Search Results (33,814)

Prefabricated steel–concrete composite bridge decks are widely used in the construction of long-span bridges due to their excellent mechanical performance and rapid construction speed. However, the joints in these decks are prone to tensile failure under negative bending moments, which limits the overall mechanical behavior of the structure. To improve the flexural–tensile performance of joints in prefabricated steel–concrete composite bridge decks under negative bending moments, a novel prefabricated steel grid–hybrid fiber concrete (PSG-HFC) composite bridge deck with closed-loop steel bar joints is proposed. Basic unit specimens of the composite bridge deck with closed-loop steel bar joints were designed and fabricated. Both physical and numerical experiments, including finite element modeling and model refinement, were conducted to clarify the mechanical response and failure mode of closed-loop steel bar joints under negative bending moments and to identify their rational structural parameters. Theoretical formula for calculating the flexural capacity of the closed-loop steel bar joints based on the strut-and-tie model theory was derived and verified. The results indicate that the failure mode of the novel PSG-HFC composite bridge deck under negative bending moments is typical plastic failure, with the ultimate failure mode being flexural–tensile failure at the joint section. The loading process includes elastic, elastoplastic, and plastic stages. From the perspectives of improving flexural capacity and fully utilizing high-strength materials, the rational structural parameters for the closed-loop steel bar joints are as follows: lap length of closed-loop steel bars of 230~250 mm, spacing of closed-loop steel bars of 130~150 mm, and bending radius of closed-loop steel bars of 70~90 mm. The maximum deviation between the theoretical formula results and the experimental and finite element numerical simulation results is 8.21%, indicating that the proposed formula is suitable for calculating and analyzing the flexural capacity of the joints in this novel composite bridge deck. This study reveals that the proposed closed-loop steel bar joint enables a ductile flexural–tensile failure mode in PSG-HFC composite deck under negative bending moments, and provides a validated theoretical formula for advancing the understanding of joint design in fiber-reinforced concrete structures. Full article

Significant amounts of smelting slag are generated during the production of steel, refined copper, and refined magnesium. These slags contain abundant valuable metallic elements, such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, and Mg, that have not been fully utilized in the past. This study proposes a method for modifying copper slag by mixing it with steel slag and magnesium slag, followed by roasting with additions of Fe₂O₃ and MgO. The samples were roasted at 1400 °C for 30 min, cooled to 1000 °C at 1.5 °C/min, and then water-quenched to room temperature. Phase transformations during modification were analyzed using FactSage 8.0, DSC–TG, and XRD. The effects of factors such as the content of Fe₂O₃ and MgO on the modification efficiency were investigated. The results indicate that, under the condition of maintaining a steel slag: copper slag: magnesium slag ratio of 37:37:26 and adjusting the basicity (CaO/SiO₂ ratio) with CaO to 2.0, the addition of Fe₂O₃ and MgO promotes the formation of spinel. However, excessively high contents of Fe₂O₃ and MgO lead to refinement of the spinel grains and reduce the iron grade of the concentrate. Within the investigated composition range, the samples with total Fe₂O₃ and MgO contents of 27.66 wt% and 7.56 wt%, respectively, showed the best magnetic separation performance among the tested compositions. Through magnetic separation, the concentrate has good economic and industrial application value in industries such as steelmaking and powder metallurgy, while the tailings can be utilized as raw materials for manufacturing ceramics, glass–ceramics, cement, and concrete. Full article

Fungal communities associated with the phyllosphere can influence plant health, stress responses, and disease dynamics in managed crop systems. However, limited information is available on fungal microbiome structure across phyllosphere compartments of Eucalyptus cinerea cultivated for cut foliage production. In this study, fungal communities (including epiphytic and endophytic fungi) associated with leaf, stem, and bark tissues of intensively managed E. cinerea grown in Ireland were characterised using ITS amplicon sequencing. Samples were collected from five trees, with tissues pooled by compartment to generate 15 biological samples. Following quality control and denoising, 405 fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were retained for analysis. Observed richness, Shannon and Simpson indices, and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity differed among compartments, with bark exhibiting higher values than leaf and stem tissues (p < 0.05). PERMANOVA analysis indicated that both compartment (R² = 0.239, p = 0.002) and tree identity (R² = 0.451, p = 0.002) significantly influenced fungal community composition. Bark communities were dominated by Diaporthe (52.9%), Peniophora (12.8%), and Talaromyces (10.4%), whereas leaf and stem communities were characterised primarily by Vishniacozyma and Sporobolomyces. Differential abundance analysis identified 26 and 23 differentially abundant ASVs between bark and leaf, and bark and stem tissues, respectively, whereas no significant differences were detected between leaf and stem communities. Weighted UniFrac analyses further revealed separation of bark-associated communities from photosynthetic tissues. These findings demonstrate compartment-associated variation in fungal community structure within the phyllosphere of managed E. cinerea and highlight the importance of considering both host-level and tissue-level effects in plant microbiome studies. This study provides a baseline assessment of fungal assemblages associated with commercially managed Eucalyptus under Irish growing conditions and supports future investigations into the functional significance of these microbial communities for plant health and resilience. Full article

Water composition is a key factor influencing brewing performance and beer quality due to its impact on mash chemistry, fermentation kinetics, and fermentation-derived metabolites. This study evaluated the effect of four Albanian spring waters (Bogova, Germenji, Selita, and Lajthiza), each with distinct mineral compositions, on the fermentation behaviour and physicochemical characteristics of Pale Ale beer produced under standardised brewing conditions. All beers were brewed using the same malt formulation, hopping regime, yeast strain, and fermentation parameters, with water source as the sole experimental variable. The produced worts showed only moderate differences in pH, colour, extract, free amino nitrogen (FAN), bitterness, and density, whereas alcoholic fermentation proceeded efficiently in all treatments and was completed within seven days. Final alcohol contents ranged from 5.56 to 5.70% v/v, confirming comparable fermentation performance among treatments. More pronounced differences were observed in acidity-related parameters and fermentation-derived compounds. Volatile acidity ranged from 0.19 to 0.93 g/L, with the highest values in beers produced with Selita and Lajthiza waters. Glycerol concentrations varied from 0.88 to 1.24 g/L, with Germenji beer showing the highest value, whereas acetaldehyde ranged from 3.16 to 6.04 mg/L, with the lowest concentration in Germenji beer. Pearson correlation analysis and exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) identified associations between water mineralisation and selected physicochemical and fermentation-derived beer parameters. Calcium, magnesium, conductivity, and hardness were positively associated with glycerol concentration, whereas bicarbonate concentration was associated with beer pH and acidity-related parameters. The first two principal components explained 87.7% of the total variance. Overall, the results indicate that Albanian spring waters are suitable for Pale Ale production and show that differences in water mineral composition were associated with variations in the physicochemical and fermentation-derived characteristics of the final beers. These findings highlight that brewing water should not be regarded as a neutral processing medium but rather as an important technological factor associated with differences in the physicochemical characteristics of beer, while supporting the valorisation of Albanian spring waters for geographically distinctive craft brewing applications. Full article

Rapid urbanization has significantly altered urban landscape composition and configuration, making it a key driver exacerbating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. As a rapidly expanding inland city in Central China, Zhengzhou is highly sensitive to changes in landscape composition and spatial configuration. Therefore, clarifying the nonlinear relationship between landscape patterns and the urban thermal environment is of great significance for sustainable urban planning and thermal environment regulation. Taking the main urban area of Zhengzhou as the study area, this paper retrieves land surface temperature (LST) using the radiative transfer equation method based on Landsat 8 remote sensing images from August 2015 to August 2024, and constructs the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) index. By integrating multi-dimensional landscape pattern indices, the XGBoost machine learning model, and the SHAP interpretability method, this study systematically analyzes the nonlinear response mechanisms of landscape composition and configuration to SUHII, key regulatory thresholds, and their changes between 2015 and 2024. The results show that: (1) The SUHII in Zhengzhou was substantially higher in 2024 than in 2015. The area proportions of strong and extremely strong heat islands were higher in 2024 (26.16% and 2.34%) than in 2015 (2.22% and 0.12%), and the thermal environment differed between 2015 and 2024, shifting from a localized patch pattern to a more continuously expanding pattern. (2) Landscape area-related indices are the key factors. The areas of green space and water bodies, along with the landscape diversity index, show significant negative correlations, while built-up area and aggregation index show significant positive correlations. (3) SHAP feature importance indicates that water body area is the primary cooling factor, whereas built-up area is the primary warming factor, jointly dominating the spatial pattern of the thermal environment in Zhengzhou. (4) Landscape composition and configuration exhibit significant nonlinear responses to SUHII with region-specific thresholds, and these thresholds were higher/lower in 2024 than in 2015, suggesting a possible association with urban expansion. Specifically, stable cooling effects occurred when the water body area exceeded 3.5 km² in 2015, with the threshold rising to 4.2 km² in 2024. The warming threshold for built-up area decreased from 18.8 km² to 8.5 km², suggesting a higher sensitivity of the thermal environment to built-up area expansion in 2024 compared to 2015, characterized by a regulation pattern of “dominant scale effect and weakened configuration effect”. This study identifies thresholds specific to Zhengzhou’s main urban area at two time points (2015 and 2024), providing quantitative support and scientific basis for blue–green space optimization, precise heat island mitigation, and territorial spatial planning in Zhengzhou. These findings are based on a comparison of two time points (2015 and 2024) and do not directly capture continuous temporal dynamics. Full article

The circadian rhythm is an internal timing system formed by the body’s adaptation to the Earth’s rotation, which helps maintain homeostasis by regulating physiological, metabolic, and behavioral activities. The gut microbiota (GM), the largest microbial ecosystem in the human body, exhibits a bidirectional regulatory relationship with the host circadian clock. Emerging evidence indicates that circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) is linked to disturbances in the diurnal oscillations and compositional balance of the GM, accompanied by reduced short-chain fatty acid levels, increased lipopolysaccharide leakage, and altered tryptophan metabolism. These microbial abnormalities may be involved in anxiety-like behaviors through three major pathways: neuroendocrine (hyperactivation of the HPA axis), immune (microglia-mediated neuroinflammation), and neurotransmitter (imbalance of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems). Conversely, microbial metabolites such as butyrate and secondary bile acids may reciprocally regulate peripheral clock gene expression, forming a complex “circadian rhythm–GM–anxiety” interaction network. This review summarizes the molecular basis of circadian–GM interactions, potential GM-mediated mechanisms linking CRD with anxiety, and emerging intervention strategies including chrononutrition (time-restricted feeding, sequential nutrient intake), microbiota-targeted therapies (probiotics/prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation), and light therapy and melatonin supplementation. Future directions should focus on cell-specific mechanisms using single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, developing personalized interventions that integrate chronotype and microbiome profiling, and conducting large-scale randomized controlled trials to facilitate clinical translation. This review provides a framework for understanding the integrative role of circadian biology and gut microbiota in anxiety and may help develop precision intervention paradigms. Full article

Developing advanced bioinspired photoprotective barrier from marine resources represents a critical frontier of bioprocessing. This study established a rational design and implementation of effective photoprotective surface-coating eumelanin from ink of an Indian squid (Uroteuthis duvaucelii). The Central Composite Design was developed to optimize extraction and functionalization parameters of eumelanin on quartz substrates, strategically developing the matrix for peak optical attenuation within the potential Far-UVC window (220 nm). Translational photoprotective efficacy of the surface, as well as finished eumelanin on quartz surface, was validated by subjecting them to a challenging macro-level biological assay using a hospital-grade 254 nm ultraviolet germicidal source (125 µWcm⁻²). Quantitative physical dosimetry established that the squid eumelanin coating (A254 = 1.00) reduced internal transmittance to approximately 10%, successfully dampening the incident fluence from 0.225 J cm⁻² down to a heavily attenuated 0.0225 J cm⁻² at the biological sample plane. While unshielded control indicator microbial strains suffered complete lethal inactivation, the eumelanin barrier maintained exceptional cell viability, yielding biological shielding efficiencies of 98% for Bacillus subtilis, 96% for Staphylococcus aureus, and 92% for Escherichia coli. Characteristic features from FE-SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis established that this superior photoprotective property is governed by the extensively conjugated, π-π-stacked indolic architecture possessing a characteristic 3.4 Å interlayer d-spacing, which facilitates rapid, non-radiative energy dissipation. This work establishes an effective framework for translating squid biomass into high-value, transparent optical barriers, providing a potential sustainable alternative to synthetic ultraviolet absorbers. Full article

Steam injection is an energy-intensive enhanced-oil-recovery method for high-viscosity reservoirs, and its performance is controlled by coupled heat delivery, steam condensation, temperature-dependent viscosity reduction, mobility change and reservoir filtration response. This study develops an experimentally validated physics-motivated residual-learning framework for forecasting oil production and selecting thermally rational steam-supply regimes. The model combines a physics-motivated semi-empirical baseline describing useful steam-related heat input, calibrated viscosity transformation, mobility growth, steam–oil ratio and a thermal-energy efficiency index with a residual-learning block fitted to measured regime-level records. The supervised forecasting task was performed at the regime level using 200 operating-regime records treated as the effective modelling units, with nested logs aggregated within regimes and within-group dependence examined through campaign-, reservoir-state- and well-availability-based checks. The 4800 steam-injection log entries and 4800 production-response log entries were treated as nested time-resolved measurements used only for regime-level aggregation, feature construction and quality-control checks; they were not counted as independent training samples. Blind-test validation produced R² values of 0.974 for oil rate, 0.988 for cumulative oil production, 0.731 for steam–oil ratio and 0.828 for the thermal-energy efficiency index; the corresponding MAPE values were 4.56%, 3.86%, 4.48% and 3.29%, respectively. The error structure shows higher uncertainty for composite indicators than for direct production responses, which is consistent with the measurement chain. Response-surface and Pareto analyses identify bounded steam-supply operating regions where production gain remains balanced against specific steam consumption and the thermal-energy efficiency index. Full article

This study investigated the effects of drying methods, namely freeze-drying and vacuum-drying, and heating plate temperature (20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C) on the drying kinetics, specific energy consumption, proximate chemical composition, colour, peroxide value, pH and cutting force of beef eye of round muscle, pork loin, and chicken fillet. Drying time ranged from 360 min for pork loin freeze-dried at 60 °C to 1050 min for beef eye of round muscle vacuum-dried at 20 °C, and freeze-drying was generally faster than vacuum-drying at the corresponding temperature settings. Among the tested models, the logarithmic model provided the best fit to changes in the moisture ratio, with R² values of 0.9972–0.9997 and RMSE values of 0.0053–0.0151. Increasing the drying temperature reduced the specific electrical energy consumption per kilogram of dried product in both drying methods, which was associated with shorter drying times at higher temperatures. Fat and protein contents did not differ significantly in products dried at 20 °C and 40 °C, but decreased at 60 °C, reaching 8.85–12.26 g/100 g d.m. and 76.16–79.86 g/100 g d.m., respectively. Drying also affected lipid oxidation and pH. At 20 °C and 40 °C, changes in peroxide value were moderate, whereas at 60 °C lipid oxidation markedly increased, especially in chicken meat and vacuum-dried samples. Both drying methods reduced pH compared with the raw material, with the greatest decrease observed at 60 °C, particularly after vacuum-drying. The highest L* value among dried samples was recorded for chicken fillet freeze-dried at 20 °C (85.44), whereas the lowest was observed on the surface of beef eye of round muscle vacuum-dried at 60 °C (41.98). Increasing temperature decreased lightness and redness but increased yellowness and cutting force. Cutting force ranged from 35.7 N for chicken fillet freeze-dried at 20 °C and cut across the fibres to 231.4 N for beef eye of round muscle vacuum-dried at 60 °C and cut along the fibres. These results indicate that the drying method and temperature strongly affect the quality attributes of dried meat and should be selected according to the desired product characteristics. Future studies should focus on the optimisation of drying parameters for specific meat types and include a broader quality assessment, particularly microbiological safety and sensory properties. Full article

Forest ecological product value realization (FEPVR) seeks to convert forest ecosystem services into identifiable, accountable, compensable, tradable, and financeable value returns through institutional and market arrangements. Existing studies have mainly emphasized aggregate evaluation or conversion efficiency, with less attention to the structural relationship between ecological supply capacity and value-capture capacity. This study develops a dual-dimensional framework of use-value realization (UVR) and exchange-value realization (EVR), and constructs a city-level panel of 147 policy-practice sample cities (prefecture-level and above) in China over 2019–2023. An entropy-weighted composite index and an entropy-weighted TOPSIS model are applied to measure FEPVR mechanism development, structural configurations, and relative closeness to the sample-defined ideal state. The results show that the mean composite score increased from 0.194 in 2019 to 0.337 in 2023, while the coefficient of variation declined from 0.561 to 0.398, indicating overall improvement and narrowing intercity disparities. Global Moran’s I remains positive and significant throughout the study period, indicating significant and positive spatial autocorrelation in FEPVR mechanism development. The UVR–EVR decomposition reveals substantial structural divergence: the HH, HL, LH, and LL configurations include 29, 33, 25, and 60 cities, respectively. TOPSIS results further show that EVR relative closeness increased markedly, whereas UVR relative closeness declined slightly, indicating that institutional and market-based value-capture capacity expanded faster than the ecological supply base. Robustness checks suggest that the rise in EVR is strongly associated with institutional-entry indicators, and should therefore be interpreted as the expansion of value-capture instruments rather than direct evidence of realized market performance or ecological improvement. The findings provide a descriptive evaluation of FEPVR mechanism development in cities with documented policy or practice foundations, and should not be generalized as the average condition of all Chinese cities. Full article

The transition towards sustainable aluminum manufacturing is commonly assessed through recycling rates, energy savings, and resource efficiency, but its distributive effects across global value chains remain insufficiently examined. This study evaluates whether recycled aluminum value chains contribute to both circularity and north–south redistribution, or whether they reproduce unequal patterns of value capture, industrial upgrading, employment quality, and trade dependency. The analysis combines UN Comtrade trade data for HS 7601–7616, OECD ICIO 2025 value added indicators, ILOSTAT labor statistics, and UN SDG data for the 2018–2020 three-year average. Eighty economies are classified into four groups: advanced industrial economies, emerging industrial economies, lower-middle-income economies, and low-income economies. A composite indicator linked to SDGs 8, 9, 10, and 12, with SDG 17 incorporated only as a trade dependency context, is constructed from normalized industrial, circular material flow, distributive, and job-quality variables. The results show a clear north–south hierarchy: advanced economies concentrate a larger share of exports in aluminum manufactures, while low-income economies remain more dependent on scrap flows. Group A captures most chain value added, whereas Groups C and D retain only marginal shares. Labor productivity falls sharply from advanced to low-income economies, while working poverty increases substantially. By contrast, circularity scores vary less strongly across groups, suggesting that participation in circular material flows does not necessarily imply equitable industrial upgrading. This study shows that circularity in recycled aluminum value chains does not automatically generate redistribution and provides a replicable framework for distinguishing material circularity from distributive justice. Full article

Rural territories on the periphery of Andean intermediate cities are undergoing accelerating peri-urban transformation that threatens agricultural land and the cultural landscapes embedded in vernacular housing traditions. Although vernacular architecture has been studied extensively in heritage conservation and bioclimatic research, its potential as a spatial indicator of territorial change remains underexplored. This study proposes the Vernacular Housing–Landscape Transformation Framework (VH–LTF), an interpretive and methodological framework that reads vernacular housing typologies as indicators of rural–peri-urban landscape transformation, and applies it preliminarily through a composite measure, the Rural–Peri-Urban Landscape Transformation Index (RPLTI). The framework is developed and tested as a settlement-scale proof-of-concept on a documented corpus of 25 vernacular dwellings in Barrio Cera, Taquil parish, Loja, Ecuador, an Andean peri-urban settlement at 2238 m a.s.l. located approximately 20 km from the city of Loja. Three morphological typologies (I, L, and C forms), built with adobe, eucalyptus timber, reedwork, stone, and clay tile, were classified and assessed across five analytical dimensions: territorial, typological, material, socio-spatial, and landscape transformation. Preliminary evidence indicates that typological progression, patterns of material substitution, patio function, and predial vegetation loss vary together along the settlement’s road-accessibility gradient and may serve as observable markers of land-use change and cultural-landscape erosion. The findings are exploratory and context-specific rather than statistically generalizable. The framework may provide planners and researchers with a low-cost diagnostic for characterizing peri-urban Andean settlements; further validation in larger, multi-settlement corpora is required before transfer to other contexts. Full article

PM₁₀ filters provide short-term quantitative information on particle-bound potentially toxic elements (PTEs), whereas mosses integrate deposition and accumulation over longer periods but do not provide air-volume-normalised concentrations. Their combined use may therefore provide a more complete assessment of atmospheric PTE deposition. The study aimed to assess whether active moss biomonitoring and filter-based PM₁₀ monitoring provide complementary information on atmospheric deposition of PTEs under comparable exposure conditions. During the six-month campaign in Opole, PM₁₀ was collected during repeated 24 h sampling events, while three moss species: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fallax, and Dicranum polysetum were exposed cumulatively. PTE concentrations were determined by ICP-MS; particle-size descriptors, including Q₁₀, Q₅₀, and Q₉₀, were analysed for a subset of filters, whereas net concentration change and RAF were calculated relative to identically processed unexposed moss controls. Spearman correlation, PCA, and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity were used for data analysis. The material retained on the PM₁₀ filters was dominated by Fe, Zn, and Pb, whilst elevated peak values for Cd, Zn, and Pb indicated episodic enrichment in some samples. In mosses, Pb and Co showed the most consistent relative enrichment, while mean RAF exceeded 1.0 for five elements in P. schreberi and two elements each in D. polysetum and S. fallax. PCA separated PM₁₀ from moss profiles, with the first two components explaining 80.4% of the variance, while PM₁₀-moss Bray–Curtis distances ranged from 0.75 to 0.81. The results indicate that PM₁₀ filters and mosses record different but complementary aspects of the atmospheric PTE signal. The simultaneous use of both methods allows the atmospheric PTE signal to be interpreted at two levels: the short-term composition of PM₁₀ material retained on the filters, and the long-term retention and accumulation of elements within the moss matrix. Full article

Ecological disturbance is rarely included as an internal factor in ultimate pit limit design. As a result, conventional methods based on profit maximization are limited in their ability to support green and efficient open-pit mine designing. In this study, an ecological cost accounting model for open-pit mining was developed based on the DPSIR framework. In the proposed model, land occupation and associated ecosystem degradation cost, carbon emission cost, environmental pollution control cost during the mining period, ecological monitoring and maintenance cost, and post-closure reclamation cost were monetized and integrated with economic profit. On this basis, an economic–ecological comprehensive benefit was defined as the difference between economic profit and total ecological cost. This comprehensive benefit was used to support ultimate pit limit scheme selection and the assessment of slope angle optimization potential. A set of candidate ultimate pit limit schemes was generated for a large open-pit iron mine under different combinations of zonal slope angles and open-pit scales. The ecological costs of the candidate schemes were mainly between USD 1160 million and USD 1350 million. In terms of cost composition, land occupation and associated ecosystem degradation cost accounted for approximately 67.3% of the total ecological cost. After ecological cost was included, the peak of the economic–ecological comprehensive benefit shifted toward a smaller open-pit scale, indicating that profit maximization alone may lead to excessive pit expansion. Zonal sensitivity analysis showed that the strongest responses on slope angle optimization potential were found in Zones 4# and 3#. For each 1° increase in slope angle, average increases of approximately USD 41.38 million and USD 35.32 million in pit profit were obtained in Zones 4# and 3#, respectively. Full article

Private investment is critical for post-conflict economic recovery, yet evidence on how specific fiscal policy instruments, such as taxation, borrowing composition, and expenditure types, affect domestic and foreign investment in a post-conflict set-up remains limited. This study examines whether disaggregated fiscal policies are associated with crowding in or out private investment in Rwanda, a post-conflict economy characterized by constrained fiscal space, shallow credit markets, and evolving institutions. Using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), on quarterly data spanning 1996 Q1–2024 Q4, the analysis captures long- and short-run dynamics between disaggregated fiscal variables, institutional quality, and private investment. The results indicate that direct taxes and domestically financed debt are negatively associated with both domestic and foreign private investment. Externally financed capital spending, on the other hand, is associated with a crowding-in effect, stimulating both local and foreign investment. Lagged measures of institutional quality also enhance investment outcomes, highlighting the conditional role of government in shaping fiscal transmission. These findings demonstrate that fiscal effects are instrument-specific, depending on funding sources and composition, and mediated by institutional and macroeconomic conditions. By integrating disaggregated fiscal analysis with institutional context, this study provides empirically grounded insights for designing fiscal strategies that support private sector-led recovery and sustainable growth in post-conflict and resource-constrained economies. Full article