This review examines the relationship between the physiological demands of diving and premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) in divers. In the general population, some individuals have a greater tendency to experience PVCs, often without awareness or...
Monitoring heart rate (HR) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) in underwater environments has gained increasing importance due to the expanding popularity of diving activities such as SCUBA diving, freediving, and professional underwater operatio...
Reptiles with diving capabilities have evolved physiological adaptations as well as conformational changes to temporarily sustain life underwater. Despite the importance of both respiratory and cardiovascular systems during diving, most studies have...
Environmental Physiology at Boise State University, Idaho, is a multidisciplinary course that expands students’ understanding of human regulatory physiology through acute and chronic responses to environmental extremes. Students explore the phy...
31 December 2024
Background: Scuba diving is an increasingly popular activity that involves the use of specialized equipment and compressed air to breathe underwater. Scuba divers are subject to the physiological consequences of being immersed in a high-pressure envi...
Human engagement in extreme activities, from spaceflight to deep-sea diving and extreme sports, presents unique physiological challenges. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations to these demands is crucial for developing strateg...
Background and Objectives: The use of closed-circuit rebreathers (CCRs) in recreational diving is gaining interest. However, data regarding its physiological effects are still scarce. Immersion, cold water, hyperoxia, exercise or the equipment itself...
Hypoxia and hyperoxia are both worrisome issues potentially affecting SCUBA divers, but validated methods to monitor these two conditions underwater are still lacking. In this experiment, a volunteer SCUBA diver was equipped with a pulse oximeter to...
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have protective effects against oxidative stress and decompression sickness. Nitric oxide may reduce bubble formation during decompression and its activity is regulated by HSPs. A simulated dive can cause the HSP response....
Background and Objectives: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was identified as a cell adhesion molecule that helps to regulate inflammation-associated vascular adhesion and the transendothelial migration of leukocytes, such as macrophages an...
The glymphatic system, an analog of the peripheral lymphatic system in the brain, and the meningeal lymphatic system are critical to central nervous system health. The glymphatic system functions to distribute cerebrospinal fluid and important compou...
8 November 2024
This letter addresses errors in the statistical analysis found in a paper addressing pulmonary diffusing capacity and decompression sickness. Our re-analysis could not confirm any of the significant statistical contrasts described for the bubble data...
4 March 2022
In recent studies, oxidative stress after scuba diving has been explored by measuring urinary biomarkers in volunteers under controlled conditions. Dive depth and duration, water temperature, and workload are all variables that can elicit metabolic r...
Underwater activities are characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) and antioxidant mechanisms, which can be associated with an inflammatory response, depending on O2 availability. This review explores the oxidativ...
Higher pressure under water and loss of gravity have special physiological effects on the human body and also influence the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular disease is in addition to other medical problems a risk for diving. A careful examinatio...
The diving reflex is an oxygen-saving mechanism which is accompanied by apnea, reflex bradycardia development, peripheral vasoconstriction, spleen erythrocyte release, and selective redistribution of blood flow to the organs most vulnerable to lack o...
3 August 2023
Long-term alterations of pulmonary function (mainly decreased airway conductance and capacity of the lungs to diffuse carbon monoxide (DLCO)) have been described after hyperbaric exposures. However, whether these alterations convey a higher risk for...
SCUBA diving poses risks due to pressure changes during descent (compression) and ascent (decompression). Decompression sickness (DCS) occurs due to gas bubble formation as the pressure decreases, causing joint pain, numbness, dizziness, or even para...
Lower limb muscle fatigue is the main reason for withdrawal from diving. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the local muscle oxygen saturation and hemoglobin concentration in the vastus lateralis muscle during different freediving disciplines....
A series of behavioral detection paradigms have been developed for zebrafish (Danio rerio) to examine anxiety-like behavioral responses. Among them, the novel tank diving test is rapidly gaining popularity in translational neuroscience and behavioral...
Among marine organisms, baleen whale species like the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) are a case for which individual-based models are necessary to study population changes because individual trait variabilities predominate over average demog...
Bionic paddling robots, as a novel type of underwater robot, demonstrate significant potential in the fields of underwater exploration and development. However, current research on bionic paddling robots primarily focuses on the motion mechanisms of...
Breath-hold diving has been traditionally practiced for professional and recreational reasons and has recently emerged as a competitive sport. The physiological response during breath-holding, also known as diving response, consists mainly of bradyca...
The purpose of this literature review is to gain an overview of the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) within each of the body systems and how it contributes to normal and pathophysiological states. The review showed that there are multiple fun...
In 2012, a severe accident happened during the mission of a professional saturation diver working at a depth of 90 m in the North Sea. The dynamic positioning system of the diver support vessel crashed, and the ship drifted away from the working plac...
Cellular chemotaxis has been the subject of a variety of studies due to its relevance in physiological processes, disease pathogenesis, and systems biology, among others. The migration of cells towards a chemical source remains a closely studied topi...
Diver training improves physical and mental fitness, which can also benefit other sports. This study investigates the effect of eight weeks of static apnea training on maximum apnea time, and on the physiological parameters of runners, swimmers, and...
12 March 2021
Although many studies have shown that hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life of patients affected by femoral head necrosis, this therapy is not worldwide approved yet. This meta-analysis was performed t...
Sports performance in aquatic environments is governed by biomechanical, physiological, neuromuscular and perceptual–mental constraints that differ fundamentally from those encountered on land. As a result, athletes with comparable general phys...
The domestication of common carp in rice paddies (5–20 cm depth) is challenging, as the fish must withstand drastic fluctuations in temperature and dissolved oxygen, restricted movement, and bird predation without the option of diving. The effe...
Research in biomedical sciences has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. There is no doubt that the discovery of apoptosis and autophagy as two highly synchronized and regulated mechanisms in cellular homeostasis are among the most importa...
The Atlanto-Mediterranean sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa is a species of great ecological and commercial importance, making it a primary target for collection in the Mediterranean region. This study investigated the reproductive biology of H. tubul...
Noise pollution is creating a wide range of health problems related to physiological stress and anxiety that impact the social life of vertebrates, including humans. Ageing is known to be associated with changes in susceptibility to acoustic stimuli;...
We investigated the genetic and environmental variables determining the glucosinolate (GSL) content of cruciferous vegetables and the implications for cancer prevention. The enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes GSLs, which are sulfur-containing chemicals fou...
Nitrobindins (Nbs) are all-β-barrel heme proteins and are present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although their function(s) is still obscure, Nbs trap NO and inactivate peroxynitrite. Here, the kinetics of peroxynitrite scavenging by ferric Dani...
The southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina is the largest phocid seal and one of the two species of elephant seals. They are listed as ‘least concern’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Sp...
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) has been an issue of considerable research in recent years and triggers a bewildering array of both detrimental and beneficial effects in several physiological systems. However, the mechanisms leading to the effect are not y...
Recent studies have shown that both facial immersion and head-out water immersion up to the chest (HOIC) positively influence cardiac vagal activity, as indexed non-invasively through vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV). While facial imme...
This study investigates the nuclear distribution of phosphorylated tau (AT100) in the frontal cortex and cerebellum of 12 cetaceans stranded along the Galician coast (NW Spain). Using Bayesian beta regression, we identified a suggestive positive tren...
Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are essential in intraocular surgeries to improve surgical conditions and ensure optimal ventilation. However, residual blockade can pose significant risks, particularly in pinnipeds due to their unique diving ph...
Oxidative stress (OS) occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defenses, causing damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. In marine mammals, physiological adaptation to aqu...
This study’s primary objective was to identify individuals whose physiological responses deviated from the rest of the study population by automatically monitoring atmospheric pressure levels to which they are exposed and using parameters deriv...
Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) enhance plant fitness and metabolic regulations in nutrient-poor soils, though the mechanisms diving these interactions require further elucidation. This study investigated the physiological and metabolic responses of...
Time-series experiments are crucial for understanding the transient and dynamic nature of biological phenomena. These experiments, leveraging advanced classification and clustering algorithms, allow for a deep dive into the cellular processes. Howeve...
This decade-long surveillance study (2016–2025) investigates the acquisition of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in South Atlantic cetaceans to evaluate how ecological niches modulate exposure to biological pollution. Analyzing clinical isola...
The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is a nationally protected species in China, and its respiratory behavior serves as a key indicator of its physiological state, health status, and biological rhythm. However, research on intelligent mo...
Temperature is a major environmental factor influencing fish behaviour and physiological function. In the present study, adult zebrafish were exposed to 18 °C for 21 days and compared with controls maintained at 26 °C to evaluate the behaviou...
Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) is a popular decorative plant in late autumn and winter. However, only during low-temperature color-changed periods below rough 15 °C can the plant accumulate anthocyanins and exhibit a diverse...
Sexual dimorphism is a major source of intraspecific variation that might complicate the taxonomic interpretation of fossil penguins, potentially leading to an overestimation of species diversity when sex-related morphological variation is misinterpr...
Objective: Skin lesions, including dermatofibroma, lichenoid lesions, and acrochordons, are increasingly prevalent worldwide and often require timely identification for effective clinical management. However, conventional RGB-based imaging can overlo...
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