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Keywords = canine-ear infections

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7 pages, 363 KiB  
Article
Anaesthetic Complications in Dogs Undergoing Total Ear Canal Ablation and Ventral Bulla Osteotomy: A Single-Centre Retrospective Study
by Anna Maria Szewczyk, Manuel Alejandro Fernandez Barrientos and Carl Bradbrook
Animals 2025, 15(10), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15101401 - 13 May 2025
Viewed by 668
Abstract
Canine otitis, a prevalent and often recurrent condition in small animal veterinary medicine, can lead to severe and chronic ear disease, necessitating surgical intervention when medical management fails. In advanced cases, Total Ear Canal Ablation with Bulla Osteotomy (TECA-BO) is frequently considered the [...] Read more.
Canine otitis, a prevalent and often recurrent condition in small animal veterinary medicine, can lead to severe and chronic ear disease, necessitating surgical intervention when medical management fails. In advanced cases, Total Ear Canal Ablation with Bulla Osteotomy (TECA-BO) is frequently considered the most effective treatment option to alleviate pain, resolve infection, and improve the overall quality of life of affected dogs. However, as with any major surgical procedure, TECA-BO carries inherent risks, particularly those related to anaesthesia. This single-centre retrospective study aims to evaluate and characterise anaesthesia-related complications in dogs undergoing TECA-BO surgery. The study analyses data from canine patients that underwent the procedure at a specialised veterinary referral centre over a 14-year period spanning from 2007 to 2021. The primary objective is to determine the incidence of anaesthesia-related complications and to identify any potential risk factors that may contribute to their occurrence. A statistical analysis was performed to compare the incidence of complications, with Fisher’s Exact Test being used to assess the significance of observed differences. The significance level was set at p = 0.05 to determine whether specific variables had a meaningful impact on anaesthesia-related complications. The findings of this study may help inform clinical decision-making, optimise anaesthetic management strategies, and ultimately improve the safety and success of TECA-BO procedures in veterinary practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)
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25 pages, 5527 KiB  
Article
Molecular Epidemiological Characteristics of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus coagulans, and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Cultured from Clinical Canine Skin and Ear Samples in Queensland
by Sara Horsman, Julian Zaugg, Erika Meler, Deirdre Mikkelsen, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães and Justine S. Gibson
Antibiotics 2025, 14(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14010080 - 13 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1811
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Infections in dogs caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) present limited treatment options. This study’s objective was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus spp. cultured exclusively from clinical canine skin and ear samples in Queensland, Australia, using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Methods: Forty-two [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Infections in dogs caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) present limited treatment options. This study’s objective was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus spp. cultured exclusively from clinical canine skin and ear samples in Queensland, Australia, using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Methods: Forty-two Staphylococcus spp. isolated from clinical canine skin and ear samples, from an unknown number of dogs, were sourced from two veterinary diagnostic laboratories between January 2022 and May 2023. These isolates underwent matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation– time of flight bacterial identification, minimum inhibitory concentration testing using SensititreTM plates and WGS. Phylogenetic trees and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) minimum spanning trees (MSTs) were constructed. Results: The isolates included methicillin-resistant and -sensitive S. pseudintermedius (MRSP: 57.1%, 24/42; and MSSP: 19.1%, 8/42), methicillin-resistant and -sensitive S. coagulans (MRSC: 14.3%, 6/42; and MSSC: 2.4%, 1/42) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS: 7.1%, 3/42). Thirty-nine isolates were included after WGS, where all MRS harboured the mecA gene. Eighteen sequence types (STs) were identified, including three novel MRSP and six novel MSSP STs. MRSP ST496-V-VII (23%; 9/39) and MRSP ST749-IV-(IVg) (12.8%; 5/39) were commonly isolated. Phylogenetic analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that MRSP, MRSC and MSSC were similar to globally isolated staphylococci from canine skin and ear infections. Using cgMLST MSTs, MRSP isolates were not closely related to global strains. Conclusions: Our findings revealed a genotypically diverse geographical distribution and phylogenetic relatedness of staphylococci cultured from clinical canine skin and ear samples across Queensland. This highlights the importance of ongoing surveillance to aid in evidence-based treatment decisions and antimicrobial stewardship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance and Infections in Animals)
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19 pages, 5365 KiB  
Article
Anatomical Vascular Differences and Leishmania-Induced Vascular Morphological Changes Are Associated with a High Parasite Load in the Skin of Dogs Infected with Leishmania infantum
by Francini N. Ribeiro, Tainã L. de Souza, Rodrigo C. Menezes, Lucas Keidel, João Paulo R. dos Santos, Igor J. da Silva, Marcelo Pelajo-Machado, Fernanda N. Morgado and Renato Porrozzi
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050371 - 30 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1663
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, affects several organs, including the skin. Dogs are considered the major domestic reservoir animals for leishmaniasis, and through their highly parasitized skin, they can serve as a source of infection for sandfly [...] Read more.
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, affects several organs, including the skin. Dogs are considered the major domestic reservoir animals for leishmaniasis, and through their highly parasitized skin, they can serve as a source of infection for sandfly vectors. Therefore, studies of the skin parasite–host relationship can contribute to the understanding of the infectious dissemination processes of parasites in the dermis and help to identify targets for diagnosis and treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of anatomical vascular differences and Leishmania-induced vascular morphological changes with clinical signs and parasite load by analyzing the ear and abdominal skin from dogs naturally infected with L. infantum. Paired samples of ear and abdominal skin from L. infantum-positive dogs (n = 26) were submitted for histological and immunohistochemistry analyses. The ear skin samples showed a more intense and more diffusely distributed granulomatous inflammatory reaction, a higher number and larger diameter of blood vessels, increased parasite load, higher expression of VEGF+ (vascular endothelial growth factor) and MAC 387+ (calprotectin) recently infiltrating cells, and more intense collagen disruption compared to the abdominal skin samples. Intracellular amastigotes were observed in blood vessels and inside endothelial cells and were diffusely distributed throughout the dermis in the ear skin samples. The NOS2/MAC387+ cell ratio was lower in the ear skin samples than in those of the abdomen, suggesting that in the ear dermis, the inflammatory infiltrate was less capable of producing NO and thereby control the parasite load. Together, these findings indicate how parasites and immune cells are distributed in the skin and suggest an important role for dermal vascularization in cellular influx and thereby in parasite dissemination through the skin of naturally infected dogs. Full article
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19 pages, 2785 KiB  
Review
Pseudomonas spp. in Canine Otitis Externa
by Bailey Secker, Stephen Shaw and Robert J. Atterbury
Microorganisms 2023, 11(11), 2650; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112650 - 28 Oct 2023
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 9194
Abstract
Canine otitis externa (OE) is a commonly diagnosed condition seen in veterinary practice worldwide. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of the disease, with a particular focus on the biological characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the impact that antibiotic resistance has on [...] Read more.
Canine otitis externa (OE) is a commonly diagnosed condition seen in veterinary practice worldwide. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of the disease, with a particular focus on the biological characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the impact that antibiotic resistance has on successful recovery from OE. We also consider potential alternatives to antimicrobial chemotherapy for the treatment of recalcitrant infections. P. aeruginosa is not a typical constituent of the canine ear microbiota, but is frequently isolated from cases of chronic OE, and the nature of this pathogen often makes treatment difficult. Biofilm formation is identified in 40–95% of P. aeruginosa from cases of OE and intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance, especially resistance to clinically important antibiotics, highlights the need for alternative treatments. The role of other virulence factors in OE remains relatively unexplored and further work is needed. The studies described in this work highlight several potential alternative treatments, including the use of bacteriophages. This review provides a summary of the aetiology of OE with particular reference to the dysbiosis that leads to colonisation by P. aeruginosa and highlights the need for novel treatments for the future management of P. aeruginosa otitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Review Papers in Veterinary Microbiology 2023)
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9 pages, 1536 KiB  
Communication
Antibiotic Resistance and Species Profile of Enterococcus Species in Dogs with Chronic Otitis Externa
by Jun Kwon, Hyoung Joon Ko, Myoung Hwan Yang, Chul Park and Se Chang Park
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110592 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4412
Abstract
Otitis externa, a common disease in dogs, has different etiologies. Enterococcus is a Gram-positive bacterium that frequently causes opportunistic ear infections. Here, we determined the distribution of Enterococcus in canine otitis externa via time-of-flight mass spectrometry and biochemical tests and evaluated their resistance [...] Read more.
Otitis externa, a common disease in dogs, has different etiologies. Enterococcus is a Gram-positive bacterium that frequently causes opportunistic ear infections. Here, we determined the distribution of Enterococcus in canine otitis externa via time-of-flight mass spectrometry and biochemical tests and evaluated their resistance patterns to 10 commonly used antibiotics. Among the 197 Enterococcus isolates, E. faecalis (48.7%; 96/197) was the most common, followed by E. faecium (21.3%; 42/197), E. casseliflavus (11.7%; 23/197), E. hirae (10.7%; 21/197), E. avium (3.6%; 7/197), E. gallinarum (2.5%; 5/197), E. canintestini (1.0%; 2/197), and E. durans (0.5%; 1/197). All isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Enterococcus faecalis strains were highly resistant to erythromycin (45.8%) and rifampin (34.3%) but were generally susceptible to penicillin class antibiotics. In contrast, E. faecium isolates were highly resistant to penicillin class antibiotics (ampicillin, 61.9%; penicillin, 71.4%). Most importantly, E. faecium demonstrated high resistance to most of the antibiotics used in this study. Multidrug resistance was found in 28.4% of the isolates (56/197). This study shows prevalence and antibiotics resistance profiles of Enterococcus species in canine chronic otitis externa. The results can contribute to establish therapeutic strategies of Enterococcus infections and be used as a comparable index of antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Clinical Microbiology)
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20 pages, 2229 KiB  
Article
Genomic Assessment of Cancer Susceptibility in the Threatened Catalina Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis catalinae)
by Sarah A. Hendricks, Julie L. King, Calvin L. Duncan, Winston Vickers, Paul A. Hohenlohe and Brian W. Davis
Genes 2022, 13(8), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13081496 - 22 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3795
Abstract
Small effective population sizes raise the probability of extinction by increasing the frequency of potentially deleterious alleles and reducing fitness. However, the extent to which cancers play a role in the fitness reduction of genetically depauperate wildlife populations is unknown. Santa Catalina island [...] Read more.
Small effective population sizes raise the probability of extinction by increasing the frequency of potentially deleterious alleles and reducing fitness. However, the extent to which cancers play a role in the fitness reduction of genetically depauperate wildlife populations is unknown. Santa Catalina island foxes (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) sampled in 2007–2008 have a high prevalence of ceruminous gland tumors, which was not detected in the population prior to a recent bottleneck caused by a canine distemper epidemic. The disease appears to be associated with inflammation from chronic ear mite (Otodectes) infections and secondary elevated levels of Staphyloccus pseudointermedius bacterial infections. However, no other environmental factors to date have been found to be associated with elevated cancer risk in this population. Here, we used whole genome sequencing of the case and control individuals from two islands to identify candidate loci associated with cancer based on genetic divergence, nucleotide diversity, allele frequency spectrum, and runs of homozygosity. We identified several candidate loci based on genomic signatures and putative gene functions, suggesting that cancer susceptibility in this population may be polygenic. Due to the efforts of a recovery program and weak fitness effects of late-onset disease, the population size has increased, which may allow selection to be more effective in removing these presumably slightly deleterious alleles. Long-term monitoring of the disease alleles, as well as overall genetic diversity, will provide crucial information for the long-term persistence of this threatened population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Canine Genetics)
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12 pages, 1306 KiB  
Communication
Clinical and Microbiological Performances and Effects on Lipid and Cytokine Production of a Ceruminolytic Ear Cleaner in Canine Erythemato-Ceruminous Otitis Externa
by Fabien Moog, Johanna Mivielle, Jessie Brun, Mirabela Oana Dumitrache, Nicolas Amalric, Line-Alice Lecru, Charline Pressanti, Jevgenija Kondratjeva, Daniel Combarros, Oscar Fantini and Marie Christine Cadiergues
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(4), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9040185 - 13 Apr 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4512
Abstract
Erythemato-ceruminous otitis externa (ECOE) is the most common type of otitis in dogs and is generally associated with bacterial and/or yeast infections. The performance of an ear cleaner was assessed over two weeks in canine ECOE, associated with a mild or moderate secondary [...] Read more.
Erythemato-ceruminous otitis externa (ECOE) is the most common type of otitis in dogs and is generally associated with bacterial and/or yeast infections. The performance of an ear cleaner was assessed over two weeks in canine ECOE, associated with a mild or moderate secondary infection, in a prospective open-label study. Forty ear canals with ECOE that did not receive any type of aural treatment and were not cleaned for 7 days were included. Pruritus (PS), 0–3 Otitis Index Score (OTIS-3) and 0–4 scale cytology (CYTO) scores were assessed on Day (D) 0, D7 and D14. Concentrations of a panel of 13 cytokines on the ear canal surface and the lipid profile of the exudate were measured on D0 and D14. From D0 to D12 or D13, the dogs’ ears were cleaned daily if the secretion score (SEC) was 3/3, every second day if the score was 2/3 and every third day if the score was 1/3. PS, OTIS-3, SEC and CYTO were significantly lower on D7 compared to baseline (−40%, −31%, −36%, −34%, respectively; p < 0.0001). The same parameters decreased further on D14 (−60%, −53%, −61%, −73%, respectively; p < 0.0001) and amounts of interleukin 8 and chemokine KC-like were also reduced compared to baseline (−45%, p < 0.01; −36%, p = 0.3, respectively). The lipid profile was also modified, with a decrease in free lipids and an increase in bound lipids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Animal Dermatology)
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11 pages, 1093 KiB  
Article
Multiplex Cytokine Analyses in Ear Canals of Dogs Suggest Involvement of IL-8 Chemokine in Atopic Otitis and Otodectic Mange—Preliminary Results
by Line-Alice Lecru, Daniel Combarros, Fabien Moog, Lukrecija Marinovic, Jevgenija Kondratjeva, Nicolas Amalric, Charline Pressanti and Marie Christine Cadiergues
Animals 2022, 12(5), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050575 - 25 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3088
Abstract
Cutaneous cytokines and chemokines are involved in the pathogenesis of human and canine atopic dermatitis. The aim of the present study was to discriminate cytokine expression in the ear canals of atopic dogs with otitis, dogs with non-allergic inflammatory otitis (otodectic mange) and [...] Read more.
Cutaneous cytokines and chemokines are involved in the pathogenesis of human and canine atopic dermatitis. The aim of the present study was to discriminate cytokine expression in the ear canals of atopic dogs with otitis, dogs with non-allergic inflammatory otitis (otodectic mange) and healthy non-atopic dogs. The ear canals of nine atopic dogs suffering from non-infected otitis externa (n = 14 ears), 10 healthy dogs suffering from otodectic mange (n = 20 ears) and 21 healthy controls (39 ears) were swabbed. The concentrations of a panel of 13 cytokines and chemokines on the aural surface were measured by multiplex analyses (Milliplex Canine Cytokine Panel). In addition, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)-04 and Otitis Index Score (OTIS3) scores were used to evaluate the overall status of the dogs. The concentration of IL-8 was significantly higher in the ears of atopic dogs and dogs with otodectic mange compared to those of healthy dogs. Significant increases in the levels of IL-10 were also overexpressed in atopic otitis but at lower rates. The concentrations of interleukin(IL)-8 were positively correlated with the OTIS3 hyperplasia score in atopic dogs. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-8 is overexpressed in atopic otitis and otodectic mange and that levels correlate with the otitis severity in atopic dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)
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10 pages, 1321 KiB  
Article
Anti-Staphylococcal Activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil against Planktonic and Biofilm Cells Isolated from Canine Otological Infections
by Vinicius de Queiroz Albuquerque, Maria Janeila Carvalho Soares, Maria Nágila Carneiro Matos, Rafaela Mesquita Bastos Cavalcante, Jesús Alberto Pérez Guerrero, Tigressa Helena Soares Rodrigues, Geovany Amorim Gomes, Rodrigo Fonseca de Medeiros Guedes, Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco, Isaac Neto Goes da Silva and Victor Alves Carneiro
Antibiotics 2022, 11(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010004 - 22 Dec 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3545
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CZEO) and their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus strains isolated from canine otitis. First, the CZEO chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). External [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CZEO) and their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus strains isolated from canine otitis. First, the CZEO chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). External otitis samples collected from dogs were submitted to staphylococcal isolation, followed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification. The antimicrobial action was tested against the isolates using the disk-diffusion and microdilution methods. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated by CZEO-based concentrations, subMIC for biofilm formation and supraMIC against preformed biofilm, quantified by crystal violet (CV) staining and CFU counting. The chemical analysis revealed that (E)-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and (E)-cinnamyl acetate were the main compounds in the CZEO, representing 77.42, 8.17 and 4.50%, respectively. Two strains of three different species, S. saprophyticus, S. schleiferi and S. pseudintermedius, were identified. The disk-diffusion test showed an inhibitory zone diameter, ranging from 34.0 to 49.5 mm, while the MIC and MBC values were around 500 and 1000 µg/mL. SubMIC demonstrated an inhibition on biofilm formation against 4 out the 6 strains tested. On mature biofilm, the CZEO-based supraMIC groups had slightly change on biomass, however, the biofilm cell viability decreased the CFU in 3 magnitude orders. Full article
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10 pages, 1134 KiB  
Article
A DSG1 Frameshift Variant in a Rottweiler Dog with Footpad Hyperkeratosis
by Katherine A. Backel, Sarah Kiener, Vidhya Jagannathan, Margret L. Casal, Tosso Leeb and Elizabeth A. Mauldin
Genes 2020, 11(4), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11040469 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6728
Abstract
A single male Rottweiler dog with severe footpad hyperkeratosis starting at an age of eight weeks was investigated. The hyperkeratosis was initially restricted to the footpads. The footpad lesions caused severe discomfort to the dog and had to be trimmed under anesthesia every [...] Read more.
A single male Rottweiler dog with severe footpad hyperkeratosis starting at an age of eight weeks was investigated. The hyperkeratosis was initially restricted to the footpads. The footpad lesions caused severe discomfort to the dog and had to be trimmed under anesthesia every 8–10 weeks. Histologically, the epidermis showed papillated villous projections of dense keratin in the stratum corneum. Starting at eight months of age, the patient additionally developed signs consistent with atopic dermatitis and recurrent bacterial skin and ear infections. Crusted hyperkeratotic plaques developed at sites of infection. We sequenced the genome of the affected dog and compared the data to 655 control genomes. A search for variants in 32 candidate genes associated with human palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) revealed a single private protein-changing variant in the affected dog. This was located in the DSG1 gene encoding desmoglein 1. Heterozygous monoallelic DSG1 variants have been reported in human patients with striate palmoplantar keratoderma I (SPPK1), while biallelic DSG1 loss of function variants in humans lead to a more pronounced condition termed severe dermatitis, multiple allergies, and metabolic wasting (SAM) syndrome. The identified canine variant, DSG1:c.2541_2545delGGGCT, leads to a frameshift and truncates about 20% of the coding sequence. The affected dog was homozygous for the mutant allele. The comparative data on desmoglein 1 function in humans suggest that the identified DSG1 variant may have caused the footpad hyperkeratosis and predisposition for allergies and skin infections in the affected dog. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Inherited Diseases in Companion Animals)
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