Search Results (676)

Archaeological bone artifacts frequently exhibit diminished mechanical integrity as a result of organic matrix degradation. Under adverse environmental conditions, such artifacts are particularly susceptible to surface cracking and disintegration into powder. It is urgently necessary to develop protective materials that possess high permeability, strong reinforcing power and good compatibility. This study evaluated the protective performance of a novel Acrylate Metal Complex (AMC) and two conventional commercial consolidants (acrylic resin Paraloid B72 and ethyl silicate-based material Remmers 300) on fragile bone artifacts. Using simulated samples resembling bone artefacts, a systematic evaluation was conducted to assess the penetration, mechanical reinforcement efficacy, microstructural modifications, chromatic impact, and aging resistance of three consolidants. The results indicate that AMC demonstrates optimal permeation capability and can significantly enhance the surface hardness of bone specimens, achieving an increase of 7.7%. The colorimetric changes observed in all three reinforced materials following treatment remained within acceptable limits (ΔE* < 1.5). Accelerated aging tests—including 300 h of UV irradiation and 30 cycles of alternating dry-wet conditions—demonstrated that bone-mimetic composites reinforced with AMC exhibited significantly superior aging resistance relative to those treated with B72 and Remmers 300. In the actual application verification of the archaeological bone relics, the surface hardness of the reinforced AMC increased by 10%, the wave velocity increased by 14.8%, and there was no glare or crust on the surface. Comprehensive comparison shows that AMC outperforms traditional commercial materials in key performance indicators, demonstrating great potential as a next-generation bone relic conservation material. Full article

This study aimed to compare carcass composition and selected meat quality traits of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) and common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.) reared under the production conditions applied in this experiment. The study material consisted of 32 birds, including 16 male common pheasants and 16 male guinea fowl, all slaughtered at 13 weeks of age. The analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two groups in carcass composition and several meat quality parameters. Under the given rearing conditions, guinea fowl were characterized by higher body and carcass weight, as well as weights of individual carcass components, compared to pheasants. They also showed higher carcass yield and greater proportions of certain elements, including leg muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat, and wings, whereas pheasants exhibited a higher proportion of breast muscles and neck. Guinea fowl had higher absolute masses of meat, fat, and bones, but a lower meat-to-fat ratio. No significant differences between groups were observed for the meat-and-fat-to-bone ratio or the meat-to-bone ratio. The highest protein content was recorded in the breast muscles of pheasants (27.1%), while the lowest was found in the leg muscle of guinea fowl (22.1%). Differences between the groups were also observed in intramuscular fat and water content in both breast and leg muscles, as well as in collagen content in the breast muscle. Regardless of group, breast muscles were characterized by higher protein content and lower fat and collagen levels than leg muscles. Differences were further noted in electrical conductivity (EC) and the a* and b* color parameters in both muscle types. Breast muscles exhibited lower pH and a* values but higher EC and L* values than leg muscles in both groups. Textural traits of the breast muscles, including cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness, were higher in guinea fowl, whereas hardness and Warner–Bratzler shear force (WB) were lower compared to pheasants. However, these differences should be interpreted with caution, as the birds were reared under different feeding and management systems, which may have contributed to the observed variation. Overall, the results provide comparative data on carcass composition and meat quality of guinea fowl and pheasants under the studied production conditions. These findings may serve as a basis for further controlled studies designed to more clearly isolate species effects and to evaluate their potential relevance for poultry production. Full article

This study addressed the poor wear resistance of Ti-7.5Nb-4Mo-2Sn shape memory alloy through the development of Ti-xSn (x = 6, 8, 9, 10, 20 at.%) coatings and laser cladding technology. This β-type titanium alloy is a promising biomaterial for artificial joints and bone fixation implants, and laser cladding is a superior surface modification technology for fabricating metallurgically bonded high-performance coatings. Microstructural characterization revealed that increasing Sn content from 6% to 10% progressively suppressed β-phase formation while enhancing microhardness (peak value: 430.06 HV1) and wear resistance. Conversely, further Sn addition of 20% degraded these properties. The optimal Ti-10Sn alloy was subsequently laser cladded onto a Ti-7.5Nb-4Mo-2Sn substrate in the form of pre-placed thin sheets under varying laser scanning speeds (7–13 mm/s). The results indicated that processing at 10 mm/s produced superior coating features, including complete metallurgical bonding (20 μm transition layer), the maximum surface hardness (494 HV1, 93% increase), and superior wear resistance. Microscopic analysis confirmed a wear mechanism transition from mixed adhesive–abrasive wear (7.5Nb-4Mo-2Sn substrate) to pure abrasive wear (Ti-10Sn coating), resulting in the enhanced wear resistance of the substrate. This study demonstrated that synergistic alloy design combined with a laser cladding approach can significantly enhance biomedical alloy performance. Full article

Aim: Static guided computer-assisted apicoectomy has been shown to improve the precision of periapical surgery; however, limited data are available regarding its performance and accuracy in hard bone conditions. The primary aim of this study was to collect data on how this technique functions in hard bone and to evaluate the accuracy of different guided approaches under these conditions. Specifically, the accuracy of three surgical instruments—a commercially available bone drill, a bone trephine (partially guided), and an endo-trephine with a stopper (fully guided)—was compared in hard bone. Materials and methods: Sheep mandibles were scanned using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and an intraoral scanner (STL). Digital planning was performed using commercially available dental implant surgical planning software. Guided apicoectomy procedures were carried out with the aid of 3D-printed surgical guides. Following the interventions, matching metal cylinders were inserted into the prepared osteotomies, and post-operative CBCT scans were acquired. Apical deviation from the digitally planned endpoint and angular deviation were analyzed to assess accuracy in hard bone. Results: The drill demonstrated a statistically significantly higher apical deviation compared to the endo-stop trephine (p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference in apical deviation was found between the bone trephine and the endo-stop trephine. Additionally, no significant differences were observed among the three approaches in the mesiodistal (x) and buccolingual (y) directions or in angular deviation; however, a statistically significant difference was detected in the vertical (z) dimension. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, static guided apicoectomy proved to be a reliable technique in hard bone conditions. The fully guided trephine approach demonstrated the highest drilling accuracy, while partially guided trephination and drilling showed greater deviations. These findings provide valuable data on the behavior and precision of different endosurgical guided instruments in hard bone and support the use of fully guided systems when high accuracy is required. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated autologous platelet concentrates (APCs), including advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF+) and concentrated growth factors (CGFs), as biologically active matrices, and photobiomodulation (PBM) as a biophysical stimulus affecting soft and hard tissue regeneration following mandibular third molar extraction. Methods: A six-arm parallel randomised controlled trial was conducted including 135 patients. A total of 122 participants completed follow-up and were analysed: control (n = 22), photobiomodulation (n = 20), A-PRF+ (n = 19), CGF (n = 20), A-PRF+ plus photobiomodulation (n = 22), and CGF plus photobiomodulation (n = 19). The primary endpoint was postoperative pain intensity assessed on postoperative day 3 using an 11-point visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes included swelling, trismus, wound healing assessed by the early healing index, and bone regeneration assessed by CBCT-based fractal dimension analysis at 4 months. Results: On postoperative day 3, mean VAS pain was 2.95 ± 2.65 in the control group and 1.00 ± 1.65 in the photobiomodulation group, corresponding to a mean difference of 1.95 VAS points. The overall between-group difference for day 3 pain was statistically significant. In swelling outcomes, no statistically significant between-group differences were observed at days 1, 3, or 7 across facial measurement lines. In CBCT fractal analysis, a significant group effect was detected for the mid socket region, with higher fractal dimension at 4 months in the CGF plus photobiomodulation group compared with the control. Conclusions: Both APCs and PBM positively influenced postoperative healing. Their combined application, particularly CGF with PBM, showed the most consistent regenerative effects, although not all outcomes differed significantly between groups. These minimally invasive strategies may support soft and hard tissue regeneration. Full article

Traditional artificial joints mainly face the challenges of severe wear and aseptic loosening, which limits their application as joint bearing interfaces under high-stress loading conditions. To improve this problem, inspired by the gradient modulus structure of natural cartilage/subchondral bone and the inherent negative charge characteristics of the surface, a negatively charged hydrogel layer was adhered to a porous Ti6Al4V surface through a combination of ultraviolet irradiation and freeze–thaw cycles. The cross-sectional SEM image exhibited that the hydrogel layer was closely bonded to the hard substrate. After physical doping with SBMA, the lubrication performance of the composite bearing interface was significantly improved, primarily attributable to the biphasic lubrication of the hydrogel layer and the hydration lubrication mechanism of SBMA. Full article

Background and Objectives: Soft tissue regeneration in oral surgery has undergone remarkable progress in the last decade, supported by the development of innovative laser technologies, advanced biomaterials, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and three-dimensional (3D) printing. Lasers are increasingly used not only for incision and coagulation but also for photobiomodulation, promoting cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue healing. The purpose of this review is to analyze the current advances in soft tissue regeneration, with a particular focus on the clinical use of lasers and their integration with other regenerative strategies. In parallel, hard tissue regeneration has evolved through the synergistic use of bioactive scaffolds, recombinant human growth factors (rhBMP-2, rhPDGF-BB), MSCs, and 3D-printed constructs. These innovations have enhanced alveolar bone regeneration, implant osseointegration, and periodontal tissue repair, offering predictable clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: A review of the literature published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar. Clinical and preclinical studies on the use of CO₂, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, diode, and 445 nm lasers, biomaterials, PRP, MSCs, growth factors, and 3D-printed scaffolds were included. Results: Laser applications demonstrated significant benefits in epithelialization, biostimulation, and reduction in postoperative discomfort in soft tissues. For hard tissues, the combined use of MSCs, bioactive scaffolds, and growth factors promoted osteogenic differentiation, bone volume preservation, and improved mechanical stability. Photobiomodulation enhanced osteoblastic activity and accelerated bone remodeling, while 3D-printed scaffolds provided personalized architecture for optimal integration. Conclusions: Regenerative approaches integrating lasers, biomaterials, PRP, MSCs, growth factors, and 3D printing represent safe, minimally invasive, and effective strategies for the regeneration of both soft and hard oral tissues. These multidisciplinary techniques improve healing quality, functional recovery, and esthetic outcomes, reflecting the growing trend toward precision and technology-driven regenerative oral surgery. Full article

During recent decades, bone cancer-related diseases have remained hard to treat because of poor diagnosis, systemic toxicity, and restricted conventional treatments. Hence, the fabrication of functionalised nanoparticles offers a promising alternative by limiting side effects and improving therapeutic outcomes. In this study, zinc-substituted hydroxyapatite (Zn-HA) nanoparticles were fabricated from biogenic tuna fish bone waste via a thermal decomposition method and subsequently functionalised with Catharanthus roseus (CR) flower extract to synthesise a Zn-HA/CR nanocomposite. Structural and compositional characterisations verified Zn ions incorporation into the HA lattice and efficient CR-derived phytochemical functionalisation without altering the hexagonal HA phase. Compared to pure hydroxyapatite, the Zn-HA/CR nanocomposite exhibited improved surface morphology, enhanced swelling behaviour and degradation, and increased microhardness. The nanocomposite demonstrated significantly enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The Zn-HA/CR nanocomposite also showed strong, dose-dependent antioxidant activity in DPPH assays. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity studies using MG-63 (HOS) osteosarcoma cancer cells revealed that the proposed nanocomposite leads to pronounced morphological alterations and reduced cell viability. The prepared Zn-HA/CR nanocomposite would be a potential nanocomposite for enhanced antioxidant and anticancer activity, which highlights this composite as a multifunctional biomaterial platform for therapeutic applications. Full article

In implant treatment in the aesthetic zone, high aesthetic quality is required in addition to functionality and long-term stability when reconstructing defects in peri-implant tissues. Post-traumatic cases often present with extensive loss of both hard and soft tissues, making the selection of an appropriate grafting method essential. This report describes a case in which an interpositional gingival graft (IGG) and a strip gingival graft (SGG) were combined to regenerate peri-implant soft tissue following guided bone regeneration (GBR), maintaining favorable tissue morphology and aesthetics for six years. The patient was a 53-year-old woman who suffered trauma after falling down stairs, resulting in a fractured bridge in the right maxillary canine region and crown fracture. The traumatized tooth was extracted, and GBR was performed to restore hard tissue volume. Subsequently, IGG and SGG were used to improve soft tissue thickness, interproximal papilla height, and a healthy mucogingival junction (MGJ). A cantilever implant prosthesis was selected as the final restoration. Over six years, no gingival recession or marginal bone loss was observed, and excellent aesthetic stability was maintained. A mini-review of published reports on IGG and SGG demonstrated their efficacy in enhancing soft tissue volume. The findings of this case suggest that a comprehensive approach—including bone augmentation, soft tissue grafting, and prosthetic design—can provide predictable, long-term aesthetic and functional outcomes in complex post-traumatic cases (223). Full article

The biological variability of apatites in different hard tissues of organisms was the starting point for this investigation. Materials such as whale rostrums, ganoine, and some fish bones were analyzed. It has been proven that different organisms select specific kinds of apatites for the construction of their hard organs at the level of the crystal cell. This probably results from the long-lasting adaptation of the construction to their environmental needs. The materials are characterized by the parameters Δd and ΔE, being the real and apparent deviations from Bragg’s dimension d and the energy of excitation in XRD—E. This study is based on previously published, verified results from a number of researchers and research groups. The derivation of expressions was possible due to an original approach to Bragg’s equation, finally finished in the reformulation of the law, which describes the interplay between the absolute value of the probing excitation energy E and the crystal cell’s internal volume V. It enabled the classification of apatite biomaterials in living and fossil organisms, as well as the classification of the apatite excretions. In addition, the following different possible modes of changes in Bragg’s dimension d were illustrated—spontaneous geometrical expansion, thermal action, pressurization, and single- and multiple-ion exchanges. The contributions of such expansions were estimated. We can steer the cell volume of apatites in various ways. It has been proven that the volume expansion is linearly coupled with the expansion of Bragg’s d parameter in the hexagonal system. Full article

Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) have favorable biocompatibility and nanoscale morphologies, and they have been extensively explored for titanium implant surface modifications. However, they are limited by their mechanical strength and weak interfacial adhesion between the nanotube layer and the titanium substrate. This restricts their clinical applications. In this study, a two-step electrochemical anodization method is developed to achieve in situ tantalum (Ta) doping into TNT arrays to enhance their mechanical performance without altering their nanotubular structure. The surface morphology, element and crystal phase composition, surface roughness, wettability, and mechanical properties of the Ta-doped TNTs were then thoroughly characterized. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Ta doping did not change the nanotube architecture. In addition, X-ray diffraction confirmed anatase TiO₂ formation in all the samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that Ta⁵⁺ doping significantly reduced oxygen vacancies, and this was a concentration-dependent effect. Nanoindentation and scratch tests showed that the hardness, the Young’s modulus of the nanotube layer, and the adhesion strength between the nanotubes and the titanium substrate were markedly improved compared to those of the undoped TNTs. These mechanical enhancements may be attributed to lattice densification due to Ta doping. In vitro cell assays further demonstrated that the Ta-TNTs promoted rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. This was evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase activity, enhanced mineralization, and upregulated gene expression levels. The results suggest that the Ta-doped TNTs offer a pathway for the development of mechanically robust and bioactive implant surfaces for dental and orthopedic applications. Full article

Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) are widely used biomaterials in periodontal and alveolar regeneration; however, their complementary biological roles across soft- and hard-tissue healing have not been jointly assessed in a single review. Objective: to systematically evaluate clinical and translational evidence regarding the adjunctive use of HA in periodontal therapy and the regenerative performance of β-TCP in alveolar bone reconstruction. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Embase for studies published between 1 January 2015 and 1 October 2025. Randomized and non-randomized clinical studies evaluating HA as an adjunct to periodontal therapy and β-TCP in ridge preservation or augmentation were included. In vitro studies were considered when providing mechanistic insight relevant to clinical outcomes. Screening, data extraction, and qualitative synthesis were performed according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Results: Database searching identified 312 records. After removal of duplicates, 241 records were screened, of which 179 were excluded. Sixty-two full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and twenty studies met the inclusion criteria (twelve clinical; eight in vitro). Across non-surgical periodontal therapy trials, adjunctive HA demonstrated modest but consistent additional improvements in probing depth reduction (~0.8–1.5 mm) and clinical attachment gain (~0.5–1.2 mm) compared with mechanical therapy alone, particularly in deeper defects and systemically compromised patients. Clinical studies on β-TCP reported predictable dimensional bone preservation and stable implant feasibility, supported by histologic evidence of scaffold-guided new bone formation. In vitro findings indicated that HA modulates biofilm-induced inflammation and supports fibroblast and epithelial cell function, whereas β-TCP promotes osteoblast activity and controlled osteoclast-mediated remodeling. Conclusions: HA and β-TCP demonstrate complementary regenerative roles, with HA primarily enhancing soft-tissue resolution and inflammatory modulation and β-TCP providing osteoconductive structural support for bone regeneration. Current evidence supports their selective integration in personalized regenerative approaches; however, standardized outcome reporting and longer-term trials are required to establish the clinical value of sequential or combined application. Full article

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease caused by bacterial colonization that leads to progressive bone loss around dental implants. Implantoplasty is widely used for biofilm removal; however, it alters the titanium surface, generating particle release and impairing surface properties. This study evaluated whether a citric acid-based solution supplemented with collagen and magnesium cations could enhance hard and soft tissue regeneration following implantoplasty. Three surfaces were analyzed: physiological saline (Ctr), 25% citric acid (AC), and citric acid with collagen and magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (AC500/Mg). Surface roughness and wettability were assessed on titanium discs. Cytocompatibility, cell adhesion, and proliferation were evaluated using fibroblasts and osteoblasts up to 21 days, and mineralization was analyzed by alkaline phosphatase. In vivo studies were conducted in New Zealand rabbits with implants placed in the femur and muscle tissue. Surface roughness did not differ among treatments, while wettability significantly increased with citric acid-based solutions. All treatments showed good cytocompatibility. AC500/Mg significantly enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteoblast mineralization, showing threefold higher activity than controls at 21 days. In vivo, AC500/Mg exhibited greater bone contact (67%) and direct muscle integration, whereas AC and Ctr showed lower bone contact and fibrotic encapsulation. These results indicate that AC500/Mg improves soft and hard tissue responses without altering roughness, suggesting its potential as a regenerative strategy following implantoplasty. Full article

Osteosarcoma (OS), a highly aggressive bone malignancy, is hard to treat due to complex molecular mechanisms. This study aimed to identify key bioactive compounds from medicine–food homologous (MFH) substances for OS intervention. We analyzed GEO transcriptomic data to get 317 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), screened bioactive compounds from 106 MFH via dual databases, predicted compound–DEG protein interactions with GraphBAN, and filtered 11 core compounds through drug-likeness/toxicity evaluations. Regulatory networks identified 5 key target genes (SOST, ACACB, TACR1, GRIN2B, MPO), 10 key compounds (e.g., ellagic acid dihydrate) and 8 MFHs (e.g., Daidaihua). Molecular docking/MD confirmed stable complexes. GSEA/GSVA revealed pathway dysregulation (e.g., upregulated WNT signaling), and immune analysis showed altered infiltration of 5 cell subsets. 143B cell experiments and qRT-PCR validated findings. MFH-derived compounds, especially ellagic acid dihydrate, have multi-target anti-OS potential, laying a foundation for novel OS therapeutics. Full article

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of currently available methods for the diagnosis and monitoring of skeletal, dental, and soft tissue changes, as well as the adequacy of follow-up protocols, in adolescents and adults treated with miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE). Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive electronic literature search was performed across five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science) to identify prospective and retrospective clinical studies evaluating dental, periodontal, and alveolar bone outcomes associated with MARPE in late adolescent and adult patients. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were independently performed by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized studies and the RoB 2 tool for randomized studies. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Owing to substantial methodological heterogeneity and limited follow-up duration, a structured qualitative (narrative) synthesis of the results was performed. Results: A total of 20 studies were included in the systematic review. The reported adverse events primarily involved hard and soft tissues and were identified using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), clinical and periodontal examination, panoramic and cephalometric radiography, and digital dental casts. Dental effects, including dental tipping, were frequently reported across the included studies. Alveolar bone loss was reported in 11 studies, buccal alveolar bone dehiscence in 3 studies, and failure of palatal suture opening in 6 studies. In most of the included studies, follow-up was either not reported or limited. Conclusions: The MARPE technique appears to be potentially effective in achieving transverse maxillary expansion in late adolescent and adult patients. However, the included studies report possible adverse events affecting periodontal and alveolar bone tissues, such as alveolar bone thinning and gingival hypertrophy, the assessment of which requires an integrated diagnostic approach combining CBCT imaging with clinical and periodontal examination. Overall, the certainty of the available evidence was low to very low, mainly due to a high risk of bias, methodological heterogeneity, and limited or absent follow-up in most studies. Therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution. Well-designed prospective controlled studies with standardized protocols and long-term follow-up are needed to conclusively evaluate the safety and long-term clinical stability of the MARPE technique. Full article