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Search Results (730)

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Keywords = characterization of living systems

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16 pages, 3086 KiB  
Article
Design and Optimization Strategy of a Net-Zero City Based on a Small Modular Reactor and Renewable Energy
by Jungin Choi and Junhee Hong
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4128; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154128 - 4 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study proposes the SMR Smart Net-Zero City (SSNC) framework—a scalable model for achieving carbon neutrality by integrating Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), renewable energy sources, and sector coupling within a microgrid architecture. As deploying renewables alone would require economically and technically impractical energy [...] Read more.
This study proposes the SMR Smart Net-Zero City (SSNC) framework—a scalable model for achieving carbon neutrality by integrating Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), renewable energy sources, and sector coupling within a microgrid architecture. As deploying renewables alone would require economically and technically impractical energy storage systems, SMRs provide a reliable and flexible baseload power source. Sector coupling systems—such as hydrogen production and heat generation—enhance grid stability by absorbing surplus energy and supporting the decarbonization of non-electric sectors. The core contribution of this study lies in its real-time data emulation framework, which overcomes a critical limitation in the current energy landscape: the absence of operational data for future technologies such as SMRs and their coupled hydrogen production systems. As these technologies are still in the pre-commercial stage, direct physical integration and validation are not yet feasible. To address this, the researchers leveraged real-time data from an existing commercial microgrid, specifically focusing on the import of grid electricity during energy shortfalls and export during solar surpluses. These patterns were repurposed to simulate the real-time operational behavior of future SMRs (ProxySMR) and sector coupling loads. This physically grounded simulation approach enables high-fidelity approximation of unavailable technologies and introduces a novel methodology to characterize their dynamic response within operational contexts. A key element of the SSNC control logic is a day–night strategy: maximum SMR output and minimal hydrogen production at night, and minimal SMR output with maximum hydrogen production during the day—balancing supply and demand while maintaining high SMR utilization for economic efficiency. The SSNC testbed was validated through a seven-day continuous operation in Busan, demonstrating stable performance and approximately 75% SMR utilization, thereby supporting the feasibility of this proxy-based method. Importantly, to the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first publicly reported attempt to emulate the real-time dynamics of a net-zero city concept based on not-yet-commercial SMRs and sector coupling systems using live operational data. This simulation-based framework offers a forward-looking, data-driven pathway to inform the development and control of next-generation carbon-neutral energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B4: Nuclear Energy)
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11 pages, 654 KiB  
Case Report
Clinical and Genetic Management of a Patient with Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome Type 1: A Case Report
by Victor Santos, Pedro Souza, Talyta Campos, Hiane Winterly, Thaís Vieira, Marc Gigonzac, Alex Honda, Irene Pinto, Raffael Zatarin, Fernando Azevedo, Anna Nascimento, Cláudio da Silva and Aparecido da Cruz
Genes 2025, 16(8), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16080910 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 237
Abstract
Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome type 1 (RSTS1) is an uncommon autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with neurodevelopmental impairments and multiple congenital anomalies, with an incidence of 1:100,000–125,000 live births. The syndrome, caused by de novo mutations in the CREBBP gene, is characterized by phenotypic variability, [...] Read more.
Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome type 1 (RSTS1) is an uncommon autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with neurodevelopmental impairments and multiple congenital anomalies, with an incidence of 1:100,000–125,000 live births. The syndrome, caused by de novo mutations in the CREBBP gene, is characterized by phenotypic variability, including intellectual disability, facial dysmorphisms, and systemic abnormalities. The current case report describes a 15-year-old Brazilian female diagnosed with RSTS1 through whole-exome sequencing, which identified a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in the CREBBP gene (NM_004380.3; c.4393G > C; p.Gly1465Arg), classified as pathogenic. The patient’s clinical presentation included facial dysmorphisms, skeletal abnormalities, neurodevelopmental delay, psychiatric conditions, and other systemic manifestations. A comprehensive genetic counseling process facilitated the differential diagnosis and management strategies, emphasizing the importance of early and precise diagnosis for improving clinical outcomes. This report contributes to the growing knowledge of the genotype–phenotype correlations in RSTS1, aiding in the understanding and management of this uncommon condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Genomics and Genetic Diseases)
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34 pages, 56730 KiB  
Article
Land Consolidation Potential Assessment by Using the Production–Living–Ecological Space Framework in the Guanzhong Plain, China
by Ziyi Xie, Siying Wu, Xin Liu, Hejia Shi, Mintong Hao, Weiwei Zhao, Xin Fu and Yepeng Liu
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6887; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156887 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 246
Abstract
Land consolidation (LC) is a sustainability-oriented policy tool designed to address land fragmentation, inefficient spatial organization, and ecological degradation in rural areas. This research proposes a Production–Living–Ecological (PLE) spatial utilization efficiency evaluation system, based on an integrated methodological framework combining Principal Component Analysis [...] Read more.
Land consolidation (LC) is a sustainability-oriented policy tool designed to address land fragmentation, inefficient spatial organization, and ecological degradation in rural areas. This research proposes a Production–Living–Ecological (PLE) spatial utilization efficiency evaluation system, based on an integrated methodological framework combining Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Entropy Weight Method (EWM), Attribute-Weighting Method (AWM), Linear Weighted Sum Method (LWSM), Threshold-Verification Coefficient Method (TVCM), Jenks Natural Breaks (JNB) classification, and the Obstacle Degree Model (ODM). The framework is applied to Qian County, located in the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi Province. The results reveal three key findings: (1) PLE efficiency exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity. Production efficiency shows a spatial pattern characterized by high values in the central region that gradually decrease toward the surrounding areas. In contrast, the living efficiency demonstrates higher values in the eastern and western regions, while remaining relatively low in the central area. Moreover, ecological efficiency shows a marked advantage in the northern region, indicating a distinct south–north gradient. (2) Integrated efficiency consolidation potential zones present distinct spatial distributions. Preliminary consolidation zones are primarily located in the western region; priority zones are concentrated in the south; and intensive consolidation zones are clustered in the central and southeastern areas, with sporadic distributions in the west and north. (3) Five primary obstacle factors hinder land use efficiency: intensive utilization of production land (PC1), agricultural land reutilization intensity (PC2), livability of living spaces (PC4), ecological space security (PC7), and ecological space fragmentation (PC8). These findings provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for formulating tar-gated LC strategies, optimizing rural spatial structures, and advancing sustainable development in similar regions. Full article
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19 pages, 12174 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Trends and Exceedance Drivers of Ozone Concentration in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, China
by Junli Xu and Jian Wang
Atmosphere 2025, 16(8), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080907 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 311
Abstract
The Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, characterized by high population density, an advanced transportation system, and a concentration of industrial activity, is one of the regions severely affected by O3 pollution in central and eastern China. Using data collected from 251 monitoring [...] Read more.
The Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, characterized by high population density, an advanced transportation system, and a concentration of industrial activity, is one of the regions severely affected by O3 pollution in central and eastern China. Using data collected from 251 monitoring stations between 2015 and 2025, this paper analyzed the spatio-temporal variation of 8 h O3 concentrations and instances of exceedance. On the basis of exploring the influence of meteorological factors on regional 8 h O3 concentration, the potential source contribution areas of pollutants under the exceedance condition were investigated using the HYSPLIT model. The results indicate a rapid increase in the 8 h O3 concentration at a rate of 0.91 ± 0.98 μg·m−3·a−1, with the average number of days exceeding concentration standards reaching 41.05 in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. Spatially, the 8 h O3 concentrations were higher in coastal areas and lower in inland regions, as well as elevated in plains compared to hilly terrains. This distribution was significantly distinct from the concentration growth trend characterized by higher levels in the northwest and lower levels in the southeast. Furthermore, it diverged from the spatial characteristics where exceedances primarily occurred in the heavily industrialized northeastern region and the lightly industrialized central region, indicating that the growth and exceedance of 8 h O3 concentrations were influenced by disparate factors. Local human activities have intensified the emissions of ozone precursor substances, which could be the key driving factor for the significant increase in regional 8 h O3 concentrations. In the context of high temperatures and low humidity, this has contributed to elevated levels of 8 h O3 concentrations. When wind speeds were below 2.5 m·s−1, the proportion of 8 h O3 concentrations exceeding the standards was nearly 0 under almost calm wind conditions, and it showed an increasing trend with rising wind speeds, indicating that the potential precursor sources that caused high O3 concentrations originated occasionally from inland regions, with very limited presence within the study area. This observation implies that the main cause of exceedances was the transport effect of pollution from outside the region. Therefore, it is recommended that the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration adopt economic and technological compensation mechanisms within and between regions to reduce the emission intensity of precursor substances in potential source areas, thereby effectively controlling O3 concentrations and improving public living conditions and quality of life. Full article
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12 pages, 6326 KiB  
Article
Two Cases of Feather Dystrophy in Free-Living Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus fulvus) Associated with Viral-like Inclusion Bodies
by Stefano Pesaro, Donatella Volpatti, Alice Baggio, Ranieri Verin, Fulvio Genero, Luca Sicuro, Livio Galosi, Lucia Biagini, Isabella Perlin, Patrizia Robino, Barbara Colitti, Daniele Avanzato and Giacomo Rossi
Animals 2025, 15(15), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152190 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
The griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus fulvus) is a scavenger species that plays a vital ecological role in carrion removal. Successful survival and reproduction in captive and wildlife conditions require optimal physical status and plumage integrity. Nutritional and environmental factors, systemic diseases, [...] Read more.
The griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus fulvus) is a scavenger species that plays a vital ecological role in carrion removal. Successful survival and reproduction in captive and wildlife conditions require optimal physical status and plumage integrity. Nutritional and environmental factors, systemic diseases, and various etiological agents can influence feather alterations. Although frequently documented in captive psittacine species, feather abnormalities are extremely rare in wild birds. Since 2020, two free-living griffon vultures in northeastern Italy have been found in poor physical condition, unable to fly due to partial feather loss and malformation of remiges and rectrices. Histopathologic examination of follicles and peri-follicular tissue revealed atrophy, keratin replacement, vasculitis, and calamus dystrophy with lymphohistiocytic perivasculitis. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis identified the presence of virus-like particles in epithelial and inflammatory cells. Although virome analysis did not confirm the presence of this virus in pooled affected samples, this study provides the first report of an emerging plumage disorder in free-ranging griffon vultures, which requires further characterization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Birds)
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11 pages, 652 KiB  
Article
Circulating Beta-Defensin 2 Levels Correlate with Conventional Inflammatory Markers in Infection-Free Individuals with Overweight and Obesity: An Exploratory Study
by Theocharis Koufakis, Dimitrios Kouroupis, Georgios Dimakopoulos, Theofylaktos Georgiadis, Areti Kourti, Paraskevi Karalazou, Katerina Thisiadou, Panagiotis Doukelis, Ioanna Zografou, Dimitrios Patoulias, Djordje S. Popovic, Athina Pyrpasopoulou, Evangelos Fousteris, Georgia Argyrakopoulou, Alexander Kokkinos, Olga Giouleme, Kalliopi Kotsa, Michael Doumas and Kali Makedou
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1800; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081800 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The role of intestinal dysbiosis as an important driver of inflammation in metabolic disorders is becoming increasingly evident. Beta-defensin 2 is an antimicrobial peptide that contributes to innate immunity, while recently it has been suggested as a novel biomarker of gut [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The role of intestinal dysbiosis as an important driver of inflammation in metabolic disorders is becoming increasingly evident. Beta-defensin 2 is an antimicrobial peptide that contributes to innate immunity, while recently it has been suggested as a novel biomarker of gut dysbiosis. However, its role in obesity remains unexplored. This study aimed to compare circulating beta-defensin 2 levels between individuals with overweight and obesity and lean controls. An additional objective was to explore potential correlations between beta-defensin 2 and other inflammatory markers in this population. Methods: The study population consisted of 81 participants (61.7% females) divided into obesity (n = 27), overweight (n = 34), and normal body mass index (n = 20) groups. All participants were free of infection and diabetes mellitus. Beta-defensin 2, interleukin-6, presepsin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and ferritin were evaluated in the study groups. Results: We did not find significant differences in beta-defensin 2 levels between the groups (p = 0.936). In contrast, hs-CRP levels were higher in people with obesity compared to the sum of participants in the overweight and control groups (p = 0.044), after adjusting for the effects of age, sex, smoking, and vitamin D status. Furthermore, a positive correlation was established between beta-defensin 2 and presepsin values (p = 0.012). Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate that obesity is characterized by an aggravation of inflammation, as expressed by elevated hs-CRP levels. Although the study design cannot prove causal relationships, our findings also suggest that beta-defensin 2 levels correlate with the magnitude of systemic inflammation in infection-free individuals living with obesity. The value of the combined evaluation of different biomarkers in obesity-related outcomes warrants further investigation by larger studies. Full article
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9 pages, 1583 KiB  
Article
Snapshot Quantitative Phase Imaging with Acousto-Optic Chromatic Aberration Control
by Christos Alexandropoulos, Laura Rodríguez-Suñé and Martí Duocastella
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4503; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144503 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
The transport of intensity equation enables quantitative phase imaging from only two axially displaced intensity images, facilitating the characterization of low-contrast samples like cells and microorganisms. However, the rapid selection of the correct defocused planes, crucial for real-time phase imaging of dynamic events, [...] Read more.
The transport of intensity equation enables quantitative phase imaging from only two axially displaced intensity images, facilitating the characterization of low-contrast samples like cells and microorganisms. However, the rapid selection of the correct defocused planes, crucial for real-time phase imaging of dynamic events, remains challenging. Additionally, the different images are normally acquired sequentially, further limiting phase-reconstruction speed. Here, we report on a system that addresses these issues and enables user-tuned defocusing with snapshot phase retrieval. Our approach is based on combining multi-color pulsed illumination with acousto-optic defocusing for microsecond-scale chromatic aberration control. By illuminating each plane with a different color and using a color camera, the information to reconstruct a phase map can be gathered in a single acquisition. We detail the fundamentals of our method, characterize its performance, and demonstrate live phase imaging of a freely moving microorganism at speeds of 150 phase reconstructions per second, limited only by the camera’s frame rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Imaging for Medical Applications)
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25 pages, 2780 KiB  
Article
Motion of Magnetic Microcapsules Through Capillaries in the Presence of a Magnetic Field: From a Mathematical Model to an In Vivo Experiment
by Mikhail N. Zharkov, Mikhail A. Pyataev, Denis E. Yakobson, Valentin P. Ageev, Oleg A. Kulikov, Vasilisa I. Shlyapkina, Dmitry N. Khmelenin, Larisa A. Balykova, Gleb B. Sukhorukov and Nikolay A. Pyataev
Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(7), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11070060 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 318
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the prediction of the delivery efficiency of magnetic carriers based on their properties and field parameters. We developed a theory describing the behavior of magnetic capsules in the capillaries of living systems. A partial differential equation for the [...] Read more.
In this paper, we discuss the prediction of the delivery efficiency of magnetic carriers based on their properties and field parameters. We developed a theory describing the behavior of magnetic capsules in the capillaries of living systems. A partial differential equation for the spatial distribution of magnetic capsules has been obtained. We propose to characterize the interaction between the magnetic field and the capsules using a single vector, which we call “specific magnetic force”. To test our theory, we performed experiments on a model of a capillary bed and on a living organism with two types of magnetic capsules that differ in size and amount of magnetic material. The experimental results show that the distribution of the capsules in the field correlated with the theory, but there were fewer actually accumulated capsules than predicted by the theory. In the weaker fields, the difference was more significant than in stronger ones. We proposed an explanation for this phenomenon based on the assumption that a certain level of magnetic force is needed to keep the capsules close to the capillary wall. We also suggested a formula for the relationship between the probability of capsule precipitation and the magnetic force. We found the effective value of a specific magnetic force at which all the capsules attracted by the magnet reach the capillary wall. This value can be considered as the minimum level for the field at which it is, in principle, possible to achieve a significant magnetic control effect. We demonstrated that for each type of capsule, there is a specific radius of magnet for which the effective magnetic force is achieved at the largest possible distance from the magnet’s surface. For the capsules examined in this study, the maximum distance where the effective field can be achieved does not exceed 1.5 cm. The results of the study contribute to our understanding of the behavior of magnetic particles in the capillaries of living organisms when exposed to a magnetic field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamentals and Applications of Novel Functional Magnetic Materials)
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22 pages, 13140 KiB  
Article
Development and Characterization of Optimized Drug-Loaded Niosomes for Delivery of 5-FU and Irinotecan
by Kafilat O. Agbaje, Simeon K. Adesina and Amusa S. Adebayo
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(7), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070900 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 392
Abstract
Background/Objectives: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Irinotecan (IRT) are two of the most used chemotherapeutic agents in CRC treatment. However, achieving treatment goals has been hampered by poor drug delivery to tumor sites and associated toxicity from off-target binding to healthy cells. Though the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and Irinotecan (IRT) are two of the most used chemotherapeutic agents in CRC treatment. However, achieving treatment goals has been hampered by poor drug delivery to tumor sites and associated toxicity from off-target binding to healthy cells. Though the synergism of 5-FU-IRT has provided incremental improvements in clinical outcomes, the short elimination half-life and off-target binding to healthy cells remain significant challenges. We postulated that nanoencapsulation of a combination of 5-FU and IRT in niosomes would prolong the drugs’ half-lives, while over-encapsulation lyophilized powder in Targit® oral capsules would passively the CRC microenvironment and avoid extensive systemic distribution. Methods: Ranges of formulation and process variables were input into design of experiment (DOE Fusion One) software, to generate screening experiments. Niosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method and characterized by size, the polydispersity index (PDI), morphology and intrastructure, and drug loading. Blank niosomes ranged in size from 215 nm to 257 nm. Results: After loading with the 5-FU-IRT combination, the niosomes averaged 251 ± 2.20 nm with a mean PDI of 0.293 ± 0.01. The surfactant-to-cholesterol ratio significantly influenced the niosome size and the PDI. The hydrophilic 5-FU exhibited superior loading compared to the lipophilic IRT molecules, which probably competed with other lipophilic niosome components in niosomes’ palisade layers. In vitro dissolution in biorelevant media showed delayed release until lower intestinal region (IRT) or colonic region (5-FU). Conclusions: Thus, co-nanoencapsulation of 5-FU/IRT in niosomes, lyophilization, and over-encapsulation of powder in colon-specific capsules could passively target the CRC cells in the colonic microenvironment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combination Therapy Approaches for Cancer Treatment)
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22 pages, 3244 KiB  
Article
Polymethyl Methacrylate-like Photopolymer Resin with Titanium Metal Nanoparticles Is a Promising Material for Biomedical Applications
by Dmitriy E. Burmistrov, Dmitriy A. Serov, Ilya V. Baimler, Ann V. Gritsaeva, Pavel Chapala, Aleksandr V. Simakin, Maxim E. Astashev, Ekaterina E. Karmanova, Mikhail V. Dubinin, Guliya R. Nizameeva, Shamil Z. Validov, Fatikh M. Yanbaev, Oleg G. Synyashin and Sergey V. Gudkov
Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131830 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
New materials for additive manufacturing are currently being actively studied, which both have the necessary physicochemical properties and are safe for the environment and living organisms. We have proposed a simple process for the production of composite materials based on a transparent polymethyl [...] Read more.
New materials for additive manufacturing are currently being actively studied, which both have the necessary physicochemical properties and are safe for the environment and living organisms. We have proposed a simple process for the production of composite materials based on a transparent polymethyl methacrylate-like photopolymer resin modified with metallic titanium nanoparticles. Standardized plate samples were printed from the obtained modified photopolymer resins using mask stereolithography with an LED light source array (MSLA), and their mechanical properties were evaluated. Plates were also printed, for which the surface topology, distribution of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix, chemical structure, optical properties, chemical structure, and optical properties were characterized. In the context of the impact on biological systems, the ability of materials to enhance the formation of ROS and affect the main biomacromolecules was demonstrated. At the same time, the developed composite materials inhibit the growth of E. coli bacterial cells, and the bactericidal effect of the surfaces of the obtained materials was shown. Despite the significant antibacterial properties of the synthesized materials, no negative impact on the growth and development of adhesive cultures of eukaryotic cells in vitro was detected. Full article
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31 pages, 1459 KiB  
Review
Insights on Natural Membrane Characterization for the Rational Design of Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems
by Daniela Donghia, Sara Baldassari, Giuliana Drava, Giorgia Ailuno and Gabriele Caviglioli
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(7), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070841 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 499
Abstract
Cell membranes are vital for living organisms and serve as a dynamic barrier between the internal and external environments. They are composed of a complex lipid bilayer embedded with proteins, allowing them to perform multiple functions like maintaining the cell structure, regulating which [...] Read more.
Cell membranes are vital for living organisms and serve as a dynamic barrier between the internal and external environments. They are composed of a complex lipid bilayer embedded with proteins, allowing them to perform multiple functions like maintaining the cell structure, regulating which substances enter or leave the cell, and intercellular communication. Cellular functions are inherently linked to their membrane properties, and the heterogeneous nature of cell membranes makes the study of their physico-chemical properties extremely challenging. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the composition and physical features of the cell membrane, by focusing on the lipid and protein composition, and on the physical properties (like membrane stiffness or fluidity), highlighting how these characteristics influence cell functions. An insight into the similarities and differences from the membranes of extracellular vesicles (naturally secreted by almost all cell types) is also provided. The understanding of the physico-chemical properties of cell membranes might find application in different therapeutic fields, like disease diagnosis and development of novel drug delivery systems. Therefore, an overview of the literature works describing the rational design of biomimetic drug delivery systems is presented, focusing on the choice of lipid components, frequently inspired by the study of the composition of naturally secreted exosomes, and on the physical characterization of the systems. In the future, in-depth study of biologic vesicles might lead to the development of promising formulation for drug delivery, possibly enhancing the therapeutic outcomes of many pathologies, like cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Transport and Drug Permeation)
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19 pages, 3174 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Assessment and Mitigation of Indoor Air Quality in a Commercial Retail Building in Saudi Arabia
by Wael S. Al-Rashed and Abderrahim Lakhouit
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5862; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135862 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 569
Abstract
The acceleration of industrialization and urbanization worldwide has dramatically improved living standards but has also introduced serious environmental and public health challenges. One of the most critical challenges is air pollution, particularly indoors, where individuals typically spend over 90% of their time. Ensuring [...] Read more.
The acceleration of industrialization and urbanization worldwide has dramatically improved living standards but has also introduced serious environmental and public health challenges. One of the most critical challenges is air pollution, particularly indoors, where individuals typically spend over 90% of their time. Ensuring good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is essential, especially in heavily frequented public spaces such as shopping malls. This study focuses on assessing IAQ in a large shopping mall located in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, covering retail zones as well as an attached underground parking area. Monitoring is conducted over a continuous two-month period using calibrated instruments placed at representative locations to capture variations in pollutant levels. The investigation targets key contaminants, including carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), and formaldehyde (HCHO). The data are analyzed and compared against international and national guidelines, including World Health Organization (WHO) standards and Saudi environmental regulations. The results show that concentrations of CO, CO2, and PM2.5 in the shopping mall are generally within acceptable limits, with values ranging from approximately 7 to 15 ppm, suggesting that ventilation systems are effective in most areas. However, the study identifies high levels of TVOCs and HCHO, particularly in zones characterized by poor ventilation and high human occupancy. Peak concentrations reach 1.48 mg/m3 for TVOCs and 1.43 mg/m3 for HCHO, exceeding recommended exposure thresholds. These findings emphasize the urgent need for enhancing ventilation designs, prioritizing the use of low-emission materials, and establishing continuous air quality monitoring protocols within commercial buildings. Improving IAQ is not only crucial for protecting public health but also for enhancing occupant comfort, satisfaction, and overall building sustainability. This study offers practical recommendations to policymakers, building managers, and designers striving to create healthier indoor environments in rapidly expanding urban centers. Full article
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24 pages, 15906 KiB  
Article
The Simulation of Coupled “Natural–Social” Systems in the Tarim River Basin: Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Soil–Habitat–Carbon Under Multiple Scenarios
by Xuan Xue, Yang Wang and Tingting Xia
Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5607; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125607 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 335
Abstract
Ecosystem services (ESs) are a life-support system for human development that are also a strategic root for realizing global ecological security and sustainable development. In this study, the spatial distribution pattern of land-use and ESs under three scenarios (an ecological protection scenario (EPS), [...] Read more.
Ecosystem services (ESs) are a life-support system for human development that are also a strategic root for realizing global ecological security and sustainable development. In this study, the spatial distribution pattern of land-use and ESs under three scenarios (an ecological protection scenario (EPS), a natural development scenario (NDS), and a cropland protection scenario (CPS)) in the Tarim River Basin (TRB), Northwest China, is predicted for 2035 using the Future Land-Use Simulation (FLUS)–Integrated Valuation of ESs and Trade-Offs (InVEST) model. Land-use data from 2000 to 2023 are utilized as the basic data, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of land-use and multiple ESs under different scenarios are explored. The results show that (1) the land-use structure of the TRB is dominated by barren land (55.12%) and grassland (30.28%), and the dynamic evolution of the land-use pattern from 2000 to 2023 is characterized by the continuous shrinkage of the area of barren land and the expansion of impervious surfaces, cropland, water bodies, and other productive and living land and water. (2) According to the prediction results of the FLUS model, the different scenarios of land-use for 2020–2035 show various change trends. In the EPS, the proportion of ecological land jumps to 35.23%, while production land and living land show a systematic contraction. Under the NDS, water bodies, grassland, and impervious surfaces experience a decreasing trend, whereas cropland, forest land, and barren land increase in area. Under the CPS, the trend of shrinkage for ecological land accelerates, especially the fragmentation of forest patches (shrinking by 24 km2) and the expansion of cropland and barren land. (3) A comparison and an analysis of the ESs in several scenarios for 2035 show an increase in ESs under the EPS compared with those in 2020, along with a marked improvement in the TRB’s future ecological environment under this scenario. By adhering to the guidance of ecological priority through optimization of the national spatial pattern and the integration of ecological elements, the dynamic balance between ecological protection and economic development can be effectively coordinated, providing core support for the sustainable development of the region. (4) Ecosystem services are significantly impacted by changes in grassland in a variety of settings, particularly in the NDS. Contradictory trade-offs between ecological functions are revealed in the CPS, where cropland expansion promotes soil conservation but worsens the degradation of grassland. In the EPS, the synergistic expansion of grassland and water favorably regulates ecosystem services. A major way to increase the capacity of regional ecosystem services and accomplish sustainable development is to optimize the land-use for ecological preservation, with an emphasis on increasing the acreage of grassland, forest, and water while decreasing the area of cropland and barren. Full article
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24 pages, 13674 KiB  
Article
Fault Management in Speed Control Systems of Hydroelectric Power Plants Through Petri Nets Modeling: Case Study of the Alazán Power Plant, Ecuador
by Cristian Fernando Valdez-Zumba and Luis Fernando Guerrero-Vásquez
Energies 2025, 18(12), 3176; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123176 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 557
Abstract
This study addresses the challenge of improving fault management in hydroelectric systems using Petri nets. The objective is to propose a novel methodology for efficient fault diagnosis and intervention in the Governor system, a critical component in regulating turbine speed. Traditional diagnostic approaches [...] Read more.
This study addresses the challenge of improving fault management in hydroelectric systems using Petri nets. The objective is to propose a novel methodology for efficient fault diagnosis and intervention in the Governor system, a critical component in regulating turbine speed. Traditional diagnostic approaches often rely on manual inspection and expert intuition, and they lack formal mechanisms to model concurrent or asynchronous system behavior—leading to delays and reduced accuracy in fault identification. Our approach introduces a structured modeling technique using Petri nets, enabling dynamic analysis of the system’s behavior and response to faults. A detailed methodology was developed, beginning with a thorough characterization of the system and its translation into a Petri net model. Simulation results demonstrate the model’s effectiveness in significantly reducing diagnostic and intervention times compared to traditional methods. Results show that using Petri nets improves fault detection accuracy, accelerates decision-making, and optimizes resource allocation. This research concludes that the proposed model offers a robust framework for enhancing fault management in hydroelectric plants, providing both operational efficiency and reduced downtime. Future work will focus on integrating real-time monitoring and further validating the model in live environments to ensure scalability and adaptability to other power generation systems. Full article
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15 pages, 905 KiB  
Article
Investigating the Impact of Body Composition Analysis on Quality of Life and Anxiety–Depression in Adult Males with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
by Ahmet Kurtoğlu, Özgür Eken, Rukiye Çiftçi, İpek Balıkçı Çiçek, Dilber Durmaz, Mine Argalı Deniz and Monira I. Aldhahi
Healthcare 2025, 13(12), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13121442 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 431
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder characterized by systemic manifestations, including altered body composition, reduced quality of life, and psychological distress. Despite its significance, the relationship between body composition parameters and symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, and depression in [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive respiratory disorder characterized by systemic manifestations, including altered body composition, reduced quality of life, and psychological distress. Despite its significance, the relationship between body composition parameters and symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, and depression in patients with COPD remains underexplored. This study aimed to examine the association between detailed body composition metrics and quality of life, fatigue, and anxiety and depression symptoms in male patients with COPD compared to healthy controls. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 49 men with COPD and 51 age-matched healthy controls aged 50–80 years. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Pulmonary function, dyspnea, activities of daily living, and psychological status were evaluated using spirometry, the Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale, the London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale (LCADL), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), respectively. Results: Compared to the controls, patients with COPD exhibited significantly lower forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1: 1.1 vs. 2.16 L; p < 0.001), lower fat mass (15.0 vs. 24.3 kg; p < 0.001), and higher muscle mass (53.8 vs. 42.0 kg; p < 0.001). They also reported significantly greater fatigue (Borg scale: 4 vs. 0; p < 0.001), higher anxiety (8 vs. 5; p = 0.006), and depression scores (11 vs. 5; p < 0.001), along with more pronounced limitations in their daily activities. Conclusions: COPD is associated with profound impairments in body composition, physical function, and mental health. Detailed body composition analysis using BIA provides valuable clinical insights and may aid in tailoring individualized interventions to improve quality of life and psychological outcomes in COPD management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Healthcare and Quality of Life of Chronically Ill Patients)
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