temperature at which the material changes from the ferroelectric (polar) to the paraelectric (nonpolar) phase), high pyroelectric coefficient, high spontaneous polarization, low dielectric constant, and constitute important component materials not only useful for infrared detection, but also with vast applications in electronic, optic, and Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. However, the preparation of large perfect, and pure single crystals of PbTiO3 is challenging. Additionally, difficulties arise in the application of such bulk crystals in terms of connection to processing circuits, large size, and high voltages required for their operation. A number of thin film fabrication techniques have been proposed to overcome these inadequacies, among which, magnetron sputtering has demonstrated many potentials. By addressing these aspects, the review article aims to contribute to the understanding of the challenges in the field of pyroelectric materials, highlight potential solutions, and showcase the advancements and potentials of pyroelectric perovskite series including PbZrTiO3 (PZT), PbxCa1x (PZN-PT), etc. for which PbTiO3 is the end member. The review is presented in two parts. Part 1 focuses on material aspects, including preparation methods using magnetron sputtering and material characterization. We take a tutorial approach to discuss the progress made in epitaxial growth of lead titanate-based ceramics prepared by magnetron sputtering and examine how processing conditions may affect the crystalline quality of the growing film by linking to the properties of the substrate/buffer layer, growth substrate temperature, and the oxygen partial pressure in the gas mixture. Careful control and optimization of these parameters are crucial for achieving high-quality thin films with desired structural and morphological characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Physics)
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38 pages, 5421 KiB  
Review
Nanocomposite Photoanisotropic Materials for Applications in Polarization Holography and Photonics
by Dimana Nazarova, Lian Nedelchev, Nataliya Berberova-Buhova and Georgi Mateev
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(22), 2946; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13222946 - 14 Nov 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2115
Abstract
Photoanisotropic materials, in particular azodyes and azopolymers, have attracted significant research interest in the last decades. This is due to their applications in polarization holography and 4G optics, enabling polarization-selective diffractive optical elements with unique properties, including circular polarization beam-splitters, polarization-selective bifocal lenses, [...] Read more.
Photoanisotropic materials, in particular azodyes and azopolymers, have attracted significant research interest in the last decades. This is due to their applications in polarization holography and 4G optics, enabling polarization-selective diffractive optical elements with unique properties, including circular polarization beam-splitters, polarization-selective bifocal lenses, and many others. Numerous methods have been applied to increase the photoinduced birefringence of these materials, and as a result, to obtain polarization holographic elements with a high diffraction efficiency. Recently, a new approach has emerged that has been extensively studied by many research groups, namely doping azobenzene-containing materials with nanoparticles with various compositions, sizes, and morphologies. The resulting nanocomposites have shown significant enhancement in their photoanisotropic response, including increased photoinduced birefringence, leading to a higher diffraction efficiency and a larger surface relief modulation in the case of polarization holographic recordings. This review aims to cover the most important achievements in this new but fast-growing field of research and to present an extensive comparative analysis of the result, reported by many research groups during the last two decades. Different hypotheses to explain the mechanism of photoanisotropy enhancement in these nanocomposites are also discussed. Finally, we present our vision for the future development of this scientific field and outline its potential applications in advanced photonics technologies. Full article
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16 pages, 1368 KiB  
Article
Developing Multi-Labelled Corpus of Twitter Short Texts: A Semi-Automatic Method
by Xuan Liu, Guohui Zhou, Minghui Kong, Zhengtong Yin, Xiaolu Li, Lirong Yin and Wenfeng Zheng
Systems 2023, 11(8), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11080390 - 1 Aug 2023
Cited by 139 | Viewed by 4379
Abstract
Facing fast-increasing electronic documents in the Digital Media Age, the need to extract textual features of online texts for better communication is growing. Sentiment classification might be the key method to catch emotions of online communication, and developing corpora with annotation of emotions [...] Read more.
Facing fast-increasing electronic documents in the Digital Media Age, the need to extract textual features of online texts for better communication is growing. Sentiment classification might be the key method to catch emotions of online communication, and developing corpora with annotation of emotions is the first step to achieving sentiment classification. However, the labour-intensive and costly manual annotation has resulted in the lack of corpora for emotional words. Furthermore, single-label semantic corpora could hardly meet the requirement of modern analysis of complicated user’s emotions, but tagging emotional words with multiple labels is even more difficult than usual. Improvement of the methods of automatic emotion tagging with multiple emotion labels to construct new semantic corpora is urgently needed. Taking Twitter short texts as the case, this study proposes a new semi-automatic method to annotate Internet short texts with multiple labels and form a multi-labelled corpus for further algorithm training. Each sentence is tagged with both the emotional tendency and polarity, and each tweet, which generally contains several sentences, is tagged with the first two major emotional tendencies. The semi-automatic multi-labelled annotation is achieved through the process of selecting the base corpus and emotional tags, data preprocessing, automatic annotation through word matching and weight calculation, and manual correction in case of multiple emotional tendencies are found. The experiments on the Sentiment140 published Twitter corpus demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and show consistency between the results of semi-automatic annotation and manual annotation. By applying this method, this study summarises the annotation specification and constructs a multi-labelled emotion corpus with 6500 tweets for further algorithm training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Communication for the Digital Media Age)
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22 pages, 11494 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Urban Expansion (2000–2020) in Yangtze River Delta Using Time-Series Nighttime Light Data and MODIS NDVI
by Yanhong Zou, Jingya Shen, Yuying Chen and Baoyi Zhang
Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9764; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129764 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1945
Abstract
The Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA), which is located in the convergence zone of “The Belt and Road Initiative”, is one of the regions with the best urbanization foundations in China. Referring to the four five-year plans (China’s national economic plan), this [...] Read more.
The Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA), which is located in the convergence zone of “The Belt and Road Initiative”, is one of the regions with the best urbanization foundations in China. Referring to the four five-year plans (China’s national economic plan), this study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of urban expansion in the YRDUA from 2000 to 2020. To conduct a long-term analysis of urbanization, an extended time series (2000–2020) of a nighttime light (NTL) dataset was built from the multi-temporal Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) data (2000–2013), and Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) data (2014–2020); data from these sources are crucial to understanding the urbanization processes in the region in order for more effective decision making to take place. The support vector machine (SVM) method was used to extract urban clusters from the extended time-series NTL data and MODIS NDVI products. The evolution of the urban expansion intensity was detected at city scales, and the inequality of urban growth was demonstrated using the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. Finally, a quantitative relationship between urban NTL intensity and socio-economic data was built to explore the main factors that control urban intensity. The results indicated that the urban extents extracted from time-series NTL data were consistent with those extracted from Landsat data, with an average overall accuracy (OA) of 89%. A relatively fast urbanization pace was observed during the 10th five-year plan (from 2000 to 2005), which then declined slightly in the 11th five-year plan (from 2006 to 2010). By the 12th and 13th five-year plan (from 2011 to 2020), urban clusters in all cities tended to grow steadily. Urban expansion has presented a radial pattern around the main cities, with sprawl inequality across cities. The results further revealed that the primary factors controlling NTL brightness were gross domestic product (GDP), total fixed asset investment, tertiary industry, gross industrial output, urban area, and urban permanent residents in city clusters, but the same driving factors had a different contribution order on the NTL intensity across cities. This study provides significant insight for further urbanization study to be conducted in the YRDUA region, which is crucial for sustainable urban development in the region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
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16 pages, 2777 KiB  
Article
Polar Metabolites Profiling of Wheat Shoots (Triticum aestivum L.) under Repeated Short-Term Soil Drought and Rewatering
by Joanna Szablińska-Piernik and Lesław Bernard Lahuta
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8429; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098429 - 8 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2300
Abstract
The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants to the soil drought at the metabolome level is still not fully explained. In addition, research focuses mainly on single periods of drought, and there is still a lack of data on the response [...] Read more.
The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants to the soil drought at the metabolome level is still not fully explained. In addition, research focuses mainly on single periods of drought, and there is still a lack of data on the response of plants to short-term cyclical periods of drought. The key to this research was to find out whether wheat shoots are able to resume metabolism after the stress subsides and if the reaction to subsequent stress is the same. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most valuable and fast methods to discover changes in the primary metabolism of plants. The targeted GC-MS analyses of whole shoots of wheat plants exposed (at the juvenile stage of development) to short-term (five days) mild soil drought/rewatering cycles (until the start of shoot wilting) enabled us to identify 32 polar metabolites. The obtained results revealed an accumulation of sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose, and 1-kestose), proline, and malic acid. During five days of recovery, shoots regained full turgor and continued to grow, and the levels of accumulated metabolites decreased. Similar changes in metabolic profiles were found during the second drought/rewatering cycle. However, the concentrations of glucose, proline, and malic acid were higher after the second drought than after the first one. Additionally, the concentration of total polar metabolites after each plant rewatering was elevated compared to control samples. Although our results confirm the participation of proline in wheat responses to drought, they also highlight the responsiveness of soluble carbohydrate metabolism to stress/recovery. Full article
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13 pages, 1843 KiB  
Article
Improved Quantitative Approach for Monitorization of Gangliosides Structural Diversity in Fungal Cell Factories by LC-MS/MS
by Javier-Fernando Montero-Bullón, Javier Martín-González, Gloria Muñoz-Fernández, Alberto Jiménez and José Luis Revuelta
Separations 2022, 9(12), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9120432 - 12 Dec 2022
Viewed by 2066
Abstract
Gangliosides are glycolipids occurring in higher animals, with a sphingoid core in the form of ceramide, bound to a glycan moiety including several units of sialic acid. Gangliosides are involved in important (patho)-physiological processes as components of cell membranes in humans, which has [...] Read more.
Gangliosides are glycolipids occurring in higher animals, with a sphingoid core in the form of ceramide, bound to a glycan moiety including several units of sialic acid. Gangliosides are involved in important (patho)-physiological processes as components of cell membranes in humans, which has led to intensive study and interest in production strategies. Their structural variability depends on the combination of a sphingoid base, a fatty acyl chain, and an attached oligosaccharide. The combinatorial diversity differs and grows exponentially in synthetic biology approaches, e.g., use of microbial cell factories. A specific analytical platform accounting for this complexity is not available to date. However, quantification of the intermediates of the whole biosynthetic route is needed to boost projects on biotechnological ganglioside production. In this study, a fast high-throughput quantitative LC-MS/MS methodology was developed to cover analysis of gangliosides, with a wider structural perspective adapted to fungal organisms. This work was achieved using metabolically engineered strains that further allowed to test detection in biological complex matrixes. Ganglioside backbones—hitherto uncharacterized—with the five most common fungal sphingoid bases and both simple and hydroxylated fatty acids were subjected to characterization. The addition of glycans to the polar head was also successfully monitored with up to 4 units—corresponding to GD3 which bears two sialic acid units and furthermore represents the common precursor for the whole ganglio-series. This platform represents an improved methodology to study the biochemical diversity associated to gangliosides for natural and metabolically engineered biosynthetic pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chromatographic Analysis of Bioactive Compounds)
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15 pages, 12406 KiB  
Article
Metastable Phase Formation, Microstructure, and Dielectric Properties in Plasma-Sprayed Alumina Ceramic Coatings
by Paul Junge, Moritz Greinacher, Delf Kober, Patrick Stargardt and Christian Rupprecht
Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1847; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121847 - 29 Nov 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3112
Abstract
The need for new solutions for electrical insulation is growing due to the increased electrification in numerous industrial sectors, opening the door for innovation. Plasma spraying is a fast and efficient way to deposit various ceramics as electrical insulators, which are used in [...] Read more.
The need for new solutions for electrical insulation is growing due to the increased electrification in numerous industrial sectors, opening the door for innovation. Plasma spraying is a fast and efficient way to deposit various ceramics as electrical insulators, which are used in conditions where polymers are not suitable. Alumina (Al2O3) is among the most employed ceramics in the coating industry since it exhibits good dielectric properties, high hardness, and high melting point, while still being cost-effective. Various parameters (e.g., feedstock type, spray distance, plasma power) significantly influence the resulting coating in terms of microstructure, porosity, and metastable phase formation. Consequently, these parameters need to be investigated to estimate the impact on the dielectric properties of plasma-sprayed alumina coatings. In this work, alumina coatings with different spray distances have been prepared via atmospheric plasma spray (APS) on copper substrates. The microstructure, porosity, and corresponding phase formation have been analyzed with optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, we present an in-depth analysis of the fundamental dielectric properties e.g., direct current (DC) resistance, breakdown strength, dielectric loss tangent, and permittivity. Our results show that decreasing spray distance reduces the resistivity from 6.31 × 109Ωm (130 mm) to 6.33 × 108Ωm (70 mm), while at the same time enhances the formation of the metastable δ-Al2O3 phase. Furthermore, space charge polarization is determined as the main polarization mechanism at low frequencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Dielectric Ceramic for Energy Storage Capacitors)
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21 pages, 3353 KiB  
Article
Stage-Specific Genetic Interaction between FgYCK1 and FgBNI4 during Vegetative Growth and Conidiation in Fusarium graminearum
by Jindong Zhu, Denghui Hu, Qianqian Liu, Rui Hou, Jin-Rong Xu and Guanghui Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(16), 9106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169106 - 14 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2620
Abstract
CK1 casein kinases are well conserved in filamentous fungi. However, their functions are not well characterized in plant pathogens. In Fusarium graminearum, deletion of FgYCK1 caused severe growth defects and loss of conidiation, fertility, and pathogenicity. Interestingly, the Fgyck1 mutant was not [...] Read more.
CK1 casein kinases are well conserved in filamentous fungi. However, their functions are not well characterized in plant pathogens. In Fusarium graminearum, deletion of FgYCK1 caused severe growth defects and loss of conidiation, fertility, and pathogenicity. Interestingly, the Fgyck1 mutant was not stable and often produced fast-growing spontaneous suppressors. Suppressor mutations were frequently identified in the FgBNI4 gene by sequencing analyses. Deletion of the entire FgBNI4 or disruptions of its conserved C-terminal region could suppress the defects of Fgyck1 in hyphal growth and conidiation, indicating the genetic relationship between FgYCK1 and FgBNI4. Furthermore, the Fgyck1 mutant showed defects in polarized growth, cell wall integrity, internalization of FgRho1 and vacuole fusion, which were all partially suppressed by deletion of FgBNI4. Overall, our results indicate a stage-specific functional relationship between FgYCK1 and FgBNI4, possibly via FgRho1 signaling for regulating polarized hyphal growth and cell wall integrity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diseases in Crops)
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16 pages, 3337 KiB  
Article
Morphology and Structure of Electrolytically Synthesized Tin Dendritic Nanostructures
by Nebojša D. Nikolić, Jelena D. Lović, Vesna M. Maksimović and Predrag M. Živković
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071201 - 15 Jul 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2658
Abstract
The formation of tin dendritic nanostructures by electrolysis from the alkaline electrolyte has been investigated. Morphology and structure of Sn dendrites produced applying both potentiostatic and galvanostatic regimes of the electrolysis are characterized by SEM and XRD, respectively. Depending on the applied cathodic [...] Read more.
The formation of tin dendritic nanostructures by electrolysis from the alkaline electrolyte has been investigated. Morphology and structure of Sn dendrites produced applying both potentiostatic and galvanostatic regimes of the electrolysis are characterized by SEM and XRD, respectively. Depending on the applied cathodic potentials, three types of Sn dendrites were obtained: (a) needle-like and spear-like, (b) fern-like, and (c) stem-like dendrites. The very branchy dendrites with branches of the prismatic shape obtained by the galvanostatic regime of electrolysis represented a novel type of Sn dendrites, not previously reported in the literature. To explain the formation of various dendritic forms, correlation with the polarization characteristics for this electrodeposition system is considered. The needle-like and the spear-like dendrites represented monocrystals of (200),(400) preferred orientation, the fern-like dendrites exhibited the predominant (220),(440) preferred orientation, while in the stem-like particles Sn crystallites were oriented to a greater extent in the (440) crystal plane than in other planes. The galvanostatically synthesized Sn particles possessed the strong (200),(400) preferred orientation. The strong influence of parameters and regimes of electrodeposition on structural characteristics of Sn dendrites is explained by the fundamental laws of electrocrystallization taking into consideration the concept of slow-growing and fast-growing crystal planes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemistry Analysis in Metals and Alloys)
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18 pages, 1301 KiB  
Article
Class III Peroxidases PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73 Control Root Hair Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
by Eliana Marzol, Cecilia Borassi, Mariana Carignani Sardoy, Philippe Ranocha, Ariel A. Aptekmann, Mauro Bringas, Janice Pennington, Julio Paez-Valencia, Javier Martínez Pacheco, Diana R. Rodríguez-Garcia, Yossmayer del Carmen Rondón Guerrero, Juan Manuel Peralta, Margaret Fleming, John W. Mishler-Elmore, Silvina Mangano, Francisca Blanco-Herrera, Patricia A. Bedinger, Christophe Dunand, Luciana Capece, Alejandro D. Nadra, Michael Held, Marisa S. Otegui and José M. Estevezadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(10), 5375; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105375 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4939
Abstract
Root hair cells are important sensors of soil conditions. They grow towards and absorb water-soluble nutrients. This fast and oscillatory growth is mediated by continuous remodeling of the cell wall. Root hair cell walls contain polysaccharides and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, including extensins (EXTs). Class-III [...] Read more.
Root hair cells are important sensors of soil conditions. They grow towards and absorb water-soluble nutrients. This fast and oscillatory growth is mediated by continuous remodeling of the cell wall. Root hair cell walls contain polysaccharides and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, including extensins (EXTs). Class-III peroxidases (PRXs) are secreted into the apoplastic space and are thought to trigger either cell wall loosening or polymerization of cell wall components, such as Tyr-mediated assembly of EXT networks (EXT-PRXs). The precise role of these EXT-PRXs is unknown. Using genetic, biochemical, and modeling approaches, we identified and characterized three root-hair-specific putative EXT-PRXs, PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73. prx01,44,73 triple mutation and PRX44 and PRX73 overexpression had opposite effects on root hair growth, peroxidase activity, and ROS production, with a clear impact on cell wall thickness. We use an EXT fluorescent reporter with contrasting levels of cell wall insolubilization in prx01,44,73 and PRX44-overexpressing background plants. In this study, we propose that PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73 control EXT-mediated cell wall properties during polar expansion of root hair cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
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13 pages, 1780 KiB  
Article
Fatty Acid Profiles of Selected Microalgae Used as Live Feeds for Shrimp Postlarvae in Vietnam
by Thao Duc Mai, Kim Jye Lee-Chang, Ian D. Jameson, Tung Hoang, Ngoc Bao Anh Cai and Hung Quoc Pham
Aquac. J. 2021, 1(1), 26-38; https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj1010004 - 22 Oct 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6099
Abstract
The importance of microalgal lipids for the survival and growth of shrimp postlarvae has been recognized in a range of studies. Microalgae with fast growth rates and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are considered vital to maximise production and minimise cost [...] Read more.
The importance of microalgal lipids for the survival and growth of shrimp postlarvae has been recognized in a range of studies. Microalgae with fast growth rates and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are considered vital to maximise production and minimise cost in shrimp larviculture. The lipid content and fatty acid composition of microalgae used in shrimp production varies substantially between the algal classes and species being used in Vietnam. This study aims to characterise microalgal lipid and fatty acid (FA) profiles and evaluate the most promising species under growth conditions that are most suitable for shrimp aquaculture. Here, we report that the highest lipid contents were obtained in the Haptophyta microalgae, Tisochrysis lutea and Isochrysis galbana, at 90.3 and 61.1 mg/g, respectively. In contrast, two of the most popular diatom species being used for shrimp larval cultivation in Vietnam, Thalassiosira pseudonana and T. weissflogii, displayed the lowest lipid contents at 16.1 mg/g. Other microalgal species examined showed lipid contents ranging from 28.6 to 55 mg/g. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) ranged from 0.6 to 29.9% across the species, with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3) present at 0.01 to 11.1%; the two omega (ω)–3 long-chain (LC, ≥C20) LC-PUFA varied between the microalgae groups. Polar lipids were the main lipid class, ranging from 87.2 to 97.3% of total lipids, and triacylglycerol was detected in the range of 0.01 to 2.5%. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) increased and PUFA decreased with increasing growth temperatures. This study demonstrated the differences in the lipid contents and FA profiles across 10 microalgal species and the effect of the higher temperature growing conditions encountered in Vietnam. Full article
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