Search Results (396)

Retrieval practice, or the active recall of information from memory, is a highly effective learning strategy that strengthens memory and comprehension. This effect is robust and strongly backed by research in cognitive psychology. The health professions—including medicine, nursing, and dentistry—have widely embraced retrieval practice as a learning and study tool, particularly for course exams and high-stakes licensing exams. This state-of-the-art review examines the historical development, current applications, and future directions for the use of retrieval practice in health professions education. While retrieval-based learning has long been used informally in these fields, its formal recognition as a scientifically supported study method gained momentum in the early 2000s and then saw a surge in both research interest and curricular adoption between 2010 and 2025. This historical review explores the key factors driving this growth, such as its alignment with assessment-driven education and the increasing availability of third-party study resources that rely on retrieval practice as a guiding principle. Despite its proven benefits for learning, however, barriers persist to its adoption by students, including in the health professions. This article discusses strategies for overcoming these challenges and for enhancing retrieval practice integration into health professions curricula. Full article

The cognitive cycle has been studied via cognitive architectures and by analyzing cognitive experiments. An emerging theoretical approach suggests that several automatic cognitive processes retrieve information, making it available to an internal agent, which in turn decides which information to access. Derived from this view, four phases of the cognitive cycle can be formulated and reproduced within a cognitive monitoring system. This exploratory work presents a new theory, Attention as Internal Action, and proposes a hypothesis about the relationship between an iteration of the cognitive cycle and a conscious motor action. The design of a continuous reaction time task is presented as a tool for quick cognitive evaluation. Via continuously provided user responses, the computational system behind the task adapts triggering stimuli based on the suggested hypothesis. Its software implementation was employed to assess whether a previously conducted simulation of the cognitive cycle’s time range aligned with empirical data. A control group was assigned to perform a separate simple reaction time task in a sequence of five days. The analysis showed that the experimental cognitive monitoring system produced results more closely aligned with the established understanding of the timing of the cognitive cycle than the control task did. Full article

Robotics has emerged as a transformative discipline at the intersection of the engineering, computer science, and cognitive sciences. This state-of-the-art review explores the current trends, methodologies, and challenges in both robotics research and education. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the evolution of robotics, tracing its development from early automation to intelligent, autonomous systems. Key enabling technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), soft robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and swarm intelligence, are examined along with real-world applications in healthcare, manufacturing, agriculture, and sustainable smart cities. A central focus is placed on robotics education, where hands-on, interdisciplinary learning is reshaping curricula from K–12 to postgraduate levels. This paper analyzes instructional models including project-based learning, laboratory work, capstone design courses, and robotics competitions, highlighting their effectiveness in developing both technical and creative competencies. Widely adopted platforms such as the Robot Operating System (ROS) are briefly discussed in the context of their educational value and real-world alignment. Through case studies, institutional insights, and synthesis of academic and industry practices, this review underscores the vital role of robotics education in fostering innovation, systems thinking, and workforce readiness. The paper concludes by identifying the key challenges and future directions to guide researchers, educators, industry stakeholders, and policymakers in advancing robotics as both technological and educational frontiers. Full article

Recent studies have demonstrated the high analytical and diagnostic performance of plasma p-tau217 using well-defined cohorts. We aimed to assess the analytical, diagnostic, and prognostic utility of plasma p-tau217 as a routine biomarker in symptomatic patients attending our memory clinic. We also sought to identify optimal cutoff points that align with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta (Aβ) status. A total of 276 cognitively impaired patients were included, with 81 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients followed for a mean of 56 (±15.8) months to evaluate progression to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). CSF and blood biomarkers of AD were quantified using the Lumipulse G platform. Plasma p-tau217 levels showed strong correlations with CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 (r = −0.707), p-tau181/Aβ42 (r = 0.842), and p-tau181 (r = 0.728). Plasma p-tau217 levels were significantly higher in the A + T + group than in A − T +/− (p < 0.001) and outperformed other plasma markers in detecting CSF Aβ pathology (AUC 0.924).Additionally, p-tau217 moderated cognitive changes over time as measured by the Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) (F(2, 70) = 13.995, p < 0.001) and outperformed other plasma biomarkers in predicting progression from MCI to AD (AUC 0.876). Using a dual cutoff strategy, 72% of patients were classified with 94.9% concordance with CSF Aβ status. Plasma p-tau217 shows strong potential as a non-invasive, cost-effective diagnostic and prognostic tool in clinical settings. Full article

The accelerating climate crisis demands innovative approaches that address both systemic drivers of environmental degradation and the psychological barriers to sustained pro-environmental action. Traditional climate communication often relies on fear-based messaging, which risks triggering eco-anxiety, disengagement, or paralysis, ultimately underlying long-term behavioral change. This paper proposes mindfulness as an evidence-based alternative to foster sustained pro-environmental behavior (PEB) by integrating insights from neurocognitive science, self-determination theory (SDT), and social diffusion theory. We present a novel framework outlining five pathways through which mindfulness cultivates PEB: (1) enhanced emotional regulation, (2) intrinsic motivation and value-behavior alignment, (3) nature connectedness, (4) collective action, and (5) cognitive flexibility. Critically, we examine structural barriers to scaling mindfulness interventions—including inequities, commercialization risks, and the individualism paradox—and propose mitigation strategies grounded in empirical research. By bridging contemplative science with sustainability praxis, this work advances SDG-aligned strategies (SDG 12, 13) that prioritize both inner resilience and systemic change. It offers a roadmap for research and practice beyond fear-based approaches. Full article

Spatial memory is a critical component of spatial cognition, particularly in unfamiliar environments. As navigation systems become integral to daily life, understanding how individuals with varying spatial abilities respond to different navigation modes is increasingly important. This study employed a virtual driving environment to examine how participants with varying spatial abilities (good or poor) performed under three navigation modes, namely visual, audio, and combined audio–visual navigation modes. A total of 78 participants were divided into two groups, good sense of direction (G-SOD) and poor sense of direction (P-SOD), according to their Santa Barbara Sense of Direction (SBSOD) scores. They were randomly assigned to one of the three navigation modes (visual, audio, audio–visual). Participants followed navigation cues and simulated driving behavior to the end point twice during the learning phase, then completed the route retracing task, recognizing scenes task and recognizing the order task. Significant main effects were found for both SOD group and navigation mode, with no interaction. G-SOD participants outperformed P-SOD participants in route retracing task. Audio navigation mode led to better performance in tasks involving complex spatial decisions, such as turn intersections and recognizing the order. The accuracy of recognizing scenes did not significantly differ across SOD groups or navigation modes. These findings suggest that audio navigation mode may reduce visual distraction and support more effective spatial encoding and that individual spatial abilities influence navigation performance independently of guidance type. These findings highlight the importance of aligning navigation modalities with users’ cognitive profiles and support the development of adaptive navigation systems that accommodate individual differences in spatial ability. Full article

In this research, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the main dimensions of personality (Extraversion, Maturity, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Self-actualization) and mobile phone addiction, both directly and mediated by the professional context (professional status), and moderated by adaptive cognitive-emotional coping strategies. The participants, adult Romanian citizens, completed measures of personality—Big Five ABCD-M, a mobile phone addiction questionnaire, and the CERQ for adaptive coping strategies. They also responded to a question about current professional status (employed, student, etc.). Data were analyzed using Jamovi, and the findings were somewhat unexpected, though it aligned with the existing literature. Maturity emerged as a consistent inverse predictor of smartphone addiction (r = −0.45, β = −0.43, p < 0.001) across all three analyses. Extraversion showed an indirect effect mediated by professional status (β = −0.077, p < 0.05). Self-actualization was also found to predict smartphone addiction positively through full mediation by professional status (β = 0.05, p < 0.05). Agreeableness became a significant negative predictor (β = −0.13, p < 0.05) only when adaptive coping strategies were included. These findings highlight that the transition from frequent smartphone use—whether for work or personal reasons—to addiction can be subtle. This study may support both the general population in understanding smartphone use from a psycho-emotional perspective and organizations in promoting a healthy work-life balance. Full article

This study investigates consumer satisfaction in e-learning services by addressing a specific gap in the literature: the limited integration of sustainability principles and behavioral modeling in understanding satisfaction drivers in online education. While existing studies have explored engagement and usability, few have considered how sustainability-related factors influence satisfaction in digital learning environments. Based on a conceptual model involving system quality, service quality, motivation, and cognitive engagement, we applied structural equation modeling (WarpPLS) to a sample of 312 university students from Romania, using mainstream learning management systems (LMS). Data were collected from students at the Bucharest University of Economic Studies using a convenience sampling method. The results show that service quality and cognitive engagement are the strongest predictors of satisfaction. This study offers practical recommendations for improving sustainable digital marketing strategies in e-learning, such as enhancing support services and aligning platform features with eco-conscious consumer expectations. Full article

Digital transformation has profoundly impacted engineering education, demanding new pedagogical approaches that ensure effective and sustainable learning. Educational psychology plays a fundamental role in strategically integrating educational technologies, fostering more inclusive, interactive, and efficient learning environments. This article explores the intersection of technological innovation, engineering education, and educational psychology, analyzing how digital tools such as Artificial Intelligence, virtual reality, gamification, and remote laboratories can optimize the teaching–learning process. It also examines the psychopedagogical impact of these technologies, addressing challenges like cognitive load, student motivation, digital accessibility, and emotional well-being. Finally, the article presents guidelines for sustainable implementation aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), promoting efficient, equitable, and student-centered education. As a theoretical and exploratory study, it also points to directions for future empirical investigations and practical applications. The insights provided offer strategic guidance for academic managers and educational policymakers seeking to implement sustainable, inclusive, and pedagogically effective digital innovation in engineering education. Full article

Indonesia’s commitment to digital transformation is exemplified by the Gerakan 100 Smart City program, aiming to enhance public sector performance through technology integration. This study examines how information technology capability and 21st century digital skills influence public sector performance, mediated by managerial digital readiness and moderated by digital leadership. Grounded in Dynamic Capability Theory and Upper Echelon Theory, data from 1380 civil servants were analyzed using PLS-SEM via SmartPLS 4.1.0.9. Results show that both IT capability and digital skills significantly improve managerial digital readiness, which in turn positively impacts public sector performance. Managerial readiness mediates the effect of both predictors on performance, while digital leadership strengthens these relationships. Theoretically, this study frames managerial digital readiness as a dynamic capability shaped by leadership cognition. Practically, it highlights the importance of aligning infrastructure, skills, and leadership development to advance digital governance. Future research should consider longitudinal, multilevel, and qualitative designs to deepen insights. Full article

Historical cross-sectional approaches examining cognitive aging consistently reveal a pattern of steady decline on nonverbal problem-solving, speeded tasks, and maintenance on verbal tasks. However, as measures developed and broadened the factor structure to align with Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory, and age ranges were extended from 75 to 90 years, a more nuanced approach to cognitive aging emerged. The present study, using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (WAIS-5), examined the cognitive aging process through a cross-sectional approach. WAIS-5 normative sample data (aligned with the 2022 U.S. census) were obtained from the test publisher. The sample included adult participants aged 20–24 through 85–90 (n = 1660), which were mapped into 11 age groups. Using post-stratification weighting to control for educational attainment, cognitive decline was observed throughout aging; verbal skills were maintained longer than other abilities, while processing speed declined steadily and rapidly from young adulthood to old age. Working memory was vulnerable to the aging process but demonstrated slower patterns of decline than the other vulnerable abilities. Fluid reasoning and visual spatial skills (although aligning with separate CHC broad abilities theoretically) were strikingly similar in their pattern of decline across a person’s lifespan. Results are highly consistent with the large body of cross-sectional research conducted during the previous generation by Salthouse and his colleagues, as well as other teams of researchers. Full article

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI)-assisted Virtual Reality (VR) heritage serious game design constitutes a complex adaptive socio-technical system in which natural language prompts act as control levers shaping designers’ cognition and action. However, the systemic effects of prompt type on agency construction, decision boundaries, and process strategy remain unclear. Treating the design setting as adaptive, we captured real-time interactions by collecting think-aloud data from 48 novice designers. Nine prompt categories were extracted and their cognitive effects were systematically analyzed through the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT), principal component analysis (PCA), and Ward clustering. These analyses revealed three perception profiles: tool-based, collaborative, and mentor-like. Strategy coding of 321 prompt-aligned utterances showed cluster-specific differences in path length, first moves, looping, and branching. Tool-based prompts reinforced boundary control through short linear refinements; collaborative prompts sustained moderate iterative enquiry cycles; mentor-like prompts triggered divergent exploration via self-loops and frequent jumps. We therefore propose a stage-adaptive framework that deploys mentor-like prompts for ideation, collaborative prompts for mid-phase iteration, and tool-based prompts for final verification. This approach balances creativity with procedural efficiency and offers a reusable blueprint for integrating prompt-driven agency modelling into GenAI design workflows. Full article

Loneliness is a recognized public health risk factor associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, the effectiveness of interventions targeting loneliness remains unclear—particularly in relation to baseline severity. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed intervention effectiveness and the influence of baseline severity and intervention characteristics. A total of 25 studies were included, of which 16 randomized controlled trials (RCTs; k = 21) were meta-analyzed. Interventions produced a moderate pooled effect at post-intervention (Hedge’s g = 0.65, 95% CI [0.05, 1.26], p = 0.037), though with high heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses confirmed a moderate effect (g = 0.55, 95% CI [0.22, 0.88], p = 0.003). Higher baseline loneliness predicted greater intervention effects (b = 0.04, 95% CI [0.02, 0.07], Z = 3.36, p < 0.001), with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) showing the largest effect size (g = 0.73). No significant effects were observed at follow-up. These findings underscore the need for dual strategies: targeted psychological interventions (e.g., CBT) for individuals with severe loneliness, and universal, context-based approaches for the broader population. This aligns with Geoffrey Rose’s distinction between individual-level treatment and population-level prevention and highlights the urgency of embedding loneliness interventions into public health frameworks and policy agendas focused on promoting social connectedness and equity. Full article

Hip fractures are among the most serious health events in older adults, frequently leading to disability, loss of independence, and elevated mortality. In 2019, an estimated 9.6 million new cases occurred globally among adults aged ≥ 55 years, with an incidence rate of 681 per 100,000. Despite improved surgical care, one-year mortality remains high (15–30%), and fewer than half of survivors regain their pre-fracture functional status. Traditionally regarded as mechanical injuries, hip fractures are now increasingly recognized as systemic events reflecting and accelerating biological vulnerability and frailty progression. We synthesize evidence across biological, clinical, and social domains to explore the systemic implications of hip fracture, from the acute catabolic response and immune dysfunction to long-term functional decline. The concept of intrinsic capacity, introduced by the World Health Organization, offers a resilience-based framework to assess the multidimensional impact of hip fracture on physical, cognitive, and psychological function. We highlight the importance of orthogeriatric co-management, early surgical intervention, and integrated rehabilitation strategies tailored to the individual’s functional reserves and personal goals. Innovations such as digital health tools, biological aging biomarkers, and personalized surgical approaches represent promising avenues to enhance recovery and autonomy. Ultimately, we advocate for a shift toward interdisciplinary, capacity-oriented models of care that align with the goals of healthy aging and enable recovery that transcends survival, focusing instead on restoring function and quality of life. Full article

We introduce a model to gauge the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the course syllabuses of university degree programmes. The model, comprising four category systems, is designed to analyse curricula that are still at an early stage of this process. The model is tested in Spanish public universities that offer master’s degrees in Advanced Studies in Art History. A conventional content analysis is performed on 762 competencies across 82 subjects in five institutions. The results show that (a) 0.92% of competency codes were aligned with the SDGs, while 13.25% were merely related to them; (b) 48.02% were affected by repetitions of supposedly different competencies; (c) there was a mean value of 9.29 competencies per subject, and modal values of 1 and 4 subjects in which each competency was addressed; and (d) only 26.12% of the competencies were associated with high-level cognitive processes. In conclusion, a thorough reconceptualisation and reorganisation of curriculum maps is needed to adapt them for the SDG framework. The first steps are to promote high-level cognitive processes associated with competencies, eliminate repetition, reduce the number of competencies, increase the number of subjects addressing each competency, and organise the competencies into different performance levels. Full article