Search Results (947)

Differences in land use and land management significantly alter the physicochemical and microbial properties of soil, especially in the long term. These properties in turn determine the land’s ability to sustain plant growth and support agricultural productivity. Studies of soil properties, mainly microbial and enzymatic ones, have mainly focused on surface horizons, although substantial biological activity and transformation of soil organic matter are also known to occur in deeper horizons. An important role in shaping the biological activity of soil, including in its deeper horizons, is attributed to plant cover, and more precisely to variations in root mass and structure. That is why it is essential to assess the influence of differences in land use and plant species diversity by determining how plants with contrasting root system morphologies affect soil enzymes and other properties at different depths of the soil profile. We therefore aimed to study the differences in a set of soil properties among various soil depths (horizons) in eight soil profiles sampled from land under four different soil uses and management practices. The four land use systems represented were: arable lands (A), orchard (O), hop plantations (H), and grasslands (G). The potential hydrolase activities involved in the cycling of C, N and P were determined, as well as fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDAH). In addition, the activity of selected oxidoreductases and the content of microbial biomass C and N were determined. We also evaluated the content of total and dissolved forms of C and N, pH in CaCl₂, CEC, available K and P, and clay content. The agricultural land uses differed in terms of their influence on both the microbial biomass content and enzyme activities. Considering the mean values for all five depths, six of the studied enzymes exhibited the highest activity in the G profiles, while five other enzymes were most active in the A profiles. A similar pattern of changes in the potential enzymatic activity in relation to the land use system was also noted for the top horizons of the studied profiles. Regardless of the cultivated plant species, soil variables exhibited a significant decline with increasing depth, and the most pronounced changes occurred between the surface and the second soil horizon (I–II) in the A and G profiles. The enzymatic activity throughout the O and H profiles was less variable, with relatively high activity in deep soil compared to the topsoils. The activity of two extracellular oxidases (phenol oxidase and peroxidase) differed in the patterns in their activity throughout the studied profiles as compared to the other enzymes and did not decrease progressively with depth. Sometimes, their activity was higher in deep horizons than in the surface ones. The soil C and N content had a stronger influence on the studied enzyme activities than other soil properties. This was confirmed by the significant and positive correlations calculated between various forms of C and N and enzyme activity. The highest correlation coefficients were noted between TOC and the FDAH rate and between TN and the FDAH rate (r = 0.818 and 0.888). No significant correlation coefficients were found between enzymatic activity and either pH in CaCl₂ or clay content. Because enzyme activities respond variously to different land use systems, they serve as suitable indicators for soil health assessment. Analysis of the variation in microbial and enzymatic properties throughout the soil profiles fills gaps in the existing knowledge about the biogeochemical processes and nutrient cycling that affect soil fertility and the health of agroecosystems. Full article

Microplastic pollution has become a major concern for the environment in freshwater ecosystems due to its persistence, distribution, and impacts. However, research about microplastic pollution in the Illinois portion of the Mississippi River and its tributaries is still limited. This research examined the occurrence, geographical distribution, properties, and potential sources of microplastics in the Mississippi River and its major tributaries in Illinois. Surface water samples from 24 locations were collected and examined by stereomicroscopy to detect and quantify microplastics. The relationships between microplastic levels and physicochemical and land cover variables were examined using Spearman’s rank correlation. Microplastics were identified at every sampling site, with concentrations ranging from 4.5 to 76 particles per liter (average: 25.95 ± 18.15 particles/L), and fibers comprised over 71% of the total particles. Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis identified four types of polymers: nylon, polystyrene, polypropylene, and high-density polyethylene. Microplastic levels exhibited a negative correlation with dissolved oxygen (ρ = −0.617) and a direct correlation with pH (ρ = 0.500). The results include fundamental data about microplastic pollution at specific sites throughout the Illinois portion of the Mississippi River and emphasize possible correlations between microplastic levels, adjacent land cover, and water quality parameters. Full article

This study proposes a new method for the topological synthesis of principal component projections and hydrogeochemical stoichiometric equality lines on self-organizing map (SOM) component planes to assess groundwater chemistry forming factors and quality in the Pleistocene unconfined aquifer of the Southern Bug and Sinyukha interfluve area, Ukraine. The hydrogeochemical characteristics clustered by the SOM were further examined using the graphical cross-validation method. The groundwater dataset used in the analysis consisted of 10 parameters (i.e., pH, total dissolved solids, $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{a}}^{2+}$, $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}^{2+}$, $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{a}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$, $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_3^{-}$, $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{l}}^{-}$, $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_4^{2-}$, and $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_3^{-}$) from 91 samples collected during the dry season. Subsequently, for SOM construction, we utilized six log-ratio relationships of milliequivalent ion concentrations. Based on the results, the hydrogeochemical groundwater data were classified into three clusters, which revealed three water types and processes controlling their chemistry: salinity driven by sulfate inputs (Cluster 1), highly salinity driven by nitrate-chloride and sulfate pollution (Cluster 2), and relatively fresh water governed by natural carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering (Cluster 3). The salinity types were identifiable in the northern part of the study area, characterized as the primary zone of initial intense pollution. High salinity types were identified in the eastern and southeastern parts of the territory (with delayed water exchange), whereas relatively fresh types were identified in the central part (with active water exchange) as well as in the western and southwestern parts. Modeling confirmed that extensive sulfate, nitrate, and chloride contamination led to anthropogenic degradation of the aquifer system. Full article

In this study, the application of the boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode for electrochemical removal of clavulanic acid was investigated. The studied pharmaceutical is one of the most commonly prescribed β-lactamase inhibitors, which raises concerns about its impact on the spread of antibiotic resistance, as well as environmental toxicity. Preliminary experiments conducted in buffered solutions showed that neutral pH ensures substantially higher degradation rates than basic and acidic conditions. Further studies featuring standardized humic substances revealed that the presence of dissolved organic matter can even improve the process’s performance, resulting in over 99% degradation achieved within 30 min of the electrooxidation experiment. Two detected intermediates were identified as the products of a β-lactam ring cleavage, which supposedly led to the loss of enzyme inhibiting properties. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis (namely the non-purgeable carbon—NPOC—assay) showed that the time necessary to fully mineralize clavulanic acid is significantly longer than to degrade it. Nevertheless, BDD electrodes can be successfully applied for the removal of the studied compound from aquatic environments, which confirms their suitability as a part of water treatment systems. Full article

A central challenge in implantable local-delivery systems is to determine how internal device architecture shapes solute transport before drug-specific loading, release, and biological validation are available. This study examines the reservoir–channel architecture of the previously characterized KTD/KTM Ti-6Al-4V capsule platform and evaluates its effect on diffusion-dominated concentration redistribution in a preliminary finite-element model. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used for qualitative characterization of the as-fabricated internal architecture, whereas the representative computational geometry was defined from the capsule computer-aided design (CAD) concept and previously reported dimensions. Transport of a nominal, fully dissolved species was modeled in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2 using Fickian diffusion with a prescribed effective diffusion coefficient (D_eff = 1 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s) and a nominal peak initial concentration scale of 1.0 mol/m³. Under the closed no-flux condition, the internal control-point concentration decreased to near zero within approximately 4 h, while the remote outer control point reached approximately 0.002–0.003 mol/m³ by 6 h. A one-sided Dirichlet sink produced a more directional concentration field, demonstrating the sensitivity of the simulated distribution to geometry and boundary conditions. These results describe an idealized, CAD-informed diffusion problem and do not represent experimentally validated drug-release kinetics, therapeutic concentrations, or biological performance. The model is therefore intended as a design-phase framework for guiding subsequent drug-specific transport and experimental validation studies. Full article

Dephosphorisation in oxygen steelmaking depends on more than the equilibrium phosphorus partition ratio. It also depends on where gas, slag, metal and injected lime powder coexist while the bath is stirred. We develop a gas–slag–metal–particle reaction model for bottom-blown oxygen–CaO powder injection by coupling Euler–Euler transport of liquid steel, mixed slag, and gas with a discrete phase model (DPM) for CaO particles. The local source terms include oxygen dissolution, FeO/Fe₂O₃ conversion, CO/CO₂ buffering, competitive C/Si/P oxidation, ${\mathrm{P}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_5$ formation, $C_{2}S$–$C_{3}P$ fixation, reaction heat, and phase-wise mass conservation. Bubble swarms, dispersed slag, and emulsified metal–slag contact are represented through mean-field interfacial area densities tied to local phase fractions and mixing. Two simulated composition states have the same initial phosphorus content but different C, Si, and dissolved O levels; they are therefore compared as Case H and Case L rather than as a carbon-only test. Under the selected closures, Case H shows stronger decarburisation and CO-supported plume motion, whereas Case L retains more ${\mathrm{FeO}}_x$ and dissolved oxygen near the slag–metal interface. In both states, calculated P removal is confined mainly to locations where ${\mathrm{FeO}}_x$ supply, CaO availability, $P_2{O}_5$ generation, and $C_{2}S$–$C_{3}P$ fixation overlap. These observations are conditional on the reported parameters, a production mesh accompanied only by a two-grid qualitative sensitivity check, one time step, and the early transient considered here. Quantitative validation, systematic grid/time-step studies, closure-sensitivity tests, and controlled-composition simulations are required before the framework is used for process prediction. Full article

A. filiculoides is a fast-growing aquatic fern with potential for laboratory-scale biomass production, nutrient recovery and biorefinery-oriented bioprocessing. However, its cultivation in controlled bioreactors remains limited by insufficient integration of treatment formulation, physicochemical monitoring and predictive optimization. This study evaluated A. filiculoides biomass production for 30 days in semi-closed 5 L glass bioreactors under three cultivation conditions: Hoagland-type mineral solution (T1), Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (T2), and an aqueous growth-regulator treatment containing 6-benzylaminopurine and indole-3-acetic acid (BAP–IAA; 1 mg L⁻¹ each) (T3). The initial biomass was standardized at 0.10 g FW L⁻¹. By day 30, T3 showed the highest final fresh biomass concentration 1.208 ± 0.043 g FW L⁻¹, followed by T1 0.948 ± 0.025 g FW L⁻¹ and T2 0.538 ± 0.033 g FW L⁻¹. Principal component analysis and k-means clustering showed that dissolved oxygen, oxidation–reduction potential, electrical conductivity, resistivity, pH and water temperature structured the cultivation environment. The physicochemical-modulated Gompertz model showed high internal predictive performance, with training R² = 0.997, RMSE = 0.016 and MAE = 0.013, and cross-validation R² = 0.986, RMSE = 0.033 and MAE = 0.024. Model-based optimization identified T3 at day 30 as the optimal condition, with predicted biomass of approximately 1.224 g FW L⁻¹. The associated operating window corresponded to pH 7.34–7.52, dissolved oxygen 5.70–6.30 mg L⁻¹, ORP 75.40–102.00 mV, EC 983.90–1077.80 µS cm⁻¹ and resistivity 0.928–1.016 kΩ cm. These results support the use of coupled temporal monitoring, multivariate analysis and kinetic modeling for laboratory-scale optimization of Azolla biomass production. Full article

Electro-catalytic ozonation (ECO) achieves exceptional pollutant removal, yet the mass transfer limitations governing ozone delivery remain poorly characterized. This study presents the first systematic evaluation of ozone mass transfer in a bench-scale ECO reactor, using a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design across pH (3.5, 6, 9), ozone dose, and applied current (0, 125, 175 mA), with clean-water baselines and synthetic phenolic wastewater under ECO conditions. Plain-ozonation established the bubble column’s intrinsic transfer capacity, with $k_{L}a$ of 1.05–1.21 min⁻¹ at pH 3.5 and dissolved ozone inventory fraction (DOIF) of 1.76–2.73%, consistent with this contactor class. Applying current reduced DOIF to 0.48–2.66%, from negligible at pH 3.5 and 125 mA to approximately fourfold at higher current and pH. This suppression is consistent with an increased reactive ozone sink rather than impaired gas–liquid transfer, since the contactor hardware was unchanged; the ECO arms carry combined demand from Fe²⁺-mediated reactions and phenol oxidation, which cannot be separated without a 0-mA phenolic control. The apparent coefficient ${k_{L}a}_{APP}$ therefore behaves as a lumped supply–consumption term rather than a physical transfer parameter. A two-stage saturator design is proposed to decouple ozone dissolution from the reactive environment. Full article

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurological disorder characterized by rapid motoneuron degeneration. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a signaling molecule that regulates post-translational modification, has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of ALS. Our study aimed to design, synthesize, and investigate the potential effects of (2S)-2-aminopentanethioic S-acid (POM16), an isomer of the slow-releasing H₂S donor thiovaline, in a genetic ALS model. FUS [1-359]-tg mice, which recapitulate ALS syndrome, and their wild-type (WT) littermates received POM16 (at a dose of 50/mg/kg) or standard ALS therapy riluzole (at a dose of 8 mg/kg/day) dissolved in drinking water, or vehicle, for six weeks starting at nine weeks of age. The onset of paralysis, physiological and motor functions, muscle atrophy, density of spinal cord motoneurons, gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and concentration of oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) in the spinal cord were studied. POM16-treated mutants displayed significant improvements in body weight, water and diet intake, as well as behavior in the rotarod, wire, and pole tests. The percentage of mice with paralysis on the 6th week of dosing was reduced from 48% in vehicle-treated mutants to 16% in POM16-treated FUS [1-359]-tg mice, while in the riluzole-treated group, it was 38%, not reaching significance. Notably, muscle weight was not significantly improved by the latter treatment, unlike the dosing with POM16. In comparison with vehicle-treated FUS [1-359]-tg mice, POM16-treated mutants had significantly higher motor neuron density in the spinal cord, lower MDA levels, and reduced muscle atrophy ranking. Thus, new compound POM16 has a therapeutic potential to counteract ALS pathology that is likely mediated via anti-oxidative stress mechanisms. Given that any effective treatment of this devastating disease is currently lacking, it is hoped that POM16 can be a promising therapy for ALS. Full article

In order to clarify the effects of the volcanic activity on hydrological, thermal and chemical features of a crater lake, Lake Katanuma, Japan, temperature and electrical conductivity at 25 °C (EC25) of lake water were monitored at two maximum-depth points in 2023−2025. Under closed condition of the lake without river outflow, the lake is characterized by a high acidity of pH = 2 on average and the existence of the surrounding geothermal area. A seasonal variation in the thermal and chemical features of the lake was shown by sporadic vertical profiling (0.1 m pitch) of temperature, EC25 and dissolved oxygen (DO) at the two points. The groundwater flow system around the lake was specified by quantifying the groundwater inflow G_in and groundwater outflow G_out in the lake from the estimate of hydrological and chemical budgets under no precipitation. During the pycnal stratification of May–September, the lake exhibited a four-layer structure with different temperature and EC25 values, probably due to the lower intrusion of groundwater passing through three different pathways. The four-layer structure disappeared due to vertical mixing in October–December and March–April and inverse stratification in January–February. The G_out and G_in values were estimated for three budget periods in the mixing season. Utilizing Darcy’s law for the G_out values as a confined groundwater flow, it is found out that G_out has a linear relationship with lake volume. The relatively high G_in and G_out values estimated are probably caused by the high permeability of lacustrine sand and gravel deposited as bedrock, which furnishes the high adjustability to lake level, i.e., its small variation at ca. 0.5 m in amplitude. Full article

Landfill leachate circuits that operate without discharge, by recirculating aerated leachate onto the waste mass, are widespread in South-East Europe, yet their long-term behaviour is rarely documented with sample-level data. This study reports a six-year (2020–2025) seasonal monitoring campaign at a sanitary landfill in northern Serbia (alluvial aquifer of the Sava River, transboundary Danube basin) and re-examines it with a transparent multivariate protocol. Seventy-two leachate samples (collection well, aeration lagoon, sedimentation lagoon; n = 24 each, 30 parameters), 28 realised surface-water campaigns, and six years of groundwater summaries were evaluated by principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA, Varimax normalized), hierarchical cluster analysis, PERMANOVA, non-parametric paired tests and, for benchmarking, supervised machine learning. The pooled leachate model (n = 72; 21 variables; KMO = 0.700; Bartlett χ² = 956, p < 0.001) retained four factors by parallel analysis, explaining 61.6% of total variance; after rotation the factors accounted for 27.7%, 14.3%, 10.4%, and 9.3%. Factor 1 grouped organic load with particle-reactive metals (COD, BOD₅, Fe, Ni, Cr, As, Zn), Factor 2 a reduced sulfur–fluoride–BTEX signature, Factor 3 temperature-driven nitritation, and Factor 4 a nitrate–manganese redox contrast. Crucially, paired campaign-by-campaign comparison showed no removal of the dominant pollutants along the circuit. Median COD, BOD₅ and NH₄-N were not lower in the sedimentation lagoon than in the collection well, while pH rose from 8.08 to 8.75 (p < 0.001); only Cu, Pb, NO₃-N, and NO₂-N decreased significantly. The circuit therefore homogenises and concentrates dissolved load rather than removing it. Downstream surface water was significantly enriched in electrical conductivity (+110 µS/cm), total dissolved solids, NH₄-N, and NO₂-N relative to upstream (Wilcoxon, p < 0.05), and groundwater showed episodic conductivity up to 12,760 µS/cm and NH₄-N up to 102 mg/L. Cytotoxicity (MTT) confirmed biological relevance, with MRC-5 viability falling to 37% after 24 h exposure to 50 vol.% groundwater (Pw3) versus 60% in A549 cells. A random-forest classifier separated circuit units far better than PCA-based discrimination (76.4% versus 54.2% cross-validated accuracy) and distinguished the 2020–2021 pandemic period from 2022–2025 with 94.2% accuracy, a period effect also confirmed by PERMANOVA (R² = 7.2%, p < 0.001). The results indicate that closed-loop recirculation without an engineered discharge barrier transfers, rather than eliminates, contaminant load, and that after-care of such systems requires mass-balance monitoring and polishing treatment. Full article

If a CO₂ reservoir or transmission pipeline were to leak, both the surrounding ecology and maritime traffic safety could be put at risk. To better understand and prepare for this risk, multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models were built in ANSYS Fluent to capture the behavior of a leak once it enters the water. A 3D Eulerian–Eulerian model was used for validation, while a simplified 2D model was applied to simulate conditions at a 50-m depth. The models integrate bubble dynamics, gas holdup, CO₂ dissolution, dissolved species transport, and seawater acidification into a unified CFD framework. Mass transfer was calculated using the Hughmark correlation, and local seawater temperature and salinity were factored in to determine dissociation behavior and the relevant Henry’s Law constant. To confirm the 3D model’s accuracy, results were checked against two experimental datasets: the QICS field study and the Hauser Tank experiments. The team also modeled a hypothetical release scenario at the High Island 10L site and compared the results with earlier published work. The results show that at a depth of 50 m, the surrounding water column can completely absorb a CO₂ release at a rate of 35 kg/s, since the gas dissolves into the seawater as it rises toward the surface. Beyond confirming this mitigation capacity, the simulations shed light on how a leak would actually unfold in the environment, including the shape and movement of the rising bubble plume, how much CO₂ dissolves along the way, and the resulting shifts in seawater pH and pCO₂. Together, this provides a practical framework for assessing how CO₂ leaks could affect marine environments in the Gulf of Mexico. Full article

As variable renewable generation grows, intermittent dispatch of run-of-river hydropower plants may transfer required environmental-flow releases from turbines to spillways, creating conditions that favor total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation and may constrain hydropower flexibility. This study presents a reproducible basin-scale screening assessment for 24 selected hydropower plants in the Brazilian Amazon and Tocantins–Araguaia basins. The analysis combines a plant inventory, spillway typology, standardized environmental-flow scenarios, and two configuration-specific linear relationships between unit discharge and the increase in TDG saturation (ΔTDG), derived from digitized Pubugou and Gongzui observations. Two release configurations were examined: flow distributed among all available bays and flow concentrated in a single bay as a theoretical hydraulic bounding case. The Pubugou-based relationship was applied only to broadly comparable ski-jump configurations within 9.1 ≤ UD ≤ 72.3 m³ m⁻¹ s⁻¹, whereas the Gongzui-based relationship was provisionally assigned, as an inventory-level first-order analog, to controlled spillways discharging into stilling basins within 34.6 ≤ UD ≤ 234.6 m³ m⁻¹ s⁻¹. Hydraulically dissimilar cases were classified as NE-H, and cases outside the applicable empirical domain as NE-UD. Digitization sensitivity, regression uncertainty, and model-form selection were explicitly evaluated and documented. None of the distributed-flow scenarios produced a numerical estimate: cases assigned to the Pubugou- or Gongzui-based relationships were classified as NE-UD, whereas hydraulically dissimilar free-surface cases were classified as NE-H. Four single-bay scenarios produced configuration-specific $\Delta \mathrm{T}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{G}$ increments: 22.5–33.4 percentage points for three Gongzui-based cases and 13.6 percentage points for one Pubugou-based case. Upstream TDG was not added, and no plant-specific final concentration or universal ranking was reported. Sinop and Colíder observations were retained as qualitative contextual evidence of limited transferability and the importance of site-specific hydraulics. The outputs support conditional monitoring prioritization under standardized assumptions, not compliance prediction, ecological-risk assessment, or gate-operation recommendations. Synchronized monitoring and plant-specific rating curves are required before TDG-related variables can be incorporated into operational planning. Full article

Solar-driven advanced oxidation processes and interfacial water evaporation represent promising strategies to simultaneously address water pollution and freshwater scarcity. However, conventional photo-Fenton catalysts are predominantly powder-based and suffer from difficult catalyst recovery, inefficient H₂O₂ utilization, and limited practical applicability. Herein, a multifunctional bacterial-cellulose-based composite membrane (BC-MTP) was designed by immobilizing 1T-2H MoS₂ and a tea-polyphenol/polypyrrole (TP/PPy) copolymer through a blending–copolymerization strategy. The three-dimensional BC network anchors the catalytic components and supports their repeated use, while the BC-MTP membrane achieves 88.2% tetracycline removal using 20 μL H₂O₂, four times lower than the dosage used for the corresponding powder catalyst. Because dissolved Fe was not quantified by ICP-OES or ICP-MS, the present results are interpreted as evidence of improved H₂O₂ utilization and component immobilization rather than quantitative proof of suppressed iron leaching. The incorporation of 1T-2H MoS₂ and TP/PPy also provides strong broadband light absorption and photothermal conversion, yielding a solar-driven evaporation rate of 1.34 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ and an energy efficiency of 80.1% under the tested laboratory conditions. This work demonstrates a membrane platform integrating photo-Fenton degradation and solar-driven water evaporation for water-purification applications. Full article

The global water crisis represents one of humanity’s most pressing challenges, with over 2 billion people lacking access to safely managed drinking water. This study presents the implementation and evaluation of an innovative air-conditioning condensate recovery system at Building F of the Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (FIEE), Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico. The system integrates twenty-six 24,000 BTU air-conditioning units across twelve classrooms and two laboratories, recovering approximately 520 L of condensate water daily. An initial physicochemical characterization of the recovered condensate was conducted through pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) measurements. In addition, the dried residue obtained after evaporation of the condensate was examined using semi-quantitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The XRF results describe the relative elemental composition of the dried residue and must not be interpreted as aqueous concentrations or as evidence of compliance with water-quality standards. The recovery system includes a nominal 0.5 µm polypropylene sediment cartridge, activated-carbon filtration, and a Crystolite^® treatment medium. Because paired measurements before and after treatment were not performed, the removal efficiencies of these components were not determined. The recovered water is subsequently stored and processed in a dual-tank configuration: a primary 3300 L storage system and a secondary 200 L tank used to prepare fertilizer-amended condensate for ornamental-plant irrigation. A fully water-soluble monopotassium phosphate fertilizer (MKP, 0 (–52–34) was incorporated at a gravimetric proportion of 1:10 (1 g MKP per 10 g recovered condensate water). Full article