Search Results (8,755)

Background/Objectives: The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) highlights the need for new antibacterial agents. Here, we report the identification and evaluation of a novel Gram-positive selective antibacterial: NDM-552. Methods: Antibacterial activity was determined by broth microdilution against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Mechanistic studies included BOCILLIN-FL competition assays, microscale thermophoresis (MST), and antibiotic interaction with oxacillin and moenomycin. Additionally, time–kill analyses, frequency-of-resistance measurements, cytotoxicity assays, plasma stability studies, and a murine wound infection model were performed to characterize NDM-552. Results: NDM-552 exhibits activity against Gram-positive pathogens including S. aureus, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1–2 µg/mL. NDM-552 displays no activity against Gram-negative bacteria. NDM-552 displays bacteriostatic activity against MRSA and additive interactions with oxacillin and moenomycin. The frequency of resistance in MRSA is low (2.39 × 10⁻⁹). BOCILLIN-FL competition assays and MST binding analysis identify the essential penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) as the potential target of NDM-552. NDM-552 demonstrates acceptable cytotoxicity, favorable plasma stability, and reduces bacterial burden in a murine wound infection model. Conclusions: NDM-552 is a potent Gram-positive selective antibacterial agent that potentially targets PBP2-associated cell wall biosynthesis and exhibits in vivo efficacy against MRSA. Findings establish NDM-552 as a promising scaffold for the development of new antibacterial agents. Full article

The histopathology area is being redefined with the use of artificial intelligence (AI), providing robust tools to help bridge cellular morphology, functional assays, and multi-omics data in stem cell research. The ability of stem cells to undergo self-renewal and differentiation is key in regenerative medicine, but their research requires the careful characterization of morphological and molecular phenotypic traits. Traditional histopathology is invaluable, but its application can be limited by inter-observer variability and restricted scalability. These limitations are circumvented by AI-based techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning, which are capable of classifying cells, performing quantitative morphometry, and forecasting stem cell behavior. Adding AI to genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics will contribute to the further identification of biomarkers and pathways that regulate stem cell fate. This convergence provides new possibilities for precision medicine, personalized therapies, and translational uses like drug discovery and disease modeling. However, its potential has not yet been realized because of the existing difficulties in data quality, variability, regulatory control, and ethical issues, especially in terms of the transparency and justice of AI systems. Emphasized areas for the future include explainable AI, federated learning, and a multimodal framework that integrates imaging, sequencing, and clinical data. Interdisciplinary partnerships and adequate regulatory frameworks will help AI-enabled histopathology reshape stem cell studies and speed up the process of translating regenerative medicine into clinical applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Traditional medicinal plants play a crucial role in infants’ healthcare in underdeveloped countries and communities where access to modern medicine is limited. In Limpopo, the Vhavenda tribe has a custom of feeding babies as young as a day old with tshiunza, a very light and warm, soft porridge prepared in medicinal plant extracts, believed to help treat various ailments and boost the immune and digestive systems. However, reports of negative side effects, including vomiting, haematuria, renal inflammation and hospitalisations, highlight safety concerns of these traditional practices. This study aimed to profile the chemical composition of soft porridge samples prepared in aqueous extracts of medicinal plants reported to be commonly used in infants’ food in the Venda region of Limpopo; Annona senegalensis (roots), Piliostigma thonningii (leaves), Carissa edulis (roots) and Bauhinia galpinii (leaves). Methods: Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS) was used for metabolic profiling, followed by putative compound identification using feature-based molecular networking and a compound fragmentation predictor tool, SIRIUS. To evaluate the toxicity of these plants, a cytotoxicity assay was conducted using plant extracts on African monkey kidney cells. Results: Different classes of polyphenols, including flavonoids (flavan-3-ols and flavonols) and hydroxycinnamoyl amides, were among the dominant compounds putatively identified in the methanolic extracts of soft porridge prepared from the four plant extracts. A. senegalensis aqueous extracts were inactive (IC₅₀ > 500 µg/mL, 55.57% viability at 500 µg/mL), while P. thonningii was non-cytotoxic (105–132% viability within the tested concentration range). Conclusions: Although no toxic compounds were identified and no cytotoxic potential was observed in the tested plant extracts, this does not translate to the safe use of medicinal plants in infants’ food. Therefore, future studies should conduct pharmacological and toxicological evaluations to better understand the potential risks of these plant extracts to infant health. Full article

Auxin response factors (ARFs) are key transcriptional regulators of the auxin signaling pathway and play important roles in plant organogenesis and regeneration. However, the functions of ARF family genes in lily scale-derived bulblet regeneration remain largely unclear. In this study, 24 LdARF genes were identified from the genome of Lilium davidii var. unicolor. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LdARF proteins showed evolutionary conservation with ARF homologs from other monocot species. Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic analysis, and expression profiling revealed functional divergence among LdARF genes during scale-derived bulblet regeneration. Among them, LdARF17 exhibited a distinct regeneration-associated expression pattern, characterized by rapid induction after scale excision and sustained high expression during subsequent bulblet initiation and formation. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that LdARF17 is localized in the nucleus. Transient overexpression of LdARF17 significantly promoted bulblet regeneration and was associated with increased expression of auxin-responsive and regeneration-related genes, including IAA14, LBD16, and LBD29. These findings suggest that LdARF17 acts as a positive regulator of lily scale regeneration and may influence auxin-responsive transcriptional processes associated with early cell proliferation, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying vegetative regeneration in lilies. Full article

Nerve injuries are frequent complications of complex oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures, particularly following extensive tumor resections. Secretome-based, cell-free therapies derived from mesenchymal stromal cells have emerged as promising regenerative approaches; however, robust manufacturing requires the identification of critical quality attributes (CQAs) that ensure product potency and consistency. The influence of replicative senescence during in vitro expansion on the quality of jaw periosteum-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (JPC) secretomes has not yet been established. This study investigated whether the expansion state of JPCs affects the composition and neuro-supportive potency of their secretomes. Secretomes from four independent JPC donors were collected separately at early and late passages, pooled within each passage-specific preparation, and applied to human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Neuronal survival, neurite outgrowth, and neuronal marker expression were assessed as functional readouts. Secretome composition was characterized by quantitative proteomics and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of selected senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. Secretomes derived from early-passage JPCs significantly enhanced neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth, whereas late-passage secretomes displayed reduced neuro-supportive activity. Proteomic profiling identified a pronounced shift toward inflammatory and stress-associated signaling, whereas performed ELISAs confirmed senescence-associated remodeling of the secretome, including increased abundance of SASP-associated factors in late-passage preparations. These findings demonstrate that prolonged in vitro expansion profoundly influences both the composition and biological potency of JPC-derived secretomes. Collectively, this study identifies the passage-associated senescence-like phenotype of JPCs as a key determinant of secretome quality and supports its consideration as a critical quality attribute for the manufacturing and standardization of JPC-derived secretome products. Monitoring and controlling the expansion state of JPCs may therefore be essential to ensure the consistency, potency, and clinical translation of secretome-based regenerative therapies. Full article

Lactococcosis is an important bacterial disease affecting farmed fish worldwide and is primarily associated with Lactococcus garvieae, Lactococcus petauri, and Lactococcus formosensis. In Thailand, information on L. garvieae infection in tilapia remains limited, particularly regarding genome-based identification, virulence determinants, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. This study characterized two L. garvieae isolates, AAHM-LG2501 and AAHM-LG2509, recovered from a lactococcosis outbreak in cage-cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand. Both isolates exhibited typical phenotypic characteristics of L. garvieae, including Gram-positive cocci, alpha hemolysis, positive capsule staining, and positive carbohydrate fermentation. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed both isolates as L. garvieae, with genome sizes of approximately 1.95 Mb and a G + C content of 38.9%. Genome-based taxonomic analysis supported species identification based on dDDH and ANI values, and both isolates were assigned to sequence type ST95 and serotype I. Virulence factor analysis identified 288 virulence-associated genes representing 97 virulence factors across 14 functional categories. Capsule-associated genes were prominent, together with genes involved in heme uptake, adhesion, hemolysis, stress survival, biofilm formation, and host adaptation. Ten capsule biosynthesis genes, including cpsABCFGKO, cps4A, and cps4I, as well as LPxTG cell wall anchor protein genes, were detected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed resistance to nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, and oxacillin, while reduced inhibition zones were observed for enrofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Genome analysis identified predicted antimicrobial resistance determinants, including lsaD, vanT, vanY, and mdtA. Resistance-associated protein variants were detected in gyrA and gyrB, suggesting that target alteration may contribute to fluoroquinolone resistance. Overall, this study provides genome-level evidence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants in L. garvieae from Thai tilapia and highlights the importance of whole-genome sequencing for accurate diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, and disease management in aquaculture. Full article

Drosophila melanogaster shares approximately 75% of human disease-related genes and possesses sophisticated genetic toolkits, including GAL4/UAS, CRISPR-Cas9, and RNA interference (RNAi), making it a rapid, cost-effective, and genetically tractable in vivo platform for natural products (NPs) discovery. This review systematically summarizes the modeling strategies, pathological mechanisms, and therapeutic applications of Drosophila models for six major human diseases, including type 2 diabetes, nephrolithiasis, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Cross-disease analysis identifies five evolutionarily conserved signaling networks—IIS/PI3K/Akt/FOXO, JNK/JAK/STAT, Nrf2/Keap1, mTOR/TORC1, and IMD/Toll—as common molecular targets of bioactive NPs, providing a unified mechanistic framework for understanding their multi-target pharmacological activities and broad therapeutic potential. Critically, we propose a generalizable integrated stepwise pipeline: high-throughput fly screening of crude extracts, bioassay-guided isolation of active monomers, genetic mechanistic dissection via RNAi and mutant rescue, and layered validation in human cells and selective mammalian models. This pipeline addresses key challenges in NPs research, including the identification of bioactive constituents and mechanistic validation, while improving screening efficiency and translational potential. Overall, this review establishes a multi-disease-applicable framework linking disease modeling, conserved signaling mechanisms, and translational pharmacology, providing practical guidance for future mechanism-driven NP discovery and preclinical development using Drosophila. By leveraging Drosophila genetics to bridge evolutionary conservation and human pathology, this framework offers a powerful, paradigm-shifting strategy to accelerate mechanism-driven NP discovery and preclinical development. Full article

New indazole and pyrazole nucleoside analogues were synthesized by enzymatic transglycosylation using E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Indazoles substituted at position 5 or 6 with bromine, pyrazole or pyrimidine fragments were used as heterocyclic bases. In the case of indazole-pyrazole hybrids, the selectivity of PNP in glycosylation of the pyrazole fragment, rather than the indazole one, was established. Molecular modeling methods allowed the identification of the preferred orientations of substrates in the active site of the enzyme, leading to the formation of N1- and N2-regioisomers of indazole. Unique substrate specificity ensured the possibility of glycosylation of the bases with conversion rates of 65–100% (according to HPLC analysis of the reaction mixtures) and isolated yields of 19–94%. It was shown that the synthesized nucleoside analogues are not inhibitors of E. coli adenosine deaminase (ADA). They do not exhibit cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines (SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines, K-562 lymphoblastic cells, and HL-60 promyeloblastic cells). The activity of indazole derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (strain H37Rv) was determined by the microdilution method. 1-(β-D-2′deoxyribofuranosyl)-5-bromo-indazole and 5-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-1H-indazole at a concentration of 50 μg/mL were able to inhibit 50% and 90% of the culture growth, correspondingly. Full article

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) parameter identification is a nonlinear computational modeling problem involving strongly coupled electrochemical parameters and partially unobservable polarization processes. Its experimental teaching is further constrained by the cost of fuel cell stacks and the safety requirements associated with hydrogen operation. To address these challenges, this study develops a computational modeling and intelligent simulation framework for a virtual teaching experiment on PEMFC parameter identification. A semi-empirical output-voltage model is established, and the sum of squared errors (SSE) between measured and simulated voltages is formulated as the optimization objective. An enhanced Logistic–Tent reverse snow ablation optimizer (LRSAO), termed RLFDB-LRSAO, is introduced by integrating roulette-wheel-selection-enhanced fitness-distance balance and Lévy flight perturbation. Its methodological novelty lies in the stage-wise coordination of population-diversity enhancement, candidate-selection guidance, and search perturbation within the LRSAO framework, rather than in the individual component strategies themselves. The framework organizes the identification process into mechanism interpretation, model construction, algorithm implementation, parameter configuration, visualization, comparative evaluation, and reflective analysis. Case studies using the NedStack PS6 and Modular SR-12 stacks yield best SSE values of 1.2173340 and 6.13503904, respectively. A small-scale qualitative teaching evaluation involving 20 postgraduate students indicated that the framework supported programming practice, strengthened conceptual understanding of PEMFC parameter identification and intelligent optimization, and provided useful support for research-oriented skills such as engineering problem analysis, technical writing, and innovation-oriented project development. These results provide preliminary evidence of technical and educational feasibility while supporting a cautious, problem-dependent interpretation of the optimizer. Full article

(1) Introduction: Early identification of patients at high risk of recurrent events after hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) remains challenging. The Larissa Heart Failure Risk Score (LHFRS) is a simple prognostic tool based on hypertension, coronary artery disease, and red blood cell distribution width. Urinary sodium has recently emerged as an objective marker of natriuretic response and decongestion. We prospectively evaluated whether incorporation of urinary sodium improves the prognostic performance of the LHFRS. (2) Methods: This prospective single-center observational study enrolled 130 consecutive adults hospitalized with ADHF. Clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic data were collected at admission. Spot urinary sodium and chloride were measured at admission and 2 h after intravenous loop diuretic administration according to a standardized decongestion protocol. The primary endpoint was heart failure rehospitalization within 3 months. Secondary endpoints included all-cause mortality and the composite of death or heart failure rehospitalization. Multivariable logistic regression with bootstrap internal validation (1000 resamples) was used to identify independent predictors of outcomes. (3) Results: The study population included patients across the spectrum of heart failure phenotypes (HFrEF 58%, HFmrEF 7%, HFpEF 35%). During follow-up, 48 patients (36.9%) experienced heart failure rehospitalization and 23 (17.7%) died. The LHFRS independently predicted 3-month rehospitalization (B = 0.490, p = 0.041). Admission urinary sodium and 2-h urinary sodium provided incremental prognostic information beyond the LHFRS and remained independently associated with rehospitalization after multivariable adjustment (p = 0.008 and p = 0.001, respectively). Urinary chloride demonstrated similar prognostic associations, whereas conventional renal biomarkers, including serum creatinine, urea, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum sodium, and NT-proBNP, did not consistently retain independent prognostic significance. The LHFRS was also significantly associated with the composite endpoint of death or rehospitalization (B = 1.173, p = 0.002), while its association with mortality alone was not statistically significant (B = −5.551, p = 0.256). (4) Conclusions: Lower admission and 2-h urinary sodium concentrations were associated with 3-month HF rehospitalization after adjustment for the LHFRS. These findings are hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in larger, externally validated multicenter cohorts. Full article

Background: Relapse and opportunistic viral infections remain major causes of treatment failure after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells is a promising strategy to enhance post-transplant immune reconstitution. Adaptive NKG2C+ NK cells exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity and persistence, but the influence of baseline donor immunophenotype on GMP manufacturing has not been systematically investigated. We evaluated whether donor NKG2A/NKG2C immunophenotypes are associated with successful manufacture of adaptive NK-cell products. Methods: Eighty-three healthy donors from the ReDoCel registry underwent immunophenotypic characterization of circulating NK-cell subsets by multiparametric flow cytometry. Donors were stratified by unsupervised hierarchical clustering according to NKG2A/NKG2C expression. Representative donors from NKG2C- and NKG2A-dominant clusters underwent feeder-free GMP-compliant expansion using the automated CliniMACS Prodigy® platform (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Expanded products were evaluated for manufacturing efficiency, immunophenotype, cytotoxic function, and post-thaw stability. Results: Baseline NKG2C frequencies showed marked inter-donor variability, allowing identification of four immunophenotypic clusters. Only the NKG2C-dominant donor achieved successful GMP manufacturing, exceeding the predefined expansion threshold while maintaining high viability and purity. Both NKG2A-dominant donors showed limited proliferative capacity under identical manufacturing conditions. Expanded NK cells acquired an activated phenotype characterized by increased expression of DNAM-1, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp46, and TIM-3 while preserving mature differentiation and KIR expression. Functional analyses demonstrated potent degranulation against leukemia targets with minimal autoreactivity, resulting in a predominantly cytotoxic effector profile. The successfully expanded product maintained viability, phenotype, and function after long-term cryopreservation. Conclusions: This proof-of-concept study suggests that baseline donor NKG2A/NKG2C immunophenotype may influence GMP manufacturing of adaptive NK-cell products. These findings support prospective evaluation of donor immunophenotyping as a biomarker for donor qualification and manufacturing optimization to facilitate standardized off-the-shelf adaptive NK-cell therapies after allo-HSCT. Full article

Bottom-up ship emission inventories derived from Automatic Identification System (AIS) data are normally reported on kilometre-scale grids, which merge port waters that perform very different functions. Working with an AIS-based STEAM inventory for the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), we ask a question that gridded inventories rarely separate: are the cells where ships accumulate time the same cells where they emit? To answer it, we define the Static–Dynamic Ratio (SDR), the ratio of hotelling (auxiliary-engine) to propulsion (main-engine) emissions within a cell, and use it to classify YRD waters without recourse to external port charts. Hotelling-dominated cells occupy 17.7% of the sea area and accumulate 59.3% of all ship-hours, a ship-hour density seven times that of transit-dominated fairways, yet they carry only 22.4% of NO_x. A vessel at anchor emits about one-eighth as much NO_x per hour as one under way, and the two effects nearly cancel. The cancellation is species dependent: low-load correction factors are steeper for sulfur and particulate species than for NO_x, so hotelling zones reach relative SO₂ and PM_2.5 densities of 1.21 and 1.09 against 0.89 for NO_x. Coarsening the same activity field from 100 m to 1 km drops the share held by the busiest 1% of cells from 70% to 50%, showing how kilometre grids manufacture apparent continuity along shipping lanes. Activity hotspots are therefore not emission hotspots, and anchorage-targeted measures such as shore power are best justified by particulate and sulfur exposure near populated coasts rather than by their share of the regional NO_x burden. Full article

Background: Here, we report the isolation and identification of a Paenibacillus polymyxa strain from the citizen science project, Swab and Send. P. polymyxa is well known for its production of polymyxin E (colistin), and polymyxin B. Polymyxins are ranked in the highest-priority critically important antimicrobial classification by the WHO and are of particular importance for treating Gram-negative multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Due to their clinical use, most of the literature focusses on these polymyxin variants, and there is sparse genetic research on other polymyxin variants. Methods: The Paenibacillus polymyxa 1G strain was isolated and tested for antimicrobial activity using a combination of on-agar and liquid-based inhibition assays to detect antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. The isolate was also tested for activity in liquid media against a panel of isolates showing various resistances to test if our strain could overcome current clinically important resistance mechanisms. Our isolate was whole-genome-sequenced, and bioinformatics was carried out on the resulting sequence to analyse the relevant biosynthetic gene cluster. The cell-free supernatant from the P. polymyxa 1G isolate was also analysed using mass spectrometry to confirm the production of the polymyxin. Results: P. polymyxa 1G was active on agar and resulted in antimicrobial activity, with a 99% reduction in area under the curve when tested in liquid media against E. coli. P. polymyxa 1G did not inhibit the growth of E. coli containing mcr-1 or mcr-4 colistin-resistance genes. Using whole genome sequencing, we are able to describe the biosynthetic gene cluster of the putative polymyxin A, compare the pmxA, pmxB, and pmxE genes to five other polymyxin genes that encode known polymyxin variants, and provide mass spectrometry data that supports the production of polymyxin A₁ (1157 m/z) and A₂ (1143 m/z). Conclusions: Here, we report the isolation and identification of a P. polymyxa strain producing a polymyxin A-like compound that was discovered through the citizen science project, Swab and Send. We add to the genetic and mass spectrometry data for polymyxin A, and demonstrate that this putative polymyxin A, produced naturally by our strain, is unable to overcome the current clinically relevant resistance mechanisms to colistin. Full article

Philadelphia-negative (Ph-negative) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), which are clonal hematopoietic disorders caused by somatic gene mutations in the JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes. Mutations activate the JAK–STAT pathway and disrupt NF-κB signaling, leading to a chronic inflammatory state caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This altered microenvironment causes serious clinical features of the disease, such as bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, vascular niche remodeling, and a greater probability of thrombosis or secondary leukemic transformation. Concurrently, MPNs cause both severe immune dysregulation and tumor evasion, as evidenced by progressive lymphopenia, T and B cell exhaustion, Natural Killer cell maturation arrest, and the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Although FDA-approved JAK1/JAK2 inhibitors ruxolitinib, fedratinib pacritinib and momelotinib effectively reduce splenomegaly and symptom burden and have demonstrated survival benefits in clinical trials, their ability to eliminate malignant clones or induce durable disease modification remains limited, and disease progression continues to occur in most patients. Finally, this review assesses the complex immunological dysfunction and chronic inflammatory dysregulation that characterize Ph-negative MPNs, as well as emerging therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the importance of fully understanding these intricate microenvironmental mechanisms for the identification and development of novel precision treatment targets. Full article

Maintaining sustainable production of healthy and nutritious food represents a major global challenge. Cultivated meat could reduce the environmental impact of livestock production, but it remains costly, largely due to the expense of fetal bovine serum, a common cell culture media supplement. Algal and cyanobacterial proteins, particularly phycobiliproteins, represent promising sustainable sources of potentially bioactive peptides that may contribute to the development of serum-reduced or serum-free culture media. This study investigated the potential of hydrolysates prepared using the protein extracts of the red alga Porphyra haitanensis and the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis as functional supplements for cell cultivation in a low-serum environment. Twelve hydrolysates were generated by treating protein extracts from Arthrospira platensis and Porphyra haitanensis with six proteolytic enzymes: pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, subtilisin, thermolysin and proteinase K. The effects of these hydrolysates were studied in three cell models of mammalian (CHO-K1), avian (QM7), and fish (MACK1) origin. The effects of hydrolysates on cell viability, proliferation, and antioxidant activity were evaluated. A. platensis–chymotrypsin hydrolysate significantly improved QM7 cell viability compared to control in both 80% reduced-serum and tryptose phosphate broth conditions (p ≤ 0.0001). Additionally, peptide composition analysis and identification of amino acid sequences provided preliminary insights into potentially bioactive chromopeptides associated with the maintenance and promotion of cellular growth. Algae/cyanobacteria-derived hydrolysates positively regulated cell viability and proliferation in serum-reduced conditions, although effects were dependent on the algal species, enzymatic treatment, and cell type. These findings highlight their potential as sustainable supplements for alternative cell culture media. Full article