Search Results (236)

Arboviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, including Zika (ZIKV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), and Mayaro (MAYV) viruses, lack approved antiviral therapies. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of ethanolic extracts and fractions from stems and leaves of Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. (Fabaceae), and isolated the active principles through bioguided fractionation. Extracts were obtained by cold maceration and partitioned into chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous methanol fractions. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT assay in MRC-5 and Vero cells, and antiviral activity was determined in simultaneous treatment-infection assays in Vero cells. The stem ethanolic extract showed potent anti-ZIKV activity (EC₅₀ = 29.43 ± 1.43 µg/mL; SI > 13.59). The chloroform fraction displayed broad-spectrum efficacy, with EC₅₀ = 89.48 ± 2.70 µg/mL (ZIKV; SI > 4.47), 37.05 ± 2.26 µg/mL (CHIKV; SI > 10.80), and 42.39 ± 3.60 µg/mL (MAYV; SI > 9.44). Bioguided fractionation afforded 3-O-β-D-glucosyl-β-sitosterol, which exhibited selective anti-alphavirus activity against CHIKV (EC₅₀ = 151.76 µM; SI = 2.02) and MAYV (EC₅₀ = 150.35 µM; SI = 2.03), but was inactive against ZIKV, indicating that additional constituents account for the anti-flaviviral effect. Indigofera suffruticosa is a promising source of broad-spectrum anti-arboviral agents, supporting further bioassay-guided isolation and mechanistic studies. Full article

This study aims to comprehensively investigate the usability of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extract as a natural dye, including its fastness properties, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity. In the study, dyeing processes were carried out on cotton fabric, wool fabric, wool yarn, polyester, leather, and pine wood materials using different mordanting techniques (pre-, co-, and post-mordanting) and pH values (4 and 8). Copper-II-sulfate, iron-II-sulfate, alum, silver nitrate, Reşadiye clay, and Önal-1 [3% (v/v) NH₃ + 3% (w/v) Urea + 3% (w/v) CaC₂O₄] were used as mordants. Washing, light, rubbing, and perspiration fastness of the dyed materials were evaluated according to international standards, and color properties were analyzed using the CIE-Lab* system and Kubelka–Munk (K/S) values. Structural characterization of the extract was carried out using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS/MS, and TLC. Antibacterial activity of the dyed materials was assessed using the disk-diffusion method, with undyed, extract-only, and mordant-only controls used to distinguish the contributions of the extract and the mordants. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) evaluation across six solvent fractions revealed marked solvent-dependent efficacy, with the apolar hexane fraction exhibiting the highest reducing capacity (436.3 ± 12.45 µmol TE/g fw), followed by the chloroform (423.83 ± 11.76 µmol TE/g fw) and hexane/ethyl acetate (406.98 ± 10.23 µmol TE/g fw) fractions, whereas the polar methanol fraction showed the lowest reducing capacity (100.76 ± 4.32 µmol TE/g fw). This reducing potential was statistically associated with the enriched flavonoid and phenolic core constituents identified via LC-MS/MS, primarily hesperidin (8.365 ± 0.432 mg/g) and isoquercetin (0.645 ± 0.054 mg/g). Because only the single-electron-transfer FRAP assay was performed, no radical-scavenging (IC₅₀) metrics are reported. The reducing capacity is therefore interpreted cautiously as a collective property of the phenolic–flavonoid fraction, in which hesperidin and isoquercetin are the principal contributors rather than any single decisive compound. The results revealed that white mulberry leaf extract exhibited high K/S values (21.33 for cotton fabric and 27.91 for wool yarn) and excellent antibacterial activity, particularly when a silver nitrate mordant was used. LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds, including hesperidin (8.365 mg/g), isoquercetin (0.645 mg/g), and vanillic acid (0.189 mg/g) in the extract. These findings indicate that white mulberry leaf extract is a plant-derived colorant with multifunctional potential for textile, leather, and wood substrates. The present work does not quantify the environmental footprint of the complete process; therefore, no overall sustainability advantage relative to conventional dyeing is claimed. Any future environmental assessment should include measured extraction energy, water consumption, mordant loading, residual-metal concentrations in spent baths, and wastewater-treatment requirements. Full article

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a nutritional therapy in children when oral or enteral feeding is not possible, fails to meet nutritional requirements or is contraindicated due to underlying clinical conditions. There are many cases where children who are given one or more than one intravenous medication also need TPN. In order to minimise vein access, these medications are commonly administered via a Y-site IV connection where they admix with TPN, implying a need for compatibility studies before admixing the medication into the nutritional fluid. In this study, previously developed and validated HPTLC methods were verified for their suitability to evaluate the concentrations of three commonly used medications in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), namely caffeine citrate, ibuprofen arginine, and midazolam hydrochloride. Silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates were used as the stationary phase, and acetone: toluene: chloroform (4:3:3, v/v/v), toluene: methanol: ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid (5.5:3.2:1:0.3, v/v/v/v), and cyclohexane: toluene: diethylamine (7:1.5:1.5, v/v/v) with one drop of 25% ammonia solution were used as mobile phases. The compatibility of the three drugs in their respective TPN admixtures was then assessed at various time points over a 24 h period using these HPTLC methods. Each drug admixed in TPN was directly applied onto the HPTLC plates without further sample pre-treatment. Paired Two-One-Sided Test (TOST) equivalent testing revealed that the concentrations of the selected drugs in TPN were unchanged over the monitoring period (p > 0.05), confirming chemical compatibility. These findings were in line with previous studies that concluded compatibility and reported similar R_F and LOD/LOQ values (1.95/5.90 ng/band for caffeine, 252.22/764.30 ng/band for ibuprofen and 10.82/32.78 ng/band for midazolam; R² ≥ 0.99). As no additional sample pre-treatment was required, HPTLC-based compatibility studies of drug–TPN admixtures may simplify the analytical workflow, making them a cost-effective and time-efficient approach to compatibility testing. Full article

Stipagrostis plumosa is a desert grass that remains relatively underexplored with respect to its phytochemical composition and biological activities, particularly against pathogens of veterinary relevance. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of S. plumosa and evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of its extracts and solvent fractions. Aerial parts of S. plumosa were collected during the flowering season from Al-Quwai’iyah, Saudi Arabia, and subjected to methanolic extraction followed by solvent fractionation. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains, and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and A549 cells were evaluated. GC–MS was used to characterize the ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions. The crude methanolic extract contained 72.1 mg GAE/g extract of total phenolics and 13.6 mg QE/g extract of total flavonoids. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 72.48 µg/mL) and the most pronounced antimicrobial activity, whereas the chloroform fraction showed the highest cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and A549 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 173.52 and 194.17 µg/mL, respectively. GC–MS profiling revealed diverse phenolic derivatives, fatty acids and their esters, oxygenated compounds, and phytosterol-related constituents. Stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one (14.70%) and vanillic acid (7.18%) predominated in the ethyl acetate fraction, while hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (5.28%) was among the major constituents of the chloroform fraction. Overall, the fraction-dependent biological activities and diverse phytochemical profiles highlight S. plumosa as a promising source of natural bioactive compounds with potential relevance to veterinary health and the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Full article

In this work, we extracted silk fibroin (SF) via a tertiary solvent system (CaCl₂:Ethanol:H₂O) and then blended it with chitosan (CS) solution to construct microparticles using the water-in-oil-emulsion–diffusion method. For the mixture of SF/CS solution aqueous phase (W) was prepared at ratios of 4:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:4, using ethyl acetate as the oil phase (O). After the microparticles were prepared, their morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal preparation conditions were determined to be a 1% (w/v) aqueous phase with a volume of 1 milliliter, 100 milliliters of oil phase, and a stirring speed of 700 rpm. The average microparticle size was 50–100 micrometers. ATR−FTIR spectra showed unique functional groups of SF and CS, as well as interactions between the two polymers. The results of the thermal property study using a TGA instrument showed that SF microparticles had a higher maximum decomposition temperature (T_d,max) than chitosan, and the blended microparticles’ T_d,max increased with the proportion of SF. Most microparticles exhibited a semi-crystalline polymer structure, with SF microparticles being the most hydrophobic, followed by blended microparticles and CS, respectively. Testing for absorption capacity, the SF microparticles were more effective at absorbing used engine oil than vegetable oil and chloroform, while CS microparticles showed the highest capacity for vegetable oil. The experimental results indicated that all SF/CS blended particles played an efficiency of absorption variable by ratios of SF or CS blended. This suggested that the prepared microparticles might be useful for oil/water separation application. Full article

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp., commonly known as Indonesian bay leaf or Daun salam, is widely used as a culinary and traditional botanical resource. However, region-specific information on its lipophilic constituents remains limited, and the sustainability implications of solvent-dependent phytochemical profiling are rarely addressed. This study characterized the GC–MS-detectable volatile lipophilic constituents of a selected nonpolar fraction of S. polyanthum leaves collected from Paniki Bawah, Mapanget District, Manado, Indonesia, using GC–MS, while evaluating solvent-related limitations for future greener extraction strategies. Dried leaf powder was macerated with 96% ethanol, followed by liquid–liquid partitioning with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The n-hexane fraction was separated by silica gel column chromatography, and a TLC-selected fraction was analyzed by GC–MS. Compound annotation was supported by NIST 17 library matching, retention-index comparison using a C8–C40 n-alkane series, diagnostic ion evaluation, solvent blank analysis, and triplicate injections. Ethanolic extraction of 900 g dried powder yielded 87.0 g crude extract (9.67%). The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions yielded 5.98%, 21.15%, and 72.87%, respectively. GC–MS analysis tentatively annotated 11 compounds representing 94.44% of the total normalized peak area. The major constituents were palmitic acid, phytol, squalene, and neophytadiene. All annotations showed match scores of 90–98%, ΔRI values of 4–8 units, and RSD values of 1.86–3.27%. Although ethanol use, sunlight drying, solvent recovery, and recirculating chiller-assisted evaporation partially aligned with green chemistry principles, the use of n-hexane and chloroform means that the workflow should not be described as fully green. This study provides a baseline GC–MS fingerprint to support future greener extraction optimization. Full article

4-Methyl- (1) and 4-ethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (2) crystallize from a mixture of diethyl ether and chloroform in the triclinic space group P$\overline{1}$. X-ray analysis reveals that both compounds form discrete molecular dimers stabilized by intermolecular O-H∙∙∙N and C-H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds, resulting in $R_2^2\left(5\right)$ cyclic synthons. This pattern of hydrogen bonds is further stabilized by intramolecular O-H∙∙∙N bonds so that the quinoline nitrogen atom acts as a bifurcated binding site. The dimers exhibit a planar geometry and arrange into layer-like structures held together by π∙∙∙π stacking and van der Waals forces. While the fundamental bonding motifs are similar, the increased steric demand of the ethyl group in compound 2 induces a shift in the crystallographic orientation of the layers and alters the degree of π-overlap compared to the methyl-substituted analogue 1. Full article

The chemical composition of Iris songarica rhizome extracts was systematically investigated using GC-MS and UHPLC-MS. Their biological activity was further evaluated in vivo. The chloroform rhizome extract contained 33 identified compounds distributed across five main classes. Flavonoids predominated (50.7% of total ionic current), with tectochrysine (42.15%) as the major component, followed by 3,7-dihydroxy-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-chromene-4-one (5.18%) and a naringenin derivative (3.99%). Fatty acid esters comprised 30.6%, dominated by linoleic acid ethyl ester (11.05%), ethyl oleate, and hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester. Phenolic and aromatic compounds accounted for 14.24%, including (E)-4-(3-hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-methoxyphenol and flamenol. Quantitative HPLC revealed hesperetin (69.72 µg/mL) and fisetin (12.32 µg/mL) as predominant in the 50% aqueous ethanol extract, and cinarin (6.28 µg/mL) in the ethyl acetate root extract. HPLC-MS identified 25 polyphenols, mainly isoflavonoids and flavones, with key markers songaricol, irilin B, tectorigenin, irisflavone A, and irizon B, some reported for the first time in Kazakhstan irises. Biological evaluation demonstrated potent activity: the 50% aqueous ethanol extract inhibited xylene-induced ear oedema in mice by 72.7% at 300 mg/kg, comparable to diclofenac (90.9%), without observable toxicity. These findings confirm I. songarica as a valuable source of bioactive polyphenols with anti-inflammatory potential. Full article

Ethnopharmacological relevance. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, widely used in traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Middle Eastern folk medicine, is valued for its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. These activities are primarily attributed to withanolides, with Withaferin A recognized as one of the most bioactive constituents. Although traditional preparations often rely on the root, leaf use provides a more sustainable alternative and may yield significant quantities of active metabolites. Identifying efficient, modern extraction technologies that can enhance the recovery of bioactive compounds from leaves is essential for developing effective, standardized ethnopharmacological formulations. Materials and methods. Plants of W. somnifera grown from seeds were subjected to different environmental conditions (control, drought, cold, yeast extract treatment). Leaves were extracted using Pressurized Cyclic Solid–Liquid Extraction (PCSLE) with hydroalcoholic solvents and compared with conventional infusion of dried leaves. Extracts were fractionated with solvents of varying polarity and analyzed by TLC, HPLC, and NMR for quantification of Withaferin A. Expression levels of key withanolide-biosynthetic genes (CAS, SMT1, DWARF1, CYP71, CYP76) were assessed using qRT-PCR. Antimicrobial activity of pure Withaferin A, aqueous extract, and hydroalcoholic PCSLE extract was evaluated through MIC and MBC assays against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Cytotoxic activity was measured via MTT assays in six human cancer cell lines after 3, 6, and 24 h of treatment. Results. PCSLE yielded substantially higher levels of Withaferin A than traditional infusion, especially in medium-polarity fractions (chloroform and ethyl acetate), with concentrations reaching 0.70% in fresh leaf mass (4.8% dry weight), compared to 0.11% obtained by infusion. Gene expression analysis revealed that 24-week-old plants exhibited the highest transcription of withanolide-biosynthetic genes, and drought stress significantly upregulated CAS, SMT1, DWARF1, CYP71, and CYP716, indicating enhanced metabolic flux toward withanolide production. Hydroalcoholic PCSLE extracts showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with MIC and MBC values comparable to pure Withaferin A and demonstrating bactericidal effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. The aqueous extract showed activity only against Gram-positive strains. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated an optimistic, dose-dependent reduction in cell viability across all tumour cell lines treated with the hydroalcoholic PCSLE extract, closely mirroring the activity of pure Withaferin A and consistently exceeding the effect of the aqueous extract. IC50 values confirmed the high bioactive content of PCSLE extracts and suggested mechanisms like those known for Withaferin A. Conclusions. PCSLE proved to be a highly efficient extraction technology for obtaining leaf extracts rich in Withaferin A, outperforming conventional extraction methods while exploiting sustainable plant tissue. Developmental stage and drought stress significantly modulated the expression of genes involved in withanolide biosynthesis, highlighting agronomic strategies capable of enhancing metabolite production. Hydroalcoholic PCSLE extracts exhibited antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities comparable to pure Withaferin A, supporting their relevance as promising therapeutic candidates. These findings advocate for the use of W. somnifera leaves as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds and demonstrate that advanced extraction technologies can contribute to the development of innovative ethnopharmacological preparations for antimicrobial and anticancer applications. Full article

This study investigated the bioactive properties of fractions derived from Rhynchosia nulubilis cultivated with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium (RNGM), focusing on cytotoxic and apoptosis-related responses in cancer cells. Fractions obtained using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water were evaluated for cytotoxic effects against A549, Hep3B, HeLa, and HeLa229 cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The phenolic acid composition of each fraction was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest total phenolic acid content and exhibited the strongest cytotoxic activity, particularly against HeLa cells. Apoptosis induction was supported by increased caspase-3/7 activity, apoptotic nuclear morphology observed by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, and accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase. In addition, treatment with the ethyl acetate fraction upregulated p53 and Bax mRNA expression and increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. These findings suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of RNGM induces apoptosis-mediated growth inhibition in cervical cancer cells. Full article

In this study, a comprehensive derivatization strategy for biogenic amines based on the formation of volatile carbamate derivatives using 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl chloroformate (TFECF) was successfully developed and evaluated. A series of biogenic amine derivatives was obtained in excellent yields (94–99%) and structurally confirmed using NMR, MS, and crystal structure analysis. The reagent demonstrated high reactivity toward primary and secondary amines, providing derivatives of excellent purity and satisfactory volatility. The applicability of the proposed procedure to real food matrices was demonstrated using GC-MS. The obtained results were compared with the corresponding ethyl chloroformate (ECF) derivatives. TFECF derivatives exhibited significantly improved volatility, reflected in shorter retention times and enhanced analytical performance. Full article

Archaeal lipids are a source of new biomaterials for pharmaceutical and nanomedical applications; however, their classical extraction method relies on chloroform and methanol, toxic solvents that conflict with green chemistry principles. In this paper, we explore the performance of an eco-friendly method for the extraction of total lipids from the haloarchaea Halorubrum tebenquichense. Using the bio-solvents ethyl acetate and ethanol in a two-step procedure, a fraction of total lipids (135 ± 41 mg phospholipids and 1.1 ± 0.4 mg bacterioruberin (BR)/100 g cell paste) was obtained containing the same composition as that resulting from extraction with the classical solvents, as confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, although with lower phospholipid (PL) content, thus with a higher proportion of bacterioruberin (BR/PL ratio 9.0 vs. 6.8 µg/mg). The extracted lipids were subsequently utilized for the preparation of archaeosomes, which were characterized by uniform size distribution (406 ± 137 nm, 0.63 ± 0.13 polydispersity index), colloidal stability, and negative ζ potential (−38.2 ± 5.4 mV). The photoprotective potential of these archaeosomes was determined for the first time in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells exposed to UVB irradiation (270 mJ/cm²). Treatment with archaeosomes significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced cell viability (from ~43 to ~80%), reduced intracellular ROS generation and proinflammatory cytokine release (TNF-α), and mitigated UVB-induced apoptosis compared to untreated controls, indicating effective cytoprotection. This study demonstrates that ethyl acetate–ethanol-based extraction offers an alternative for archaeal lipid recovery and highlights the potential of archaeosomes as natural photoprotective agents for skincare applications. Full article

This study reports the first molecularly confirmed occurrence of Phlegmacium herculeum in Algeria, identified through morphological features and ITS sequence analysis (GenBank accession: PQ133121). Phytochemical profiling revealed a diverse composition of metabolites. SPME–GC–MS analysis detected volatile aldehydes (butanal, pentanal), organic acids (butanoic, pentanoic), terpenoids (limonene, 1,8-cineole), phenolics, and long-chain alkanes. Furthermore, the macrofungus has been extracted with organic solvents, and the obtained extracts have been analyzed via NMR and GC–MS, revealing the presence of organic acids (lactic, succinic, azelaic), fatty acids (palmitic, linoleic), and phenolic acids (protocatechuic, 4-hydroxybenzoic). DPPH-based analysis indicated that the antioxidant response of the crude extracts strengthened as the dose increased, with the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract exhibiting the highest inhibition and lowest IC₅₀, attributed to its rich phenolic content. The chloroform (CHCl₃) extract showed moderate activity, consistent with its composition of less polar metabolites such as fatty acids and terpenoids. Antibacterial assays revealed extract-specific effects: CHCl₃ strongly inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm), while EtOAc was more effective against Gram-negative strains, including Escherichia coli (18 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13 mm). Cytotoxicity testing using Saccharomyces cerevisiae confirmed that both extracts were non-toxic, maintaining ≥90% cell viability. These findings highlight P. herculeum as a novel source of bioactive metabolites with antioxidant and antibacterial potential. Full article

Background: Equisetum hyemale L., commonly known as scouring rush or horsetail, is a perennial plant with significant applications in traditional medicine. Methods: The aerial parts of E. hyemale L. were macerated with hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. The phytochemical profile of the extracts was investigated using chromatography approaches. The biological performance of the extracts was determined using antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and toxicity in vitro and in vivo models. Molecular docking and ADMET analyses were employed to determine interactions with structural components of multidrug resistant bacteria and assess potential toxicological risks. Results: The extracts exert high scavenging activity against ABTS radicals (IC₅₀ 2.57–2.68 μg/mL), but poor antibacterial activity. It was evidenced that treatment with extracts exerts in moderate cytotoxicity on hepatocellular and colorectal cancer cell lines. Toxicity assays unveiled that the extracts decrease the survival rate of C. elegans nematodes after 2 h of exposure to treatment. In silico studies evidenced a high affinity of campesterol and calcitriol towards the DNA gyrase, and the oral bioavailability of farnesol and limonene. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated the presence of biologically active secondary metabolites in hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts from E. hyemale L. This work also demonstrated the biological performance of these extracts in in vitro and in vivo models, and validated the potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of their phytoconstituents. Full article

The sustainable extraction of microalgal lipids represents a critical step toward the valorization of biomass for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and biofuel applications. In this study, a microwave-assisted extraction approach using a biocompatible ionic liquid (IL), [N_{1 1 2OH 2OH}][C₆H₁₁O₂], was investigated for lipid recovery from Chlorella vulgaris. Conventional methods (Soxhlet, Folch, and Bligh & Dyer) were first evaluated for benchmarking. Optimization of microwave power, extraction time, and algae-to-IL mass ratio demonstrated that a 1:8 (m/m) ratio under 5 min and 750 W microwave pretreatment achieved the highest lipid yield, with 10.61 ± 0.39% lipids recovered from the supernatant alone. Subsequent extraction of the pretreated biomass using an environmentally benign solvent mixture (ethyl acetate/ethanol, 1:1 v/v) raised the total lipid recovery to 14.29 ± 0.75%, surpassing Soxhlet extraction with chloroform/methanol (13.04 ± 0.16%). Importantly, the IL was efficiently recovered (≈85%) and reused without significant loss of performance or structural integrity, as confirmed by NMR, DSC, and FTIR analyses. The combined process yielded up to 42.56 ± 0.64 mg FAMEs/g algae, comparable to conventional Soxhlet extraction but with superior environmental compatibility. The relative distribution of FAMEs (in weight percent, wt%) was as follows: C16:2 trans 6.05%, C16:3 trans 13.99%, C16:1 cis 1.85%, C16:1 trans 0.82%, C16:0 16.72%, C18:2 cis 13.74%, C18:3 trans + C18:1 cis + C18:2 trans 26.91%, C18:1 trans 1.67% and C18:0 3.61%. These findings demonstrate that microwave-assisted extraction with choline-based ILs offers an efficient, recyclable, and greener alternative for lipid and fatty acid recovery from microalgae. Full article