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Keywords = dental pulp capping

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15 pages, 1573 KiB  
Article
An Evaluation of Turkish Dentists’ Approach to Indirect Pulp Capping and Material Preferences: A Questionnaire-Based Survey
by Baturalp Arslan, Batu Can Yaman, Özge Çeliksöz and Havva Can Aydın
Medicina 2025, 61(7), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071120 - 20 Jun 2025
Viewed by 318
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate how the indirect pulp capping treatment approaches and material choices used by dentists actively practicing in Turkey vary according to demographic data. Materials and Methods: Dentists practicing in Turkey were [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate how the indirect pulp capping treatment approaches and material choices used by dentists actively practicing in Turkey vary according to demographic data. Materials and Methods: Dentists practicing in Turkey were included in this study. A 13-question survey was used and distributed to the participants via social media. The statistical analysis of the data obtained from this study was performed using IBM SPSS v23. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables between groups, and multiple comparisons of the proportions were analyzed using the Bonferroni correction. The results of the analysis are presented as frequencies (percentages) for categorical data. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 402 dentists from across Turkey participated in this study. A total of 331 participants (82.3%) reported that they performed indirect pulp capping treatment. The most commonly used materials for indirect pulp capping were Ca(OH)2;-containing liners (73.4%) and glass ionomer cement (58.3%). The use of amalgam and cotton roll isolation was more common among dentists working in the public sector, whereas rubber dam isolation and the use of contemporary materials such as MTA and Biodentine were more frequently observed among dentists working in the private sector. Conclusions: Significant differences were found in the dentists’ indirect pulp capping approaches and the materials they used based on their specialty, years of experience, and workplace setting. These findings suggest that dentists’ knowledge and experience regarding indirect pulp capping should be enhanced during their education and post-graduation training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry and Oral Health)
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16 pages, 4508 KiB  
Article
NAT10 Regulates LPS-Induced Inflammation via Stabilization of N4-Acetylated PTX3 mRNA in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells
by Zihan Ni, Luhui Cai, I-Chen Tsai, Wenqian Ding, Cheng Tian, Di Li and Qiong Xu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094325 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 609
Abstract
Severe dental pulp inflammation can lead to tissue lysis and destruction, underscoring the necessity for effective treatment of pulpitis. N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10)-mediated N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification has recently emerged as a key regulator in inflammatory processes. However, whether NAT10 affects the inflammatory [...] Read more.
Severe dental pulp inflammation can lead to tissue lysis and destruction, underscoring the necessity for effective treatment of pulpitis. N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10)-mediated N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification has recently emerged as a key regulator in inflammatory processes. However, whether NAT10 affects the inflammatory response in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) remains unelucidated. In this study, elevated NAT10 expression was observed in pulpitis tissues and LPS-stimulated hDPSCs. Knockdown of NAT10 led to reduced inflammatory gene expression and lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in LPS-stimulated hDPSCs, while the chemotactic migration of macrophages was also suppressed. Similar results were observed when hDPSCs were treated with Remodelin, an inhibitor of NAT10. Differentially expressed genes identified through RNA sequencing were significantly enriched in inflammatory signaling pathways after NAT10 depletion. Among the differential genes, pentraxins 3 (PTX3) was identified as the potential target gene due to the presence of the ac4C modification site and its known ability to regulate dental pulp inflammation. The mRNA and protein levels of PTX3 were reduced in NAT10-deficient cells, along with a decrease in its mRNA stability. Exogenous PTX3 supplementation partially reversed the inflammatory inhibition induced by NAT10 knockdown. Further evidence in vivo revealed that Remodelin treatment attenuated the severity of dental pulp inflammation in rats with pulpitis. In summary, these data indicated that NAT10 deficiency inhibited the stability of PTX3 mRNA and further inhibited hDPSC inflammation, while Remodelin might be a potential therapeutic agent for pulp capping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)
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16 pages, 500 KiB  
Review
Innovations in Bioactive Materials for Dental Pulp Vitality Preservation in Children and Adolescents
by Purva K. Desai, Shreya M. Hiwalkar, Hyun-Joo Kim, Jonghyun Shin, Hyo-Seol Lee, Ho-Wook Jun and Kyounga Cheon
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4699; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094699 - 24 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1912
Abstract
Preserving dental pulp vitality is crucial in pediatric and adolescent dentistry to promote long-term oral health and reduce the need for invasive procedures. Vital pulp therapy (VPT) enhances pulp healing and dentin formation through advanced pulp capping materials. While calcium hydroxide-based materials laid [...] Read more.
Preserving dental pulp vitality is crucial in pediatric and adolescent dentistry to promote long-term oral health and reduce the need for invasive procedures. Vital pulp therapy (VPT) enhances pulp healing and dentin formation through advanced pulp capping materials. While calcium hydroxide-based materials laid the foundation for VPT, calcium silicate-based materials like mineral trioxide aggregate, Biodentine, and TheraCal offer superior biocompatibility and sealing properties. Recent advancements focus on regenerative strategies that enhance biocompatibility, antibacterial efficacy, and anti-inflammatory effects. Tissue engineering approaches, including stem cells, growth factors, and peptide-based scaffolds, are being explored to improve pulp regeneration and long-term treatment success. This review highlights recent developments in VPT for pediatric and adolescent patients, emphasizing minimally invasive techniques, clinical challenges, and the potential of emerging biomaterials. Continued research into biomaterial efficacy and regenerative capabilities holds promise for advancing VPT, ensuring more effective and biologically driven treatment strategies for young patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Pediatric Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry)
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9 pages, 1799 KiB  
Article
The Outcome of Old-School Indirect Pulp Capping over 40 Years: A Practice-Based Retrospective Evaluation
by Roland Frankenberger, Andreas Koch, Lina Plohmann, Benedicta Beck-Broichsitter and Stephan Becker
Dent. J. 2025, 13(5), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13050182 - 22 Apr 2025
Viewed by 954
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the success of indirect pulp capping (IPC) procedures over a period of 40 years. (2) Methods: The investigation of 1412 dental records included 159 patients with 366 IPC teeth having been [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the success of indirect pulp capping (IPC) procedures over a period of 40 years. (2) Methods: The investigation of 1412 dental records included 159 patients with 366 IPC teeth having been treated from 1969 to 1980. The teeth revealed caries within the inner third of dentin, were symptom-free, and showed no pulp exposure. The caries were excavated thoroughly and teeth with accidentally exposed pulp were excluded. Zinc–oxide–eugenol was used for the IPC procedures. The posterior teeth were restored with amalgam, and the anterior teeth received direct resin composite fillings. The gathered parameters with possible influences on survival rates were age, gender, tooth locations/positions, dates of vital therapy, the number of filled surfaces, types of primary restoration material, successional treatments on each tooth, and the last dates of surveillance. Data collection and statistical analysis were performed using Excel sheets and DataTab. Significant differences among groups were computed by cox regression analysis and the significance level was set at p = 0.05. Kaplan–Meier curves were utilized to illustrate the survival rates. (3) Results: Treatment success was measured by the maintenance of vitality beyond 365 days. The loss of vitality within 365 days was determined as treatment failure. Treatment outcomes were assessed after different time periods (1 and 6 months; 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 years). Pulp vitality dropped from 95% after 3 months to 32% after 40 years. Cavity size had a significant influence on the survival of pulp, but tooth position did not; however, third molars at least initially showed a better outcome. Beyond the 1-year recall, no differences for the evaluated parameters were present. (4) Conclusions: IPC showed excellent long-term success rates, revealing a 1.7% annual failure rate after 40 years of clinical service. Larger defects suffer more pulp damage in the long run. Full article
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12 pages, 213 KiB  
Article
Six-Month Treatment Outcomes of Vital Pulp Therapy in Adults Using Biomaterials: A Prospective Cohort Pilot Study
by Melinda Polyák, Eszter Ágnes Szalai, Péter Komora and János Vág
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4276; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084276 - 12 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1051
Abstract
Vital pulp therapy (VPT) preserves dental pulp and its functions, offering a minimally invasive alternative to root canal therapy. However, the impact of patient-related factors on success remains unclear. This study aimed to estimate the sample size for a multivariate model predicting VPT [...] Read more.
Vital pulp therapy (VPT) preserves dental pulp and its functions, offering a minimally invasive alternative to root canal therapy. However, the impact of patient-related factors on success remains unclear. This study aimed to estimate the sample size for a multivariate model predicting VPT success for assessing capping material, age, sex, and pulp conditions. A prospective cohort study was conducted with the inclusion of twenty-seven adult patients with carious pulp exposure in mature permanent teeth. Treatment comprised direct pulp capping, partial pulpotomy, or complete pulpotomy with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Plus (MTA+) or Biodentine. Success rates were evaluated at 6 months through clinical and radiographic examinations. Statistical analysis included Pearson’s Chi-square tests and logistic regression. The success rates were 64% in the Biodentine group and 92% in the MTA+ group (OR: 0.15; p = 0.108). Sex and age had no significant effect. Success declined with increasing pulp condition severity and treatment invasiveness. MTA+ had a higher incidence of discoloration, while Biodentine showed none. Sample size calculations suggested 140 participants would be needed to detect a significant effect of pulp condition. Both materials were effective, though MTA+ showed higher success based on the strict success criteria. More severe pulpitis correlated with lower success, but a larger study is needed for predictive models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Endodontic Treatment Methods and Materials)
11 pages, 1390 KiB  
Article
Promoting Dentin Bridge Formation Through N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Application in Rat Molar Pulpotomy: An Experimental Study
by Kota Takagi, Koichi Nakamura, Yoshitaka Yoshimura and Yasutaka Yawaka
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040117 - 27 Mar 2025
Viewed by 748
Abstract
Pulpotomy is performed when tooth decay reaches the dental pulp or when the crown is fractured due to trauma. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is commonly used in pulpotomy, but its prognosis can be variable. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant amino acid, has garnered attention [...] Read more.
Pulpotomy is performed when tooth decay reaches the dental pulp or when the crown is fractured due to trauma. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is commonly used in pulpotomy, but its prognosis can be variable. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant amino acid, has garnered attention due to its potential benefits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MTA and NAC on pulpotomy outcomes. We used Sprague Dawley rat maxillary molars to perform pulpotomy and employed Superbond C&B, MTA, and MTA mixed with NAC (MTA–NAC) for pulp capping. We obtained tissue sections 3 and 7 days postpulpotomy, conducting histological analysis by examining the morphology of pulp tissue and assessing dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and osteopontin expression levels. At 3 days postpulpotomy, MTA and MTA–NAC reduced the inflammatory response. At 7 days postpulpotomy, dentin bridge formation was observed following MTA–NAC application, and although MTA resulted in DSPP- and osteopontin-positive areas, these areas were more extensive following MTA–NAC application. Given that adding NAC to MTA enhanced dentin bridge formation, MTA–NAC appears to be a superior option for pulp capping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry)
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17 pages, 5429 KiB  
Article
Novel Fast-Setting and Mechanically-Strong Calcium Phosphate Pulp-Capping Cement with Metformin Release to Enhance Dental Pulp Stem Cells
by Mohammad Alenizy, Abdullah Alhussein, Nader Almutairi, Ibrahim Ba-Armah, Tao Ma, Suping Wang, Nageswara R. Pilli, Maureen A. Kane, Michael D. Weir, Abraham Schneider and Hockin H. K. Xu
Bioengineering 2025, 12(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12010013 - 28 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1203
Abstract
Traditional pulp-capping materials like mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) offer excellent biocompatibility and sealing, but limitations such as prolonged setting time, low bioactivity, and high costs persist. Metformin, with its potential in craniofacial regeneration, could enhance dentin synthesis by targeting pulp cells. This study [...] Read more.
Traditional pulp-capping materials like mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) offer excellent biocompatibility and sealing, but limitations such as prolonged setting time, low bioactivity, and high costs persist. Metformin, with its potential in craniofacial regeneration, could enhance dentin synthesis by targeting pulp cells. This study aimed to: (1) develop a calcium phosphate cement with chitosan (CPCC) with improved physio-mechanical properties; (2) incorporate metformin (CPCC-Met) to assess release; and (3) evaluate human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) response. CPCC was mixed at different powder-to-liquid ratios to evaluate physio-mechanical properties compared to MTA. The optimized CPCC formulation was loaded with 0, 50, 100, and 150 µg of metformin to measure release and assess hDPSCs attachment and proliferation (1, 4, and 7 d) via live/dead imaging and SEM. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results showed CPCC at a 3.25:1 ratio significantly reduced setting time to 41.5 min versus 123 min for MTA (p < 0.05). Metformin release correlated with concentration, and SEM confirmed the presence of a porous, hydroxyapatite-rich surface. Cell viability was consistently high across groups (>93% at 1 d, >95% at 4 d, ≈98% at 7 d), with no significant differences (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that the novel CPCC-Met demonstrates promise as a fast-setting, cost-effective pulp-capping material, offering metformin delivery to enhance dentin repair. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Craniofacial Regeneration)
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15 pages, 7730 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Hydroxyapatite-Capsaicin Composite Intended for the In-Office Dental Bleaching Use
by Karine Letícia da Silva, Diego Hortkoff, Michael Willian Favoreto, Marcia Rezende, Jessica Mendes Nadal, Ana Armas-Vega, Alessandro D. Loguercio and Paulo Vitor Farago
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(12), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8120496 - 29 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1102
Abstract
The objective of this research was to synthetize a hydroxyapatite-capsaicin composite (HAp-CAP) and assess its physicochemical properties for potential use in an in-office dental bleaching gel. The HAp-CAP nanocomposite was prepared by the precipitation method using a 4:1 ratio of nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAp) to [...] Read more.
The objective of this research was to synthetize a hydroxyapatite-capsaicin composite (HAp-CAP) and assess its physicochemical properties for potential use in an in-office dental bleaching gel. The HAp-CAP nanocomposite was prepared by the precipitation method using a 4:1 ratio of nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAp) to capsaicin (CAP) dissolved in 99.5% ethyl alcohol (q.s.p) with the assistance of zirconia beads in a SpeedMixer®. Characterization of HAp-CAP involved morphological, spectroscopic, and thermal analyses. Subsequently, HAp-CAP was incorporated into an in-office dental bleaching agent to evaluate its impact on reducing hydrogen peroxide diffusion into the pulp chamber and its effect on tooth color alteration during the bleaching process. The HAp-CAP in a bleaching gel slightly decreased the amount of hydrogen peroxide inside the pulp chamber and did not interfere in the bleaching effectiveness of dental bleaching. The physicochemical characterization indicates that the synthesis process of the HAp-CAP composite was successfully carried out, and its use in dental materials poses a challenging task that warrants further investigation since its incorporation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)
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14 pages, 11435 KiB  
Article
Ischemic Risks Induced by Larger Orthodontic Forces on Dental Pulp and Neuro-Vascular Bundle in Reduced Periodontium
by Radu-Andrei Moga, Cristian Doru Olteanu and Ada Gabriela Delean
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(22), 6698; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13226698 - 7 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1066
Abstract
Background/Objectives: There are few data about the ischemic risks induced by the large orthodontic forces during periodontal breakdown in dental pulp and neuro-vascular bundle (NVB) and none on the individual tissular stress distribution, despite their great importance for orthodontic treatment planning. Our aim [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: There are few data about the ischemic risks induced by the large orthodontic forces during periodontal breakdown in dental pulp and neuro-vascular bundle (NVB) and none on the individual tissular stress distribution, despite their great importance for orthodontic treatment planning. Our aim was to assess, by a numerical analysis, the biomechanical behavior of dental pulp and the NVB during a simulated horizontal periodontal breakdown (1–8 mm), under 2–4 N of applied orthodontic forces and five movements (rotation, translation, tipping, intrusion, and extrusion). Additionally, the ischemic and degenerative-resorptive risks were assessed. Methods: The analysis involved 72 3D models of nine patients, totaling 720 simulations. The models were CBCT-based, having the second lower premolar and surrounding periodontium, and they suffered 1 mm of gradual horizontal periodontal breakdown (up to 8 mm loss). Results: Both forces displayed a similar qualitative stress distribution in all five movements, but with a quantitative increase (doubling of stress amounts for 4 N when compared with 2 N). The highest amounts of stress were displayed at 8 mm of periodontal loss, which is lower than the 16 KPa of the maximum hydrostatic pressure. The NVB stress was higher than the pulpal stress. Rotation was the most stressful, closely followed by tipping, intrusion, and extrusion. Conclusions: A total of 4 N of applied force seems to not induce any ischemic or degenerative-resorptive risks for healthy intact teeth, in up to 8 mm of periodontal breakdown. Intrusion and extrusion determined the highest visible tissular deformation in the NVB, with potential ischemic and resorptive-generative risks for previously traumatized/injured teeth (i.e., occlusal trauma). Rotation and translation (in particular) showed the highest coronal and radicular pulpal stress with potential ischemic and resorptive-generative risks for previously injured/traumatized dental pulp (i.e., direct-indirect pulp capping). It seems that 4 mm of periodontal breakdown could signal a clinical stress increase with potential ischemic and degenerative-resorptive risks for the previously traumatized/injured tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research of Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Dentistry)
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12 pages, 4042 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Rapidly Soluble Zn2+-Releasing Phosphate-Based Glass and Its Incorporation into Dental Resin
by Fan Deng, Haruaki Kitagawa, Tomoki Kohno, Tingyi Wu, Naoya Funayama, Pasiree Thongthai, Hefei Li, Gabriela L. Abe, Ranna Kitagawa, Jun-Ichi Sasaki and Satoshi Imazato
Molecules 2024, 29(21), 5098; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29215098 - 29 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1100
Abstract
Phosphate-based glasses are known for their excellent biocompatibility and adjustable degradation rates. In this study, we fabricated a rapidly soluble zinc-ion-releasing phosphate-based glass (RG) specifically designed for use in dental cavity liners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ion-releasing properties [...] Read more.
Phosphate-based glasses are known for their excellent biocompatibility and adjustable degradation rates. In this study, we fabricated a rapidly soluble zinc-ion-releasing phosphate-based glass (RG) specifically designed for use in dental cavity liners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ion-releasing properties and antibacterial effects of RG. Additionally, a dental resin incorporating RG was fabricated to serve as a cavity liner, and its effectiveness was investigated in vitro. The RG formulation exhibited high solubility and released high concentrations of Zn2+ at various pH values. To assess the antibacterial properties of RG, six bacterial species detected in deep carious regions were incubated in the presence of RG. In vitro antibacterial testing against six bacterial species revealed that RG exhibited strong bactericidal effects against these prevalent bacteria. Furthermore, using a dentin model infected with Lactobacillus casei or Streptococcus mutans, the experimental resin containing RG demonstrated an effective bactericidal effect in the dentinal tubules, highlighting its potential as a promising material for cavity liners or pulp-capping applications. Full article
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11 pages, 1179 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Larger Orthodontic Forces and Movement Types over a Dental Pulp and Neuro-Vascular Bundle of Lower Premolars in Intact Periodontium—A Numerical Analysis
by Radu-Andrei Moga, Cristian Doru Olteanu and Ada Gabriela Delean
Dent. J. 2024, 12(10), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12100328 - 14 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1303
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This numerical analysis of stress distribution in the dental pulp and neuro-vascular bundle (NVB) of lower premolars assessed the ischemic and degenerative–resorptive risks generated by 2 and 4 N during orthodontic movements (rotation, translation, tipping, intrusion and extrusion) in intact periodontium. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This numerical analysis of stress distribution in the dental pulp and neuro-vascular bundle (NVB) of lower premolars assessed the ischemic and degenerative–resorptive risks generated by 2 and 4 N during orthodontic movements (rotation, translation, tipping, intrusion and extrusion) in intact periodontium. Methods: The numerical analysis was performed on nine intact periodontium 3D models of the second lower premolar of nine patients totaling 90 simulations. Results: In intact periodontium, both forces displayed a similar stress distribution for all five orthodontic movements but different amounts of stress (a doubling for 4 N when compared with 2 N), with the highest values displayed in NVB. In intact periodontium, 2 N and 4 N induced stresses lower than the maximum hydrostatic pressure (MHP) with no ischemic risks for healthy intact teeth. The rotation was seen as the most stressful movement, closely followed by intrusion and extrusion. Translation was quantitatively seen as the least stressful when compared with other movements. Conclusions: Larger orthodontic forces of 2 N and 4 N are safe (with any expected ischemic or resorptive risks) for the dental pulp and NVB of healthy intact teeth and in intact periodontium. Nevertheless, rotation and translation movements can induce localized circulatory disturbances in coronal pulp (i.e., vestibular and proximal sides) generating ischemic and resorptive risks on previously treated teeth (i.e., direct and indirect dental pulp capping). The intrusion and extrusion movements, due to the higher NVB-induced deformation when compared with the other three movements, could trigger circulatory disturbances followed by ischemia on previously traumatized teeth (i.e., occlusal trauma). Full article
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17 pages, 10896 KiB  
Article
Injectable Tannin-Containing Hydroxypropyl Chitin Hydrogel as Novel Bioactive Pulp Capping Material Accelerates Repair of Inflamed Dental Pulp
by Linfang Zhou, Wenjie Shi, Xinye Zhang, Ming Liu, Lu Zhang, Xulin Jiang and Zhi Chen
Biomolecules 2024, 14(9), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14091129 - 6 Sep 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1814
Abstract
Conventional pulp capping materials have limited anti-inflammatory capacity. It is necessary to develop more effective pulp capping material for the treatment of inflamed pulps. Tannic acid (TA) is a natural, water-soluble polyphenol with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the [...] Read more.
Conventional pulp capping materials have limited anti-inflammatory capacity. It is necessary to develop more effective pulp capping material for the treatment of inflamed pulps. Tannic acid (TA) is a natural, water-soluble polyphenol with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a tannin-containing hydroxypropyl chitin hydrogel (HPCH/TA hydrogel) as an innovative pulp capping material. The physicochemical properties of the composite hydrogels were characterized. The effects of HPCH/TA hydrogel as a pulp capping material were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effects of HPCH/TA hydrogel was explored. The HPCH/TA hydrogel demonstrated favorable temperature sensitivity, injectability, and antibacterial properties. In vitro, the HPCH/TA hydrogel effectively promoted the proliferation of human dental pulp cells and inhibited interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α expression, possibly by suppressing the nuclear factor kappa-B pathway. In vivo, on the fourth day after capping, the HPCH/TA hydrogel group showed lower inflammatory scores compared to the control and iRoot BP Plus (commercial pulp capping material) group. By the sixth week, complete reparative dentin formation was observed in the HPCH/TA hydrogel group, with no difference in thickness compared to the iRoot BP Plus group. Collectively, the HPCH/TA hydrogel holds promise as a bioactive pulp capping material for promoting the repair of inflamed pulp in vital pulp therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials for Biomedical Applications: 2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 254 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Evaluation of Pulp Vitality Preservation in Direct and Indirect Pulp Capping: A Retrospective Clinical Study
by Mario Alovisi, Andrea Baldi, Allegra Comba, Roberta Gamerro, Gaetano Paolone, Mauro Mandurino, Mario Dioguardi, Andrea Roggia and Nicola Scotti
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(13), 3962; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133962 - 6 Jul 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4433
Abstract
Background: This retrospective clinical study aimed to assess dental pulp tissue reactions to direct and indirect pulp capping after 10 years of follow-up. Methods: A total of 276 permanent teeth with deep carious lesions were evaluated and divided into five groups: Group (1), [...] Read more.
Background: This retrospective clinical study aimed to assess dental pulp tissue reactions to direct and indirect pulp capping after 10 years of follow-up. Methods: A total of 276 permanent teeth with deep carious lesions were evaluated and divided into five groups: Group (1), direct pulp capping with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate cement; Group (2), direct pulp capping with a resin-based glass ionomer; Group (3), direct pulp capping with TheraCal; Group (4), indirect pulp capping with a three-step total-etch adhesive system; and Group (5), indirect pulp capping with a two-step self-etch adhesive system. Results: A 72.5% success rate was achieved overall. A statistically significant difference was found when comparing direct and indirect pulp capping with a success rate of 23.8% and 93.8%, respectively. For direct pulp-capping procedures, the area of pulp exposure was correlated with pulp necrosis (p = 0.035), while bleeding after exposure appeared independent (p = 0.053). Patient age was significantly related to the maintenance of pulp vitality (p = 0.013). A statistically significant correlation between the pulp-capping material and the occurrence of pulp necrosis was discovered (p = 0.017). For the indirect pulp-capping treatments, a significant correlation between patient age (p = 0.021) and the adhesive system (p = 0.019) with pulp necrosis was described. Conclusions: The pulp-capping material, patient age, and the width of the pulp exposure before the procedure should be carefully considered when performing direct pulp-capping treatments. The performance of the etch-and-rinse adhesive systems was superior to the self-etch system during the indirect pulp-capping procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)
13 pages, 14329 KiB  
Article
Strontium-Doped Bioglass-Laden Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels for Vital Pulp Therapy
by Sepideh Aminmansour, Ana Beatriz Gomes de Carvalho, Lais Medeiros Cardoso, Caroline Anselmi, Maedeh Rahimnejad, Renan Dal-Fabbro, Erika Benavides, Tiago Moreira Bastos Campos, Alexandre Luiz Souto Borges and Marco C. Bottino
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15040105 - 17 Apr 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2376
Abstract
This study aimed to develop gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-injectable hydrogels incorporated with 58S bioactive glass/BG-doped with strontium for vital pulp therapy applications. GelMA hydrogels containing 0% (control), 5%, 10%, and 20% BG (w/v) were prepared. Their morphological and chemical properties [...] Read more.
This study aimed to develop gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-injectable hydrogels incorporated with 58S bioactive glass/BG-doped with strontium for vital pulp therapy applications. GelMA hydrogels containing 0% (control), 5%, 10%, and 20% BG (w/v) were prepared. Their morphological and chemical properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy/SEM, energy dispersive spectroscopy/EDS, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/FTIR (n = 3). Their swelling capacity and degradation ratio were also measured (n = 4). Cell viability (n = 8), mineralized matrix formation, cell adhesion, and spreading (n = 6) on DPSCs were evaluated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA/post hoc tests (α = 5%). SEM and EDS characterization confirmed the incorporation of BG particles into the hydrogel matrix, showing GelMA’s (C, O) and BG’s (Si, Cl, Na, Sr) chemical elements. FTIR revealed the main chemical groups of GelMA and BG, as ~1000 cm−1 corresponds to Si-O and ~1440 cm−1 to C-H. All the formulations were degraded by day 12, with a lower degradation ratio observed for GelMA+BG20%. Increasing the concentration of BG resulted in a lower mass swelling ratio. Biologically, all the groups were compatible with cells (p > 0.6196), and cell adhesion increased over time, irrespective of BG concentration, indicating great biocompatibility. GelMA+BG5% demonstrated a higher deposition of mineral nodules over 21 days (p < 0.0001), evidencing the osteogenic potential of hydrogels. GelMA hydrogels incorporated with BG present great cytocompatibility, support cell adhesion, and have a clinically relevant degradation profile and suitable mineralization potential, supporting their therapeutic potential as promising biomaterials for pulp capping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
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26 pages, 38552 KiB  
Article
Dentine Remineralisation Induced by “Bioactive” Materials through Mineral Deposition: An In Vitro Study
by Marta Kunert, Ireneusz Piwonski, Louis Hardan, Rim Bourgi, Salvatore Sauro, Francesco Inchingolo and Monika Lukomska-Szymanska
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(3), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14030274 - 27 Jan 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4042
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the ability of modern resin-based “bioactive” materials (RBMs) to induce dentine remineralisation via mineral deposition and compare the results to those obtained with calcium silicate cements (CSMs). The following materials were employed for restoration of dentine cavities: CSMs: [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the ability of modern resin-based “bioactive” materials (RBMs) to induce dentine remineralisation via mineral deposition and compare the results to those obtained with calcium silicate cements (CSMs). The following materials were employed for restoration of dentine cavities: CSMs: ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Sirona), MTA Angelus (Angelus), Biodentine (Septodont), and TheraCal LC (Bisco); RBMs: ACTIVA BioACTIVE Base/Liner (Pulpdent), ACTIVA Presto (Pulpdent), and Predicta Bioactive Bulk (Parkell). The evaluation of the mineral deposition was performed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) on the material and dentine surfaces, as well as at the dentine–material interface after immersion in simulated body fluid. Additionally, the Ca/P ratios were also calculated in all the tested groups. The specimens were analysed after setting (baseline) and at 24 h, 7, 14, and 28 days. ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Biodentine, and TheraCal LC showed significant surface precipitation, which filled the gap between the material and the dentine. Conversely, the three RBMs showed only a slight ability to induce mineral precipitation, although none of them was able to remineralise the dentine–material interface. In conclusion, in terms of mineral precipitation, modern “bioactive” RBMs are not as effective as CSMs in inducing dentine remineralisation; these latter represent the only option to induce a possible reparative process at the dentin–material interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biocompatible Nanomaterials)
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