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Keywords = camembert cheese

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18 pages, 3139 KiB  
Article
Computer-Assisted Smoking Process: The Influence of the Smoking Process on the Physical Parameters of Smoked Products
by Edyta Nizio, Daniel Borowiak, Kamil Śmieszniak, Kamil Czwartkowski, Wojciech Golimowski and Joanna Harasym
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 6098; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116098 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 379
Abstract
Smoking food products is one of the methods of preserving them and giving them unique qualities. The proper selection of process parameters significantly affects the sensory attributes of the products, as well as their health benefits. An experimental station was built and verified [...] Read more.
Smoking food products is one of the methods of preserving them and giving them unique qualities. The proper selection of process parameters significantly affects the sensory attributes of the products, as well as their health benefits. An experimental station was built and verified to optimize the process parameters to monitor the smoking process. The purpose of the publication is to present an experimental station that will be used for optimization studies of the parameters of the processing of food products by smoking. The condition parameters, i.e., temperature and smoke level, were monitored. The products (pork loin, feta cheese, Camembert, Italian-type cheese, and curd) after smoking were analyzed from a qualitative point of view. The weight loss, change in the product’s moisture content, and color change were measured. The measurements proved the stability of the process parameters for the 12 samples of meat and cheese of regular size and that a uniform amount of smoke penetrated them at comparable temperatures. A comparison was also made between changes in the basic physical parameters of the meat and cheese during smoking. The change in the physical parameters of the pork loin was used as a reference point for changes in these parameters in other products. Full article
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23 pages, 2411 KiB  
Review
Formation and Characterization of Aroma Compounds in Camembert Cheese
by Bruna Fernanda Damasceno Ramirez, Gustavo Aparecido Martins, Juliano Lemos Bicas and Mário Roberto Maróstica Júnior
Compounds 2025, 5(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds5020019 - 23 May 2025
Viewed by 1110
Abstract
The characterization of volatile compounds in cheese is crucial for understanding sensory properties and consumer acceptance. Camembert cheese, a surface-ripened variety, presents a complex aroma profile shaped by biochemical and microbial interactions. Despite advances in analytical methods such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) [...] Read more.
The characterization of volatile compounds in cheese is crucial for understanding sensory properties and consumer acceptance. Camembert cheese, a surface-ripened variety, presents a complex aroma profile shaped by biochemical and microbial interactions. Despite advances in analytical methods such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O), the metabolic pathways and microbial interactions defining Camembert’s aroma remain incompletely understood. This review explores the synergistic roles of microbial communities, enzymatic activity, and environmental conditions in volatile compound formation. A systematic literature review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to analyze the classification of volatile compounds, biochemical pathways of aroma formation, and microbial contributions. The findings highlight the essential role of Penicillium camemberti and lactic acid bacteria in aroma modulation, particularly in sulfur compounds, esters, and short-chain fatty acids. Emerging technologies such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and metabolomics provide new insights into volatile compound dynamics. Understanding these mechanisms may enhance aroma control in cheese production through microbial engineering and biochemical monitoring. This review underscores the need for integrated approaches to optimize fermentation and ensure sensory standardization, contributing to improved quality and consumer acceptance of Camembert cheese. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Compounds with Biological Activity)
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16 pages, 3305 KiB  
Article
Innovative Approaches to Camembert Cheese: Optimizing Prebiotics and Coagulation Conditions for Enhanced Quality and Nutrition
by Adiba Benahmed Djilali, Mohammed Said Metahri, Lynda Lakabi, Hichem Tahraoui, Abdelouahab Benseddik, Colette Besombes and Karim Allaf
Fermentation 2024, 10(10), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10100524 - 15 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1841
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate how different factors, such as lactic acid bacteria, prebiotics (flaxseed powder, watercress seed powder, okra mucilage), and coagulation temperature influence the final quality of curd by conducting three optimization experiments and implementing a structured experimental [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to investigate how different factors, such as lactic acid bacteria, prebiotics (flaxseed powder, watercress seed powder, okra mucilage), and coagulation temperature influence the final quality of curd by conducting three optimization experiments and implementing a structured experimental plan. In the first phase, milk coagulation was assessed at 45 °C with various combinations of lactic acid bacteria (probiotics) and prebiotics (powdered flaxseed and watercress). In the second investigation phase, the effects of lowered probiotic and prebiotic (powdered flaxseed and watercress) concentrations were examined at the coagulation temperature of 38 °C. We investigated the concentration of lactic acid bacteria at 3 mg/mL of milk and the effects of temperature and prebiotics (okra mucilage and flaxseed powder). We observed short milk clotting time (2 s) using the optimized mixture (0.18 mg of probiotics, 1.5 mg of flaxseed powder, and 1.147 mg of watercress powder) per 10 mL of milk. It contrasts with the classical coagulation way optimized at (5.9 and 9.5 s), which were generated at optimal temperatures of 45 and 45.7 °C, respectively. Our new mixture improves the fermentation process of camembert cheese at 38 °C. This cheese had a high flavonoid content, fewer lactic bacteria and molds, a homogeneous texture, and no outer crust, and exceptional sensory attributes such as a creamy and fluid paste. These attributes suggest its potential benefits as a dairy product for individuals with cardiovascular and gastrointestinal conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Optimal Fermentation by Using Modern Tools and Methods)
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31 pages, 11300 KiB  
Article
Computerized Penetrometry Methodology Assisted by Advanced Algorithms Applied in the Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Rheology of Mold-Ripened Cheeses
by George Ipate, Gratiela Florinela Pana and Filip Ilie
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8429; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188429 - 19 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1158
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to understand the rheological behavior of various types of cheeses with mold subjected to multiple stresses during processing/handling, transport, or storage, aiming to maintain or even improve product quality, using computer-assisted penetration methods and advanced regression [...] Read more.
The main objective of this study is to understand the rheological behavior of various types of cheeses with mold subjected to multiple stresses during processing/handling, transport, or storage, aiming to maintain or even improve product quality, using computer-assisted penetration methods and advanced regression algorithms. Uniaxial penetration tests with a cone at a constant speed were conducted using a universal Hounsfield testing equipment connected to a computer to analyze the texture behavior (tangential stress, flow index, apparent viscosity) of four of the most common types of cheese with mold depending on the cone’s tip angle (9, 19, and 90 degrees) and penetration speed (12, 30, and 60 mm/min). From the results obtained for the four categories of mold cheeses (Brie, Camembert, Dorblue, and Roquefort), the amplitude of the speed and angle of penetration were considered as the main influencing factors for the shear deformation (τc), flow index (Kf), and apparent viscosity (ηa). The moisture and firmness of mold cheeses are closely linked and depend on the type of mold, the maturation process, or storage conditions. Careful control of these factors is essential to achieve the desired texture and taste characteristics in cheeses with mold. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research on Safety Detection and Quality Control of Food)
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13 pages, 2888 KiB  
Article
Limited Effectiveness of Penicillium camemberti in Preventing the Invasion of Contaminating Molds in Camembert Cheese
by Nicole Ollinger, Alexandra Malachová, Alexandra Schamann, Michael Sulyok, Rudolf Krska and Julian Weghuber
Foods 2024, 13(18), 2865; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13182865 - 10 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2534
Abstract
Mold-ripened cheese acquires a distinctive aroma and texture from mold cultures that mature on a fresh cheese wheel. Owing to its high moisture content (aw = 0.95) and pliability, soft cheese is prone to contamination. Many contaminating mold species are unable to [...] Read more.
Mold-ripened cheese acquires a distinctive aroma and texture from mold cultures that mature on a fresh cheese wheel. Owing to its high moisture content (aw = 0.95) and pliability, soft cheese is prone to contamination. Many contaminating mold species are unable to grow at colder temperatures, and the lactic acid produced by the cheese bacteria inhibits further infiltration. Thus, Camembert cheese is generally well protected against contamination by a wide range of species. In this study, cocultures of Penicillium camemberti and widely distributed mycotoxin-producing mold species were incubated on different types of agars, and purchased Camembert samples were deliberately contaminated with mycotoxin-producing mold species capable of growing at both 25 °C and 4 °C. The production of mycotoxins was then monitored by the extraction of the metabolites and their subsequent measurement by means of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based targeted metabolite profiling approach. The production of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was highly dependent on the species cocultivated with Penicillium camemberti, the temperature and the substrate. Contamination of Camembert cheese with Penicillium chrysogenum, Mucor hiemalis, or Penicillium glabrum induced CPA production at 25 °C. Although mold growth on cheese was not always evident on biofilms for certain cultures, except for Penicillium citrinum, which stained the monosaccharide agar yellow, mycotoxins were detected in many agar and cheese samples, as in all monosaccharide agar samples. In conclusion, cheese should be immediately discarded upon the first appearance of mold. Full article
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14 pages, 627 KiB  
Article
Association between the Intake/Type of Cheese and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Women in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study
by Takao Suzuki, Yosuke Osuka, Narumi Kojima, Hiroyuki Sasai, Kentaro Nakamura, Chisato Oba, Mayuki Sasaki and Hunkyung Kim
Nutrients 2024, 16(16), 2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162800 - 22 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3593
Abstract
While many studies have described the association between cognitive decline and eating habits, little attention has been paid to its association with cheese intake. In this epidemiological study of 1035 community-dwelling women aged ≥ 65, we investigated the association between intake/type of cheese [...] Read more.
While many studies have described the association between cognitive decline and eating habits, little attention has been paid to its association with cheese intake. In this epidemiological study of 1035 community-dwelling women aged ≥ 65, we investigated the association between intake/type of cheese and cognitive function. The anthropometry, functional ability, and the frequency of food intake, including cheese, were assessed. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) was used to assess cognitive function, and a score of 20–26 was operationally defined as mild cognitive decline. We found that the MMSE score was significantly different between the presence of cheese intake and not (cheese intake: 28.4 ± 1.9; non-cheese intake: 27.6 ± 2.4) and between those who consumed Camembert cheese and those who did not (Camembert cheese: 28.7 ± 1.4; others: 28.3 ± 2.0). After adjusting for confounders, multiple logistic regression identified four independent variables significantly associated with mild cognitive decline: Camembert cheese intake (odds ratio = 0.448, 95% confidence interval = 0.214–0.936), age, usual walking speed, and repetitive saliva swallowing test scores. Our results, while based on cross-sectional data from Japanese community-dwelling older women, identified the significant inverse association between Camembert cheese intake and mild cognitive decline. Full article
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18 pages, 3411 KiB  
Article
Camembert-Type Cheese with Sweet Buttermilk: The Determination of Quality Properties and Microstructure
by Katarzyna Szkolnicka, Izabela Dmytrów, Anna Mituniewicz-Małek and Batoul Meghzili
Foods 2024, 13(16), 2515; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162515 - 12 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2433
Abstract
Camembert is a type of surface-mold-ripened soft cheese traditionally produced from cow’s milk. Buttermilk, a by-product of butter production with beneficial nutritional and technological properties, is increasingly being used in various applications, including cheesemaking. Therefore, this study aimed to use sweet buttermilk (BM) [...] Read more.
Camembert is a type of surface-mold-ripened soft cheese traditionally produced from cow’s milk. Buttermilk, a by-product of butter production with beneficial nutritional and technological properties, is increasingly being used in various applications, including cheesemaking. Therefore, this study aimed to use sweet buttermilk (BM) in combination with milk at concentrations of 10% (w/w) (BM10) and 20% (w/w) (BM20) for the production of Camembert-type cheese. A control cheese made entirely from milk was also produced. The cheese samples underwent a 28-day ripening process during which their composition, acidity, water activity, color, and sensory properties were examined at 1-week intervals. The microstructure of the matured Camembert-type cheese samples was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their texture was evaluated. The production yield of BM20 cheese (18.03 ± 0.29 kg/100 kg) was lower (p < 0.05) than that of the control (19.92 ± 0.23 kg/100 kg), with BM10 showing the distinctly lowest yield (14.74 ± 0.35 kg/100 kg). The total solid and fat content of BM Camembert-type cheese samples was lower than the control. However, the total protein content in cheese BM20 at the end of the ripening period was the same as that of the control. The changes in acidity in all samples were typical for Camembert cheese, and water activity was high (above 0.92). The sensory properties of all samples were characteristic of the cheese type, while the color of BM cheese samples differed from the control. The microstructure of BM10 and BM20 cheese variants was similar, namely homogenous and less porous compared to the control. In terms of texture, the BM samples had significantly lower hardness, adhesiveness, and gumminess. This study indicates that sweet BM, particularly at a concentration of 20%, may be effectively used in the production of Camembert-type cheese. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cheese: Chemistry, Physics and Microbiology, 2nd Edition)
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21 pages, 3005 KiB  
Article
Plant-Based Alternatives to Mold-Ripened Cheeses as an Innovation among Dairy Analogues
by Agata Fabiszewska, Katarzyna Wierzchowska, Ilona Dębkowska, Weronika Śliczniak, Magdalena Ziółkowska, Karina Jasińska, Joanna Kobus, Dorota Nowak and Bartłomiej Zieniuk
Foods 2024, 13(14), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13142305 - 22 Jul 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2810
Abstract
There is a growing demand for vegan products and plant-based food when dealing with the impact of livestock on the climate crisis. The aim of this study was to develop a formulation for a plant-based analogue of mold-ripened cheese. Were investigated the following [...] Read more.
There is a growing demand for vegan products and plant-based food when dealing with the impact of livestock on the climate crisis. The aim of this study was to develop a formulation for a plant-based analogue of mold-ripened cheese. Were investigated the following plant materials: cashews, pistachios, soy flour, chickpea flour, pea protein, pumpkin protein, hemp protein, and spirulina powder. Plant matrices were fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures and cheese starter cultures of mold species Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium camemberti. All microorganisms’ growth were tested in a vegan-type culture medium. Calcium supplementation was applied and followed by an in-depth analysis of the elemental composition of selected analogues with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The physicochemical and organoleptic analyses of plant-based alternatives of Camembert were conducted. This is the first paper describing novel formulations for plant-based alternatives for Camembert cheese prepared with techniques mimicking the original milk product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Foods)
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20 pages, 3134 KiB  
Article
Development of a Chitosan-Based Film from Shellfish Waste for the Preservation of Various Cheese Types during Storage
by Rossella Vadalà, Laura De Maria, Rita De Pasquale, Eleonora Di Salvo, Giovanna Lo Vecchio, Giuseppa Di Bella, Rosaria Costa and Nicola Cicero
Foods 2024, 13(13), 2055; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132055 - 27 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2242
Abstract
The global concern about the use of disposable plastics has fed the research on sustainable packaging for food products. Among the virtuous materials, chitosan emerges as a valid alternative to conventional polyethylene films because of its abundance in nature. In this work, a [...] Read more.
The global concern about the use of disposable plastics has fed the research on sustainable packaging for food products. Among the virtuous materials, chitosan emerges as a valid alternative to conventional polyethylene films because of its abundance in nature. In this work, a novel film for food wrapping was developed by exploiting shellfish waste according to a vision of circular economy. Compared to previous studies, here, novel ingredients, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), fibroin, and essential oils, were used in a synergistic combination to functionally postpone cheese deterioration. The fermentative procedure applied for the obtainment of chitin contributes to filling the existing gap in the literature, since the majority of studies are based on the chemical pathways that dramatically impact the environment. After pretreatment, the shrimp shell waste (SSW) was fermented through two bacterial strains, namely Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis. A deacetylation step in an alkaline environment transformed chitin into chitosan, yielding 78.88 g/kg SWW. Four different film formulations were prepared, all containing chitosan with other ingredients added in order of decreasing complexity from the A to D groups. The novel films were tested with regard to their physico-mechanical and antioxidant properties, including the tensile strength (12.10–23.25 MPa), the elongation at break (27.91–46.12%), the hardness (52–71 Shore A), the film thickness (308–309 μm), and the radical scavenging activity (16.11–76.56%). The performance as a cling film was tested on two groups of cheese samples: the control (CTR), wrapped in conventional polyethylene (PE) film; treated (TRT), wrapped in the chitofilm formulation deemed best for its mechanical properties. The volatiles entrapped into the headspace were investigated by means of the SPME-GC technique. The results varied across soft, Camembert, and semi-hard cheeses, indicating a growing abundance of volatiles during the conservation of cheese. The bacterial growth trends for mesophilic, enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria were expressed as the mean colony forming units (CFU)/mL for each type of cheese at different sampling times (day 2, day 8, and day 22): the highest load was quantified as 8.2 × 106 CFU/mL at day 22 in the CTR Camembert cheese. The TRT samples generally exhibited inhibitory activity comparable to or lower than that observed in the CTR samples. The sensory analysis revealed distinctions in cheese taste between the TRT and CTR groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Engineering and Technology)
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18 pages, 2993 KiB  
Article
Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Chemometric Approach for the Study of Volatile Profile in X-ray Irradiated Surface-Ripened Cheeses
by Carmen Palermo, Annalisa Mentana, Michele Tomaiuolo, Maria Campaniello, Marco Iammarino, Diego Centonze and Rosalia Zianni
Foods 2024, 13(3), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13030416 - 27 Jan 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2362
Abstract
X-ray irradiation is an emerging non-thermal technology that is used as a preservation and sanitization technique to inactivate pathogens and spoilage organisms, increasing the shelf life of products. In this work, two different types of surface-ripened cheeses, Brie and Camembert, produced with cow [...] Read more.
X-ray irradiation is an emerging non-thermal technology that is used as a preservation and sanitization technique to inactivate pathogens and spoilage organisms, increasing the shelf life of products. In this work, two different types of surface-ripened cheeses, Brie and Camembert, produced with cow milk, were treated with X-rays at three dose levels, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 kGy, to evaluate the irradiation effects on the volatile profile using a volatolomic approach. The headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to extract and analyze the volatile fraction from these dairy matrices. The HS-SPME method was optimized by a central composite design in combination with a desirability optimization methodology. The Carboxen/PDMS fiber, 50 °C for extraction temperature and 60 min for time extraction were found to be the best parameter settings and were applied for this investigation. The obtained fingerprints demonstrated that the irradiation-induced changes are dose dependent. The X-ray irradiation produced many new volatiles not found in the non-irradiated samples, but it also varied the amount of some volatiles already present in the control. Specifically, aldehydes and hydrocarbons increased with the irradiation dose, whereas alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, methyl esters, ketones, lactones and sulfur-containing compounds showed a non-linear dependence on the dose levels; indeed, they increased up to 4.0 kGy, and then decreased slightly at 6.0 kGy. This trend, more evident in the Camembert profile, is probably due to the fact that these compounds are involved in different oxidation mechanisms of lipids and proteins, which were induced by the radiation treatment. In these oxidative chemical changes, the production and degradation processes of the volatiles are competitive, but at higher doses, the decomposition reactions exceed those of formation. A principal component analysis and partial least square discriminant analysis were used to discriminate between the treated and untreated samples. Moreover, this study allowed for the identification of potential markers of X-ray treatment for the two cheeses, confirming this approach as a useful tool for the control of irradiated surface-ripened cheeses. Full article
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15 pages, 1622 KiB  
Article
Untargeted Lipidomics and Chemometric Tools for the Characterization and Discrimination of Irradiated Camembert Cheese Analyzed by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS
by Michele Tomaiuolo, Valeria Nardelli, Annalisa Mentana, Maria Campaniello, Rosalia Zianni and Marco Iammarino
Foods 2023, 12(11), 2198; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12112198 - 30 May 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2449
Abstract
In this work, an investigation using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and multivariate statistics was conducted to obtain the lipid fingerprint of Camembert cheese and to explore its correlated variation with respect to X-ray irradiation treatment. A total of 479 lipids, categorized into 16 different lipid subclasses, [...] Read more.
In this work, an investigation using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and multivariate statistics was conducted to obtain the lipid fingerprint of Camembert cheese and to explore its correlated variation with respect to X-ray irradiation treatment. A total of 479 lipids, categorized into 16 different lipid subclasses, were measured. Furthermore, the identification of oxidized lipids was carried out to better understand the possible phenomena of lipid oxidation related to this technological process. The results confirm that the lipidomic approach adopted is effective in implementing the knowledge of the effects of X-ray irradiation on food and evaluating its safety aspects. Furthermore, Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) were applied showing high discriminating ability with excellent values of accuracy, specificity and sensitivity. Through the PLS-DA and LDA models, it was possible to select 40 and 24 lipids, respectively, including 3 ceramides (Cer), 1 hexosyl ceramide (HexCer), 1 lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), 1 lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), 3 phosphatidic acids (PA), 4 phosphatidylcholines (PC), 10 phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), 5 phosphatidylinositols (PI), 2 phosphatidylserines (PS), 3 diacylglycerols (DG) and 9 oxidized triacylglycerols (OxTG) as potential markers of treatment useful in food safety control plans. Full article
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13 pages, 1447 KiB  
Article
The Biotransformation of Lupine Seeds by Lactic Acid Bacteria and Penicillium camemberti into a Plant-Based Camembert Alternative, and Its Physicochemical Changes during 7 Weeks of Ripening
by Łukasz Łopusiewcz, Natalia Śmietana, Elżbieta Lichwiarska, Kinga Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz, Annett Gefrom and Emilia Drozłowska
Fermentation 2022, 8(9), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8090447 - 8 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3919
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing consumer interest and research into plant-based dairy alternatives, due to the increasingly negative impact of animal products on human health, animal welfare, and the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and [...] Read more.
In recent years, there has been increasing consumer interest and research into plant-based dairy alternatives, due to the increasingly negative impact of animal products on human health, animal welfare, and the environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and microbiological changes in a Camembert alternative based on the seeds of sweet lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L cv. ‘Boregine’). After heat treatment and homogenization, the seeds were incubated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Penicillium camemberti mold. After fermentation at room temperature, the samples were stored at 12 °C for 14 days, and then ripened until day 49 at 6 °C. Changes in microbial population, acidity, texture, content of polyphenols, flavonoids, reducing sugars, and free amino acids were monitored. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of the samples during ripening was determined. The results showed that LAB and fungi were able to grow well in the lupine matrix. Initially, a decrease in pH was observed, while in the further stages of ripening, alkalization of the product linked with progressive proteolysis associated with an increase in free amino acid content was noted. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides and an increase in antioxidant activity were observed. This indicates the potential of lupine seeds as a raw material for the development of a new group of plant-based ripened cheese alternatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotransformation of Plant Materials by Molds and Higher Fungi)
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14 pages, 1427 KiB  
Article
Effects of Monascus on Proteolysis, Lipolysis, and Volatile Compounds of Camembert-Type Cheese during Ripening
by Shuwen Zhang, Tong Wang, Yumeng Zhang, Bo Song, Xiaoyang Pang and Jiaping Lv
Foods 2022, 11(11), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11111662 - 6 Jun 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3664
Abstract
In order to improve the flavor and taste of Camembert cheese, the use of Monascus as an adjunct starter for the production of Camembert-type cheese was studied to investigate its effect on the proteolysis, lipolysis, and volatile compounds during ripening for 40 days. [...] Read more.
In order to improve the flavor and taste of Camembert cheese, the use of Monascus as an adjunct starter for the production of Camembert-type cheese was studied to investigate its effect on the proteolysis, lipolysis, and volatile compounds during ripening for 40 days. The Camembert cheese without Monascus was used as a control. The results showed that proteolytic and lipolytic activities increased to a certain extent. The addition of Monascus promoted primary and secondary proteolysis, due to the release of some proteases by Monascus. Aspartic, Threonine, Glutamic, Glycine, Methione, Isoleucine, Phenyalanine, and Lysine contents in experimental group (R) cheese were significantly higher than those in control group (W) cheeses. In addition, the free amino acid and fatty acid contents were also affected. The identification of flavor components using gas-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that 2-undecone, 2-tridecanone, phenylethyl alcohol, butanediol (responsible for the production of flowery and honey-like aroma), ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl citrate (fruit-like aroma) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the experimental cheeses than in the control. The contents of 2-nonanone, 2-octanone and 2-decanone (showing milky flavor), and 1-octene-3 alcohol with typical mushroom-like flavor were lower than the control. Full article
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12 pages, 12812 KiB  
Article
Molecular Genetic Analysis with Microsatellite-like Loci Reveals Specific Dairy-Associated and Environmental Populations of the Yeast Geotrichum candidum
by Colin R. Tinsley, Noémie Jacques, Marine Lucas, Cécile Grondin, Jean-Luc Legras and Serge Casaregola
Microorganisms 2022, 10(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010103 - 4 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2056
Abstract
Geotrichum candidum is an environmental yeast, also found as part of the cheese surface microbiota, where it is important in the ripening of many traditional cheeses, such as Camembert. We have previously developed a Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme, which differentiated five [...] Read more.
Geotrichum candidum is an environmental yeast, also found as part of the cheese surface microbiota, where it is important in the ripening of many traditional cheeses, such as Camembert. We have previously developed a Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme, which differentiated five clades, of which one contained only environmental isolates, two were composed almost entirely of dairy isolates, and two others contained a mixture of dairy, environmental, and miscellaneous food isolates. In order to provide a simple method to uniquely type G. candidum strains, and in addition to permit investigation of the population structure at a fine level, we describe here a molecular analysis using a set of twelve highly discriminating microsatellite-like markers. The present study consolidates the previously suggested division between dairy and environmental strains, and in addition distinguishes a specifically European group of environmental strains. This analysis permitted the discrimination of 72 genotypes from the collection of 80 isolates, while retaining the underlying meaningful phylogenetic relation between groups of strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Microbial Diversity 2.0)
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12 pages, 5594 KiB  
Article
Modelling the Radial Growth of Geotrichum candidum: Effects of Temperature and Water Activity
by Martina Koňuchová and Ľubomír Valík
Microorganisms 2021, 9(3), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030532 - 5 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3643
Abstract
Modelling the growth of microorganisms in relation to environmental factors provides quantitative knowledge that can be used to predict their behaviour in foods. For this reason, the effects of temperature and water activity (aw) adjusted with NaCl on the surface [...] Read more.
Modelling the growth of microorganisms in relation to environmental factors provides quantitative knowledge that can be used to predict their behaviour in foods. For this reason, the effects of temperature and water activity (aw) adjusted with NaCl on the surface growth of two isolates and one culture strain of Geotrichum candidum were studied. A dataset of growth parameters obtained from almost 600 growth curves was employed for secondary modelling with cardinal models (CMs). The theoretical minimal temperature resulting from the modelling of the mycelium proliferation rate ranged from −5.2 to −0.4 °C. Optimal and maximal temperatures were calculated and found to have narrow ranges of 25.4 to 28.0 °C and 34.2 to 37.6 °C, respectively. Cardinal aw values associated with radial growth (awmin from 0.948–0.960 and awopt from 0.992–0.993) confirmed the salt sensitivity of the species. Model goodness-of-fit was evaluated by the coefficient of determination R2, which ranged from 0.954 to 0.985, and RMSE, which ranged from 0.28 to 0.42. Substantially higher variability accompanied the lag time for growth modelling than the radial growth rate modelling despite the square root transformation of the reciprocal lag phase data (R2 = 0.685 to 0.808). Nevertheless, the findings demonstrate that the outputs of growth modelling can be applied to the quantitative evaluation of the roles of G. candidum in fresh cheese spoilage as well as the ripening of Camembert-type cheeses or various artisanal cheeses. Along with validation, the interactions with lactic acid bacteria can be included to improve the predictions of G. candidum in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microorganisms in Food – Two Sides of One Story)
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