Search Results (8,794)

The prospects for long-distance space flights are becoming increasingly realistic, and one of the key factors for their implementation is the creation of sustainable systems for producing food on site. Therefore, the aim of our work is to assess the prospects for using millet in biological life support systems and to create predictive models of yield components for automating plant cultivation control. The study found that stress from hypergravity (800 g, 1200 g, 2000 g, and 3000 g) in the early stages of millet germination does not affect seedlings or yield. In a closed system, millet yield reached 0.31 kg/m², the weight of 1000 seeds was 8.61 g, and the yield index was 0.06. The paper describes 40 quantitative traits, including six leaf and trichome traits and nine grain traits from the lower, middle and upper parts of the inflorescence. The compiled predictive regression equations allow predicting the accumulation of biomass in seedlings on the 10th and 20th days of cultivation, as well as the weight of 1000 seeds, the number of productive inflorescences, the total above-ground mass, and the number and weight of grains per plant. These equations open up opportunities for the development of computer vision and high-speed plant phenotyping programs that will allow automatic correction of the plant cultivation process and modeling of the required yield. Predicting biomass yield will also be useful in assessing the load on the waste-free processing system for plant waste at planetary stations. Full article

Anxiety and depression are common comorbidities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which can contribute to increased morbidity, reduced quality of life, and worse clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, these psychological conditions remain largely overlooked. This narrative review includes studies published between 1983 and 2025 to synthesise the current evidence on the risk factors, clinical impacts, and therapeutic strategies for these comorbidities. While the exact mechanisms leading to their increased prevalence are not fully understood, growing evidence implicates a combination of biological (e.g., systemic inflammation), social (e.g., isolation and stigma), and behavioural (e.g., smoking and inactivity) factors. Despite current guidelines recommending the identification and management of these comorbidities in COPD, they are not currently included in COPD assessments. Undetected and unmanaged anxiety and depression have serious consequences, including poor self-management, non-adherence to medications, increased risk of exacerbation and hospitalisations, and even mortality; thus, there is a need to incorporate screening as part of COPD assessments. There is robust evidence showing that pulmonary rehabilitation, a core non-pharmacological intervention, can improve mood symptoms, enhance functional capacity, and foster psychosocial resilience. Psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based approaches, and supportive counselling have also demonstrated value in reducing emotional distress and improving coping mechanisms. Pharmacological therapies, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), are commonly prescribed in moderate to severe cases or when non-pharmacological approaches prove inadequate. However, the evidence for their efficacy in COPD populations is mixed, with concerns about adverse respiratory outcomes and high discontinuation rates due to side effects. There are also barriers to optimal care, including underdiagnosis, a lack of screening protocols, limited provider training, stigma, and fragmented multidisciplinary coordination. A multidisciplinary, biopsychosocial approach is essential to ensure early identification, integrated care, and improved outcomes for patients with COPD. Full article

Congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSSs) are often associated with life-threatening systemic complications, which may be detected by identifying hypergalactosemia in newborn screening (NBS). However, diagnosing CPSS at an early stage is not easy. The purpose of this study was to predict CPSS early using screening values and general blood tests. The medical records of 153 patients with hypergalactosemia who underwent NBS in Saitama Prefecture between 1 December 1997 and 31 October 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. We provided the final diagnosis of the analyzed patients. Of the 153 patients, 44 (29%) were in the CPSS group and 83 (54%) were in the transient galactosemia group. Using the initial screening items and the six blood test items, we attempted to extract a CPSS group from the transient galactosemia group. Finally, a model for CPSS prediction was established. From multiple logistic regression analysis, filtered blood galactose-1 phosphate/galactose, serum total bile acid, and ammonia were adopted as explanatory variables for the prediction model. If the cut-off value for predicted disease probability value (P) was >0.357, CPSS was identified with 86.4% sensitivity (95%CI 72.6–94.8%) and 81.9% specificity (95%CI 72.0–89.5%). This predictive model might allow prediction of CPSS and early intervention. Full article

A remarkably well-preserved skeleton of a male Mammuthus meridionalis, approximately 60 years old, from the Early Pleistocene that is housed at the Castle of L’Aquila (Italy) exhibits a fractured left tusk with severe bone erosion of the alveolus and premaxillary bone, as well as marked spinal deformities. The cranial region underwent ultrasonographic, radiological, and histological examinations, while morphological and biomechanical analyses were conducted on the vertebral column. Microscopic analysis revealed intra vitam lesions, including woven bone fibers indicative of early bone remodeling and lamellar bone with expanded and remodeled Haversian systems. These findings are consistent with osteomyelitis and bone sequestration, likely resulting from chronic pulpitis following the tusk fracture, possibly due to an accident or interspecific combat. The vertebral column shows cervical scoliosis, compensatory curves, fusion between the first cervical vertebrae, and asymmetric articular facets, suggesting postural adaptations. Evidence of altered molar wear and masticatory function also support long-term survival post-trauma. Additionally, lesions compatible with spondyloarthropathy, an inflammatory spinal condition not previously documented in Mammuthus meridionalis, were identified. These findings provide new insights into the pathology and adaptive responses of extinct proboscideans, demonstrating the critical role of (paleo)histological methods in reconstructing trauma, disease, and aspects of life history in fossil vertebrates. Full article

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a prevalent disorder with significant systemic and oral health consequences. This narrative review synthesizes the current knowledge on the interplay between dental health and sleep apnea, highlighting the expanding role of dentists in the screening, early detection, and management of OSAS. Validated questionnaires, anatomical assessments, and anthropometric measurements have enhanced dentists’ capacity for early screening. However, knowledge and training gaps remain, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Dentists are uniquely positioned to identify anatomical and oral risk factors, facilitate referrals for diagnosis, and provide therapeutic interventions such as oral appliance therapy. Interdisciplinary collaboration between dental and medical professionals is essential to improve early detection, treatment outcomes, and patient quality of life. Enhancing education, standardizing protocols, and integrating dentists into multidisciplinary care pathways are critical steps for advancing the management of sleep apnea. Full article

Pain management in multiple trauma patients presents a complex clinical challenge due to competing priorities such as hemodynamic instability, polypharmacy, coagulopathy, and the urgency of life-saving interventions. In this context, peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) are increasingly recognized as a valuable asset for their role in managing pain in patients with multiple traumatic injuries. By reducing reliance on systemic opioids, PNBs support effective pain control and facilitate early mobilization, aligning with enhanced recovery principles. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the use of PNBs in the context of polytrauma, focusing on their analgesic efficacy, integration within multimodal analgesia protocols, and contribution to improved functional outcomes. Despite these advantages, clinical application is limited by specific concerns, including the potential to mask compartment syndrome, the risk of nerve injury or local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), and logistical barriers in acute trauma settings. Emerging directions in the field include the refinement of ultrasound-guided PNB techniques, the expanded use of continuous catheter systems, and the incorporation of fascial plane blocks for anatomically complex or multisite trauma. Parallel efforts are focusing on the development of decision-making algorithms, improved risk stratification tools, and integration into multimodal analgesic pathways. There is also growing emphasis on standardized clinical protocols, simulation-based training, and patient education to enhance safety and consistency in practice. As evidence continues to evolve, the long-term impact of PNBs on functional recovery, quality of life, and healthcare utilization must be further explored. With thoughtful implementation, structured training, and institutional support, PNBs may evolve into a cornerstone of modern trauma analgesia. Full article

(1) Background: Early palliative care (EPC) is increasingly recognized as a key component of comprehensive cancer management, with evidence supporting improvements in quality of life, symptom control, and clinical outcomes in advanced malignancies. (2) Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024623219). We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane CENTRAL Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating EPC in adults with advanced, incurable, or metastatic cancer. Eligible studies reported on at least one of the following: overall quality of life, symptom burden, or disease progression indicators. (3) Results: Forty-one RCTs met inclusion criteria. Despite heterogeneity in timing and structure, EPC consistently improved quality of life and reduced symptom burden in advanced cancer patients, with 32 trials demonstrating significant clinical benefit. Some studies also reported slowed disease progression. However, several RCTs showed no significant effects, highlighting variation in outcomes, possible subgroup effects, and challenges in implementation. Definitions and delivery of EPC varied widely, particularly in timing, frequency, and integration into oncology care. (4) Conclusions: These findings support the integration of EPC alongside disease-directed treatments, challenging the misconception that palliative care is only appropriate at the end of life and reinforcing its role early in the cancer care continuum. Full article

Sepsis is a complex and life-threatening syndrome arising from a dysregulated immune response to infection that can lead to severe organ dysfunction and increased mortality. This multifactorial condition is marked by intricate interactions between immune, inflammatory, and coagulation pathways, which together contribute to systemic effects and multiorgan damage. The aberrant immune activation seen in sepsis includes profound leukocyte activation, endothelial dysfunction, imbalanced coagulation leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and the production of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. These events culminate in pathological alterations that extend beyond the initial site of infection, adversely impacting distant tissues and organs. Early recognition and timely intervention are crucial to mitigate the progression of sepsis and its associated complications. This review aims to explore the underlying biological mechanisms, including host–pathogen interactions, immune dysregulation, and the cascade of systemic and organ-specific effects that define sepsis. By delving into the pathophysiological processes, we intend to provide insights into the determinants of multiorgan failure and inform strategies for therapeutic intervention. Understanding these mechanisms is pivotal for advancing clinical outcomes and reducing mortality rates associated with this critical condition. Full article

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitors have become a key component of adjuvant treatment for patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−) early breast cancer who are at high risk of recurrence. The addition of abemaciclib and ribociclib to standard endocrine therapy has demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements in invasive disease-free survival, supported by the monarchE and NATALEE trials, respectively. With expansion of patient eligibility for CDK4/6 inhibitors, multidisciplinary coordination among medical oncologists, surgeons, nurses, pharmacists, and other health care providers is critical to optimizing patient identification, monitoring, and management of adverse events. This expert guidance document provides practical recommendations for implementing adjuvant CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy in routine clinical practice, incorporating insights from multiple specialties and with patient advocacy representation. Key considerations include patient selection based on clinical trial data, treatment duration, dosing schedules, adverse event profiles, monitoring requirements, drug–drug interactions, and patient-specific factors such as tolerability, cost, and quality of life. This guidance aims to support Canadian clinicians in effectively integrating CDK4/6 inhibitors into clinical practice, ensuring optimal patient outcomes through a multidisciplinary and patient-centric approach. Full article

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men worldwide. Although traditionally considered a disease of older men, the incidence of early-onset PCa (diagnosis < 55 years) is steadily rising. Advances in screening and therapy have significantly improved survival, creating a growing cohort of younger survivors for whom post-treatment quality of life—notably reproductive function—is paramount. Curative treatments such as radical prostatectomy, pelvic radiotherapy, androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), and chemotherapy often cause irreversible infertility via multiple mechanisms, including surgical disruption of the ejaculatory tract, endocrine suppression of spermatogenesis, direct gonadotoxic injury to the testes, and oxidative sperm DNA damage. Despite these risks, fertility preservation is frequently overlooked in pre-treatment counseling, leaving many patients unaware of their options. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on how PCa therapies impact male fertility, elucidates the molecular and physiological mechanisms of iatrogenic infertility, and evaluates both established and emerging strategies for fertility preservation and restoration. Key interventions covered include sperm cryopreservation, microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (TESE), and assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Psychosocial factors influencing decision-making, novel biomarkers predictive of post-treatment spermatogenic recovery, and long-term offspring outcomes are also examined. The review underscores the urgent need for timely, multidisciplinary fertility consultation as a routine component of PCa care. As PCa increasingly affects men in their reproductive years, proactively integrating preservation into standard oncologic practice should become a standard survivorship priority. Full article

(1) Background: Dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), characterized by high toxicity and strong lipophilicity, which promote their bioaccumulation in human tissues. Their detection in breast milk raises concerns about early-life exposure during lactation. Although dietary intake is the primary route of maternal exposure, environmental pathways—including inhalation, dermal absorption, and residential proximity to contaminated sites—may also significantly contribute to the maternal body burden. (2) Methods: This narrative review examined peer-reviewed studies investigating maternal and environmental determinants of dioxin and dl-PCB concentrations in human breast milk. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000–2024), identifying a total of 325 records. Following eligibility screening and full-text assessment, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. (3) Results: The included studies consistently identified key exposure determinants, such as high consumption of animal-based foods (e.g., meat, fish, dairy), living near industrial facilities or waste sites, and maternal characteristics including age, parity, and body mass index (BMI). Substantial geographic variability was observed, with higher concentrations reported in regions affected by industrial activity, military pollution, or inadequate waste management. One longitudinal study from Japan demonstrated a declining trend in dioxin levels in breast milk, suggesting the potential effectiveness of regulatory interventions. (4) Conclusions: These findings highlight that maternal exposure to dioxins is influenced by identifiable environmental and behavioral factors, which can be mitigated through public health policies, targeted dietary guidance, and environmental remediation. Breast milk remains a critical bioindicator of human exposure. Harmonized, long-term research is needed to clarify health implications and minimize contaminant transfer to infants, particularly among vulnerable populations. Full article

In humans, the master circadian clock, present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, plays an important role in controlling life-sustaining functions. The development of the circadian clock begins in the fetal period and is almost completed during infancy to early childhood, based on the developmental program that is influenced by the mother’s daily rhythms and, after birth, with the addition of information from the daily life environment. It is known that circadian rhythms are deeply related not only to the balance of a child’s mental and physical development but also to maintaining mental and physical health throughout one’s life. However, it has been suggested that various health problems in the future at any age may be caused by the occurrence of circadian disturbances transmitted by the mother during the fetal period. This phenomenon can be said to support the so-called DOHaD theory, and the involvement of the mother in the maturation of appropriate and stable circadian rhythms cannot be ignored. We consider the problems and countermeasures during the fetal and infant periods, which are important for the formation of circadian clocks. Full article

Petroglyph motifs from 23 sites and 37 panels in northern Georgia and western North Carolina foothills and mountains are analyzed within their archaeological, ethnographic, and landscape contexts. The Track Rock Tradition comprises 10 chronologically sequenced marking categories: (1) Cupules/Meanders/Open Circles; (2) Soapstone Extraction cars; (3) Vulva Shapes; (4) Figures; (5) Feet/Hands/Tracks; (6) Nested Circles; (7) Cross-in-Circles; (8) Spirals; (9) Straight Lines; and (10) Thin Incised Lines. Dating spans approximately 3800 years. Early cupules and meanders predate 3000 years ago, truncated by Late Archaic soapstone extraction. Woodland period (3000–1050 years ago) motifs include vulva shapes, figures, feet, tracks, and hands. Early Mississippian concentric circles date to 1050–600 years ago, while Middle Mississippian cross-in-circles span 600–350 years ago. Late Mississippian spirals (350–200 years ago) and post-contact metal tool incisions represent the most recent phases. The Track Rock Tradition differs from western Trapp and eastern Hagood Mill traditions. Given the spatial overlap with Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee territory, motifs are interpreted through Cherokee beliefs, supplemented by related Muskogean Creek ethnography. In Cherokee cosmology, the matrilocal Thunderers hierarchy includes the Female Sun/Male Moon, Selu (Corn Mother)/Kanati (Lucky Hunter), Medicine Woman/Judaculla (Master of Game), and Little People families. Ritual practitioners served as intermediaries between physical and spirit realms through purification, fasting, body scratching, and rock pecking. Meanders represent trails, rivers, and lightning. Cupules and lines emphasize the turtle appearance of certain rocks. Vulva shapes relate to fertility, while tracks connect to life-giving abilities. Concentric circles denote townhouses; cross-in-circles and spirals represent central fires. The tradition shows continuity in core beliefs despite shifting emphases from hunting (Woodland) to corn cultivation (Mississippian), with petroglyphs serving as necessary waypoints for spiritual supplicants. Full article

Millions of puppies are welcomed into the homes of families around the world each year. However, understanding the ways in which puppies are bred and raised by their breeders, as well as the perspectives and perceptions underpinning these practices, is still in its infancy. The current study administered an online survey to 200 Australian dog breeders to investigate their breeding program characteristics, breeding dog selection, understanding of the importance of early experiences in puppyhood, and the extent and diversity of their puppy rearing and socialisation practices. Results indicated that breeders were motivated by breed improvement and producing dogs for themselves rather than providing companion dogs, despite most of their puppies being placed in companionship roles. The participating breeders also acknowledged the important role they play in shaping puppies’ behaviour and temperament, which was reflected in both their breeding dog selection and in their rearing and socialisation practices. The majority of breeders housed their litters within their residence for the initial weeks of life but the socialisation experiences they provided were variable in type and frequency. Longer-term breeders and those with larger, more intensive programs reported providing human-focused socialisation experiences less frequently, though the correlational nature of these findings require cautious interpretation. Whilst future research should endeavor to explore these results more comprehensively among a more diverse sample, these findings provide valuable insight into the breeding, rearing, and socialisation process undertaken by dog breeders in Australia. Full article

Machining chromium–nickel alloy steel is challenging due to its material properties, such as high strength and toughness. These properties often lead to tool damage and degradation of tool life, which overall impacts the production time, cost, and quality of the product. Therefore, it is essential to investigate early signs of tool damage to determine the effective machining conditions for chromium–nickel alloy steel, thereby increasing tool life and improving product quality. In this study, the early signs of tool wear were observed in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) carbide-coated tool (Seco Tools, Björnbacksvägen, Sweden) during the machining of X5CrNi18-10 steel under both dry and wet conditions. A finish turning operation was performed on the outer diameter (OD) of the workpiece with a 0.4 mm nose radius tool. At the early stage, the tool was examined from the functional side (f–side) and the passive side (p–side). The results indicate that dry machining leads to increased coating removal, more heat generation, and visible damage, such as pits and surface scratches. By comparison, wet machining helps reduce heat and wear, thereby improving tool life and machining quality. These findings suggest that a coolant must be used when machining chromium–nickel alloy steel with a PVD carbide-coated tool. Full article