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Volume 18
Issue 12
10.3390/ph18121901
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Article

Equisetum hyemale L. Extracts: Phytochemistry, Biological Performance, ADMET Profiling, and Toxicity Predictions

by
Yulianna Minutti-Calva
1,
Karen Schürenkämper-Carrillo
1,
Edwin E. Reza-Zaldívar
2,
Oscar E. Del Razo-Rodríguez
3,
Ian Vitola
4,
Jorge Manuel Silva-Jara
4,
José Daniel Lozada-Ramírez
1,
Daniel A. Jacobo-Velázquez
5,
Diego E. Navarro-López
6,
Marco Chávez-Tinoco
7,
Edgar R. López-Mena
8,*,
Jorge L. Mejía-Méndez
6,* and
Eugenio Sánchez-Arreola
1,*
1
Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Ex Hacienda Sta. Catarina Mártir S/N, San Andrés Cholula 72810, Mexico
2
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Ignacio Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey 64710, Mexico
3
Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Santiago Tulantepec de Guerrero Lugo 43775, Mexico
4
Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico
5
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
6
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Epigmenio González 500, San Pablo, Santiago de Querétaro 76130, Mexico
7
Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
8
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Gral. Ramón Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, Zapopan 45121, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(12), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121901
Submission received: 11 November 2025 / Revised: 9 December 2025 / Accepted: 12 December 2025 / Published: 17 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: Equisetum hyemale L., commonly known as scouring rush or horsetail, is a perennial plant with significant applications in traditional medicine. Methods: The aerial parts of E. hyemale L. were macerated with hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. The phytochemical profile of the extracts was investigated using chromatography approaches. The biological performance of the extracts was determined using antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and toxicity in vitro and in vivo models. Molecular docking and ADMET analyses were employed to determine interactions with structural components of multidrug resistant bacteria and assess potential toxicological risks. Results: The extracts exert high scavenging activity against ABTS radicals (IC50 2.57–2.68 μg/mL), but poor antibacterial activity. It was evidenced that treatment with extracts exerts in moderate cytotoxicity on hepatocellular and colorectal cancer cell lines. Toxicity assays unveiled that the extracts decrease the survival rate of C. elegans nematodes after 2 h of exposure to treatment. In silico studies evidenced a high affinity of campesterol and calcitriol towards the DNA gyrase, and the oral bioavailability of farnesol and limonene. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated the presence of biologically active secondary metabolites in hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts from E. hyemale L. This work also demonstrated the biological performance of these extracts in in vitro and in vivo models, and validated the potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of their phytoconstituents.
Keywords: traditional medicine; Equisetum hyemale; antibacterial; antioxidant; anticancer; nutritional value traditional medicine; Equisetum hyemale; antibacterial; antioxidant; anticancer; nutritional value

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Minutti-Calva, Y.; Schürenkämper-Carrillo, K.; Reza-Zaldívar, E.E.; Del Razo-Rodríguez, O.E.; Vitola, I.; Silva-Jara, J.M.; Lozada-Ramírez, J.D.; Jacobo-Velázquez, D.A.; Navarro-López, D.E.; Chávez-Tinoco, M.; et al. Equisetum hyemale L. Extracts: Phytochemistry, Biological Performance, ADMET Profiling, and Toxicity Predictions. Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18, 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121901

AMA Style

Minutti-Calva Y, Schürenkämper-Carrillo K, Reza-Zaldívar EE, Del Razo-Rodríguez OE, Vitola I, Silva-Jara JM, Lozada-Ramírez JD, Jacobo-Velázquez DA, Navarro-López DE, Chávez-Tinoco M, et al. Equisetum hyemale L. Extracts: Phytochemistry, Biological Performance, ADMET Profiling, and Toxicity Predictions. Pharmaceuticals. 2025; 18(12):1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121901

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minutti-Calva, Yulianna, Karen Schürenkämper-Carrillo, Edwin E. Reza-Zaldívar, Oscar E. Del Razo-Rodríguez, Ian Vitola, Jorge Manuel Silva-Jara, José Daniel Lozada-Ramírez, Daniel A. Jacobo-Velázquez, Diego E. Navarro-López, Marco Chávez-Tinoco, and et al. 2025. "Equisetum hyemale L. Extracts: Phytochemistry, Biological Performance, ADMET Profiling, and Toxicity Predictions" Pharmaceuticals 18, no. 12: 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121901

APA Style

Minutti-Calva, Y., Schürenkämper-Carrillo, K., Reza-Zaldívar, E. E., Del Razo-Rodríguez, O. E., Vitola, I., Silva-Jara, J. M., Lozada-Ramírez, J. D., Jacobo-Velázquez, D. A., Navarro-López, D. E., Chávez-Tinoco, M., López-Mena, E. R., Mejía-Méndez, J. L., & Sánchez-Arreola, E. (2025). Equisetum hyemale L. Extracts: Phytochemistry, Biological Performance, ADMET Profiling, and Toxicity Predictions. Pharmaceuticals, 18(12), 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18121901

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