Sign in to use this feature.

Years

Between: -

Subjects

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Journals

Article Types

Countries / Regions

Search Results (86)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = annual COVID-19 vaccine

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
15 pages, 2783 KiB  
Article
Childhood Immunization Coverage Before, During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
by Flavia Pennisi, Andrea Silenzi, Alessia Mammone, Andrea Siddu, Anna Odone, Michela Sabbatucci, Riccardo Orioli, Anna Carole D’Amelio, Francesco Maraglino, Giovanni Rezza and Carlo Signorelli
Vaccines 2025, 13(7), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070683 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 796
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Maintaining high childhood vaccination coverage is essential to prevent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. In Italy, Law No. 119/2017 introduced mandatory childhood immunizations, leading to significant improvements. However, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted routine services, potentially jeopardizing these gains. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Maintaining high childhood vaccination coverage is essential to prevent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. In Italy, Law No. 119/2017 introduced mandatory childhood immunizations, leading to significant improvements. However, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted routine services, potentially jeopardizing these gains. This study aimed to evaluate national and regional trends in vaccine coverage across three phases: post-mandate (2015–2016 vs. 2017–2019), pandemic (2017–2019 vs. 2020–2021), and post-pandemic recovery (2020–2021 vs. 2022–2023). Methods: National and regional administrative data on vaccination coverage at 24 months of age were obtained from the Italian Ministry of Health. Temporal trends were analyzed using Joinpoint regression to estimate annual percent changes (APCs), and absolute changes in coverage (Δ) were calculated across defined periods. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess associations between baseline coverage and subsequent changes. Results: After the 2017 mandate, coverage increased significantly for varicella (APC = +28.6%), MenB (+22.6%), and measles (+3.4%). Regionally, varicella coverage rose by up to +58.4% in Emilia-Romagna and measles by +11.1% in Campania. During the pandemic, coverage declined for polio (−2.4% in the South) and measles (−6.2% in Abruzzo), while MenB increased in regions with lower initial uptake (r = −0.918, p < 0.001). Post-pandemic, coverage rebounded, with varicella improving by +20.1% in central regions and measles by +13.9% in Abruzzo. A strong inverse correlation between baseline coverage and improvement was observed for varicella across all periods (r from −0.877 to −0.915). Conclusions: Mandatory vaccination policies led to substantial coverage improvements, and despite the disruption caused by the pandemic, recovery trends were observed for most vaccines. The consistent association between low baseline coverage and stronger gains highlights the resilience of the system, but also the ongoing need for regionally tailored strategies to reduce geographic disparities and ensure equitable immunization across Italy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vaccines and Public Health)
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 357 KiB  
Systematic Review
COVID-19 Vaccine Timing and Co-Administration with Influenza Vaccines in Canada: A Systematic Review with Comparative Insights from G7 Countries
by Farah Al hashimi, Sherif Eneye Shuaib, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Shengyuan Chen and Jianhong Wu
Vaccines 2025, 13(7), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13070670 - 21 Jun 2025
Viewed by 675
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Despite significant advancements in vaccine development and distribution, the optimal timing and integration of COVID-19 vaccination in Canada remain crucial to public health. As the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to evolve, determining effective timing strategies for booster doses is necessary to sustain immunity, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Despite significant advancements in vaccine development and distribution, the optimal timing and integration of COVID-19 vaccination in Canada remain crucial to public health. As the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to evolve, determining effective timing strategies for booster doses is necessary to sustain immunity, especially in high-risk populations. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate the timing and co-administration strategies of COVID-19 vaccines in Canada, comparing them with approaches in other G7 nations. Methods: The review seeks to identify best practices to inform national vaccination policies, with a particular focus on synchronizing COVID-19 and seasonal influenza vaccinations. We systematically searched Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science (17 August 2021 to 7 July 2024) using the PECOS framework. Two independent reviewers screened titles/abstracts, extracted key data on immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety, and performed a narrative synthesis on timing and co-administration outcomes. Results: Evidence summarized across G7 countries reveals that most nations are converging on annual or flexible booster schedules tailored to high-risk groups, often aligning COVID-19 vaccination with influenza campaigns. Countries like Canada, the UK, and the US have integrated these efforts, while others maintain more independent or heterogeneous approaches. In addition, timely booster doses, whether administered annually or more frequently in high-risk settings, consistently reduce infection rates and hospitalizations. Conclusions: These findings collectively support the continued evolution of COVID-19 vaccination programs toward integrated, seasonally aligned strategies. Future public health efforts can build on these lessons not only to sustain protection against SARS-CoV-2 but also to strengthen preparedness for other respiratory infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Vaccination in the Post-COVID-19 Era)
Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 381 KiB  
Article
Retrospective Single-Center Study on the Epidemiological Characteristics of Influenza B Infections in Korea (2007–2024): Analysis of Sex, Age, and Seasonal Patterns
by Jeong Su Han, Yoo Na Chung and Jae Kyung Kim
Microorganisms 2025, 13(5), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13051141 - 16 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 572
Abstract
Influenza B, a globally prevalent respiratory virus, particularly affects children, the elderly, and individuals with chronic diseases. This retrospective single-center study analyzed long-term epidemiological trends using 23,284 PCR test results from Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea, from 2007 to 2024. The [...] Read more.
Influenza B, a globally prevalent respiratory virus, particularly affects children, the elderly, and individuals with chronic diseases. This retrospective single-center study analyzed long-term epidemiological trends using 23,284 PCR test results from Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea, from 2007 to 2024. The data included inpatients and outpatients who presented with respiratory symptoms and underwent multiplex PCR testing. Unlike previous studies focusing on short-term outbreaks, this study examines extended trends and emerging seasonal patterns. Positivity rates were statistically analyzed by year, season, sex, age group, and the impact of COVID-19 (2020–2022). Significant annual differences (p < 0.001) occurred, with peaks in 2012 and 2018 and a sharp decline during 2020–2022. Children exhibited the highest positivity rate (2.40%), significantly higher than that of adults (2.24%) and the elderly (1.79%) (p < 0.05). Infections peaked in the winter (2.98%) and spring (3.95%), contrary to the belief that Influenza B peaks in winter only. Females had a higher positivity rate (2.13%) than males (1.70%) (p = 0.017). These findings provide novel insights into Influenza B epidemiology, emphasizing the need for prevention strategies beyond winter. The secondary spring peak suggests extending vaccination to early spring may improve influenza control, particularly among high-risk groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Virology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 977 KiB  
Article
Is Brazil Reversing the Decline in Childhood Immunization Coverage in the Post-COVID-19 Era? An Interrupted Time Series Analysis
by Ramon Costa Saavedra, Rita Carvalho-Sauer, Enny S. Paixao, Maria Yury Travassos Ichihara, Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa and Maria da Glória Teixeira
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050527 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 1202
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had significant impacts on healthcare systems, including the disruption of essential services such as childhood immunization. Containment measures, such as social distancing, contributed to reduced adherence to vaccination programs, increasing the risk of re-emerging vaccine-preventable diseases. We aim [...] Read more.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had significant impacts on healthcare systems, including the disruption of essential services such as childhood immunization. Containment measures, such as social distancing, contributed to reduced adherence to vaccination programs, increasing the risk of re-emerging vaccine-preventable diseases. We aim to assess the evolution of childhood vaccination coverage in Brazil from 2010 to 2024, identifying trends before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An interrupted time series (ITS) study was conducted using publicly available aggregated data on vaccination coverage for children under one year of age. Prais–Winsten regression models were applied to estimate trend changes and evaluate the impact of the pandemic on immunization levels. Results: The findings indicate a progressive decline in vaccination coverage between 2010 and 2019, which was intensified in 2020 by the pandemic. The BCG vaccine showed the greatest decline (−24.88%, p < 0.001), while pentavalent and hepatitis B vaccines decreased annually by −3.72% and −2.21%, respectively. From 2021 onwards, a gradual recovery in coverage was observed, with significant increases for BCG (+7.48% per year, p < 0.001), hepatitis B (+7.45%, p = 0.014), and MMR (+6.73%, p = 0.017) vaccines. Discussion: The results highlight a concerning decline in childhood immunization, exacerbated by the pandemic but showing recent signs of recovery. This scenario underscores structural challenges within the National Immunization Program, requiring coordinated efforts to reverse vaccination losses and ensure system resilience in the face of future crises. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6632 KiB  
Review
Vaccine Research Trends in Africa from 2016 to Mid-2024: A Bibliometric Analysis
by Chinwe Iwu-Jaja, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Thobile Malinga, Lindi Mathebula, Akhona Mazingisa and Charles Shey Wiysonge
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050509 - 12 May 2025
Viewed by 772
Abstract
Background: Vaccine research publications play a crucial role in the scientific process by strategically linking the generation of knowledge with its translation into vaccine policy and practice. This study was designed to understand vaccine and immunization research publication trends in Africa to inform [...] Read more.
Background: Vaccine research publications play a crucial role in the scientific process by strategically linking the generation of knowledge with its translation into vaccine policy and practice. This study was designed to understand vaccine and immunization research publication trends in Africa to inform strategic directions for vaccine research and innovation efforts in the continent. Methods: We searched PubMed only for vaccine and immunization-related publications from Africa between 1 January 2016 and 8 August 2024. Metrics such as annual growth rates, geographical distribution, international collaboration, and trend topics were analyzed. We conducted separate analyses for general vaccine research, vaccine clinical trials, and vaccine evidence syntheses (systematic reviews and meta-analyses). Results: Vaccine research in Africa demonstrated an annual growth rate of 55.4% (based on the 10,000 records retrieved due to PubMed’s export limit), while vaccine trials saw a decline of 6.08% during the study period. The trend topics analysis across vaccine research, trials, and reviews showed that topics shifted from a focus on general vaccine development, immunization, and malaria pre-2020 to COVID-19-related topics in 2020, with post-2020 research returning to traditional topics like immunization schedules, vaccine safety, and pediatric and maternal vaccines. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on vaccine research, leading to a surge in publications for vaccine research, trials, and reviews. About 65.8% of vaccine research featured international co-authorship. Vaccine trials had a higher rate of international co-authorship at 79.8%. Conclusion: While vaccine research in general in Africa has increased, vaccine trials do not match this increase. The number of clinical trials remained relatively stagnant, reflecting ongoing challenges in the vaccine research ecosystem, particularly in building and sustaining clinical trial capacity across the region. In addition, disparities in research productivity exist between countries. Research prioritization, strategic collaborations, capacity building for research, and improved research infrastructure require critical consideration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood Immunization and Public Health)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4164 KiB  
Article
Research Trends of Vaccination-Related Systematic Reviews, 2011–2023: A Bibliometric Analysis
by Antonia Pilic, Louise Henaff, Christoph A. Steffen, Hanna Helene Linß, Antonia Isabelle Dreyer, Madeleine Batke, Ole Wichmann, Vanessa Piechotta and Thomas Harder
Publications 2025, 13(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications13020025 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 1010
Abstract
Systematic reviews (SRs) reflect the best available evidence for informing vaccination recommendations. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of vaccination-related SRs aiming to uncover research trends. Vaccination-related SRs published from 2011 to 2023 in MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library and the Living Overview [...] Read more.
Systematic reviews (SRs) reflect the best available evidence for informing vaccination recommendations. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of vaccination-related SRs aiming to uncover research trends. Vaccination-related SRs published from 2011 to 2023 in MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library and the Living Overview of Evidence database were considered. Trends over time, disease/pathogen, topic, population, geographical location, accessibility, methodological quality, and overlap were descriptively analyzed using R. A total of 2275 SRs were identified, most of which were freely accessible (n = 2083, 91.7%). The annual number of published SRs increased more than twelvefold from 2011 to 2023. COVID-19 (n = 861, 37.8%), influenza (n = 328, 14.4%), Human papillomavirus (n = 248, 10.9%), and pneumococcal disease (n = 152, 6.7%) were the most frequently addressed diseases/pathogens. Efficacy/effectiveness (n = 1066, 46.9%) and safety of vaccines (n = 812, 35.7%) were the most common topics. The methodological quality of SRs on intervention topics (n = 1376) was mostly critically low (n = 1155, 84.0%). Several SRs were identified that covered similar diseases/pathogens, topics and populations, indicating duplication and overlap, particularly for COVID-19. Our analysis showed a large increase in the number of published vaccination-related SRs. The results provide a basis for understanding the current state and priorities in vaccination research and decrease the overlap potential in newly developed SRs. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 4850 KiB  
Review
Anti-Cancer Drugs: Trends and Insights from PubMed Records
by Ferdinando Spagnolo, Silvia Brugiapaglia, Martina Perin, Simona Intonti and Claudia Curcio
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(5), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17050610 - 4 May 2025
Viewed by 906
Abstract
Background: In recent years, there has been an exponential growth in global anti-cancer drug research, prompting the necessity for comprehensive analyses of publication output and thematic shifts. Methods: This study utilized a comprehensive set of PubMed records from 1962 to 2024 and [...] Read more.
Background: In recent years, there has been an exponential growth in global anti-cancer drug research, prompting the necessity for comprehensive analyses of publication output and thematic shifts. Methods: This study utilized a comprehensive set of PubMed records from 1962 to 2024 and examined growth patterns, content classification, and co-occurrence of key pharmacological and molecular terms. Results: Our results highlight an exponential rise in publications, with an annual compound growth rate of over 14%, influenced by advancements in digital knowledge sharing and novel therapeutic breakthroughs. A pronounced surge occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting a sustained shift in research dynamics. The content analyses revealed a strong emphasis on classical chemotherapeutic agents—often studied in combination with targeted therapies or immunotherapies—and a growing focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors and vaccine platforms. Furthermore, co-occurrence networks indicated robust links between chemotherapy and supportive care, as well as emerging synergies between immuno-oncology, precision medicine approaches. Conclusions: Our study suggests that while novel modalities are reshaping treatment paradigms, chemotherapy remains central, underscoring the value of integrative regimens. This trend toward personalized, combination-based strategies indicates a transformative era in oncology research, where multidimensional data assessment is instrumental in guiding future therapeutic innovations. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 1306 KiB  
Article
Individuals Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Prior to COVID-19 Vaccination Maintain Vaccine-Induced RBD-Specific Antibody Levels and Viral Neutralization Activity for One Year
by Christina S. Mcconney, Devin Kenney, Christina S. Ennis, Erika L. Smith-Mahoney, Maria Jose Ayuso, Jiabao Zhong, Florian Douam, Manish Sagar and Jennifer E. Snyder-Cappione
Viruses 2025, 17(5), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050640 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 749
Abstract
The effectiveness of multiple COVID-19 vaccinations in individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear; specifically, elucidation of the durability of anti-viral antibody responses could provide important insights for epidemiological applications. We utilized the BU ELISA protocol to measure the circulating SARS-CoV-2 [...] Read more.
The effectiveness of multiple COVID-19 vaccinations in individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear; specifically, elucidation of the durability of anti-viral antibody responses could provide important insights for epidemiological applications. We utilized the BU ELISA protocol to measure the circulating SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid (N) specific IgG and IgA antibody levels in a cohort of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the spring of 2020, with the sample collection spanning six months to two years post-symptom onset. Further, we interrogated the neutralization activity of these samples against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (WA-1) and Delta and Omicron (BA.1) variants. Consistent with previous studies, we found a more rapid waning of anti-N compared to anti-RBD antibodies in months prior to the first vaccinations. Vaccine-induced antibody responses in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 were elevated and sustained for more than one year post-vaccination. Similarly, neutralization activity against WA-1, Delta, and Omicron increased and remained higher than pre-vaccination levels for one year after the first COVID-19 vaccine dose. Collectively, these results indicate that infection followed by vaccination yields robust antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 that endure for one year. These results suggest that an annual booster would stably boost anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses, preventing infection and disease. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 765 KiB  
Article
Universal Health Coverage and Preparedness Payoffs: Global COVID-19 Vaccination Rates
by Alon Rasooly, Zachary Lebowitz, Pavel Ursu and Dorit Nitzan
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050443 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 770
Abstract
Objective: The pandemic exposed global inequities in terms of health system capacities and vaccination coverage. This study evaluated the relationship between countries’ preparedness and COVID-19 vaccination rates. Methods: In this ecological study, we gathered global pre-pandemic data on country-level States Parties [...] Read more.
Objective: The pandemic exposed global inequities in terms of health system capacities and vaccination coverage. This study evaluated the relationship between countries’ preparedness and COVID-19 vaccination rates. Methods: In this ecological study, we gathered global pre-pandemic data on country-level States Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting (SPAR) and universal health coverage (UHC) indexes. We then analyzed their relationship with COVID-19 vaccination rates in 2021–2022, using bivariate and multivariate analyses, including confounders, such as the country’s income classification and population demographics. Findings: The mean vaccination rates increased from 32.2% in October 2021 to 51.2% by August 2022. The UHC and SPAR indexes showed strong positive correlations with vaccination rates (r = 0.76 and r = 0.66, respectively, p < 0.001). In regard to the multivariate analyses, both the UHC (B = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.56–1.06) and SPAR (B = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19–0.49) indexes remained significant predictors of vaccination rates, even after adjusting for country income level, with their influence strengthening over time, while income level effects diminished. Conclusions: This study underscores the critical importance of preparedness efforts, as gauged by the SPAR and UHC indexes, in shaping the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination responses globally. Strengthening preparedness measures is important for optimizing vaccination strategies and achieving broader immunization coverage targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines and Vaccinations in the Pandemic Period)
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2604 KiB  
Review
Chronicling the Journey of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction in India
by Pawan Kumar, Arindam Ray, Amrita Kumari, Abida Sultana, Rhythm Hora, Kapil Singh, Rashmi Mehra, Amanjot Kaur, Seema Singh Koshal, Syed F. Quadri, Shyam Kumar Singh and Arup Deb Roy
Vaccines 2025, 13(4), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040432 - 21 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1352
Abstract
Background: Globally, pneumonia claims the lives of about 700,000 children under the age of 5 every year. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in India phase-wise, beginning in high-burden states, and the rollout was completed nationwide by 2021—representing a major initiative by the [...] Read more.
Background: Globally, pneumonia claims the lives of about 700,000 children under the age of 5 every year. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced in India phase-wise, beginning in high-burden states, and the rollout was completed nationwide by 2021—representing a major initiative by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the campaign succeeded in maintaining progress and achieving nationwide coverage. This narrative review highlights the significant decisions, processes, and coordinated efforts of the various stakeholders involved that led to this successful PCV rollout. Methodology: A comprehensive desk review of both published and unpublished literature relevant to pneumonia burden and the efficacy and effectiveness of PCVs, along with documentation of PCV introduction and the scale-up was carried out. Results: The documentation of the PCV journey has been broken down into four sections: pre-introduction, PCV Phase-I introduction, pan-India rapid expansion, and the period post-introduction. Since the nationwide rollout in 2021, PCV coverage in India has steadily increased, reflecting successful immunization efforts. WUENIC, which is an annual WHO, and UNICEF estimates of national immunization coverage also show a positive trend in vaccination coverage (PCV booster coverage = 25% (2021), rising to 83% (2023), aligning with the goals of the WHO and UNICEF’s Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Conclusions: The phased rollout was an ambitious effort by the MoHFW, which was particularly challenging given the overlap with the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these hurdles, the MoHFW, along with strong collaboration from development partners and stakeholders, successfully navigated the complex rollout. Future studies on the role of PCVs in reducing antibiotic resistance and the economic benefits of PCV introduction could help policymakers sustain funding and prioritize vaccine procurement decisions. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 387 KiB  
Article
Estimating the Public Health and Economic Impact of Annual mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination for Adults Aged 50 and Older in South Korea’s Endemic Era
by Jaehee Jung, Dain Lee, Hee-Do Yang, Ah-Young Kim, Haeun Lee, Minkyoung Kang, Ekkehard Beck, Keya Joshi, Youngju Kang and Hye-Young Kang
Vaccines 2025, 13(4), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040386 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1877
Abstract
Background/Objectives: COVID-19 continues to challenge public health due to emerging variants. To mitigate this, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) recommends annual COVID-19 vaccination, but uptake remains suboptimal. This study evaluates the public health and economic impact of annual mRNA COVID-19 [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: COVID-19 continues to challenge public health due to emerging variants. To mitigate this, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) recommends annual COVID-19 vaccination, but uptake remains suboptimal. This study evaluates the public health and economic impact of annual mRNA COVID-19 vaccination for adults aged 50 and older in South Korea during the 2024–2025 season, focusing on hospitalizations and costs. Methods: We estimated hospitalizations prevented by the mRNA-1273 XBB.1.5 containing vaccine by calculating symptomatic infection incidence rates, hospitalization rates among unvaccinated individuals, vaccine effectiveness (VE) against hospitalization, and vaccination rates. Incidence rates among the unvaccinated with an annual vaccine were derived by adjusting overall infection rates based on vaccination coverage and VE against COVID-19 hospitalization rates. Hospitalization costs were obtained from a real-world dataset, integrating the KDCA’s COVID-19 confirmed cases with National Health Insurance claims data. Comparative analyses between mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 used published meta-analysis results. Results: Assuming vaccination rates remain consistent with the 2023–2024 season, mRNA-1273 is projected to prevent 37,200 hospitalizations and save USD 77.2 million in healthcare costs during the 2024–2025 season compared to no annual vaccination. Compared to BNT162b2, it is expected to prevent an additional 13,260 hospitalizations saving USD 27.5 million. If vaccination rates increased to match influenza, hospitalizations prevented by mRNA-1273 could rise to 79,800 with USD 164.2 million in healthcare savings compared to no annual vaccination. Conclusion: Annual mRNA COVID-19 vaccination with mRNA-1273 substantially reduces hospitalizations and healthcare costs. Increasing vaccination rates are essential to maximize public health benefits. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 687 KiB  
Brief Report
XBB1.5-Adapted COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Among Dialysis and Kidney Transplant Patients: A Bi-National Survey Study
by Georg Beilhack, Rossella Monteforte, Florian Frommlet, Alicia Faltum, Timna Agur and Ruth Rahamimov
Vaccines 2025, 13(3), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030213 - 21 Feb 2025
Viewed by 703
Abstract
Background: A decrease in governmental vaccination initiatives and diminishing public enthusiasm for vaccines could jeopardize vaccine uptake, potentially endangering those who are most at risk. In this survey study, we evaluated the current acceptance rates of the newly developed monovalent XBB1.5-adapted COVID-19 [...] Read more.
Background: A decrease in governmental vaccination initiatives and diminishing public enthusiasm for vaccines could jeopardize vaccine uptake, potentially endangering those who are most at risk. In this survey study, we evaluated the current acceptance rates of the newly developed monovalent XBB1.5-adapted COVID-19 vaccine among kidney transplant recipients and dialysis patients in Austria and Israel and identified factors influencing vaccine acceptance. Methods: The survey involved a total of 656 patients aged 18 and older and was carried out from 20 November to 21 December 2023, at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria and the Rabin Medical Center in Petah Tikva, Israel. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationships between vaccine acceptance and variables such as age, gender, country, past COVID-19 infection status and severity, renal replacement therapy, education level, and willingness to receive the annual flu vaccine. Results: The survey showed that 54% of patients in Austria and 63% in Israel expressed acceptance of the modified XBB1.5-adapted COVID-19 vaccine. The main hesitancy was due to concerns about potential side effects, with 44% in Austria and 53% in Israel expressing apprehension. A willingness to receive the influenza vaccine, older age in Austria, and kidney transplant status in Israel were key predictors of greater COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Conclusions: This study showed that more than 50% of our kidney transplant recipients and dialysis patients were willing to receive the adapted COVID-19 vaccine. Yet, vaccine hesitancy remained a significant barrier even among these high-risk groups, despite the availability of an updated COVID-19 vaccine targeting the Omicron subvariant XBB1.5. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 529 KiB  
Article
Vaccination Coverage and Attitudes in Children and Adults on Biologic Therapies: Cocooning Strategies, Undervaccination Factors and Predictors of Favorable Attitudes
by Charikleia Kariniotaki, George Bertsias, Emmanouil Galanakis and Chrysoula Perdikogianni
Vaccines 2025, 13(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020152 - 1 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1212
Abstract
Background: Infections pose a significant risk of morbidity and mortality to patients on biologics, with the vaccination of both patients and their close contacts serving as a key preventive measure. Despite its importance, there are limited data on the vaccination coverage for this [...] Read more.
Background: Infections pose a significant risk of morbidity and mortality to patients on biologics, with the vaccination of both patients and their close contacts serving as a key preventive measure. Despite its importance, there are limited data on the vaccination coverage for this group, and no studies have examined the vaccination status of patients’ close contacts. Objectives: To assess vaccination rates among patients on biologics and their household contacts, identifying reasons for inadequate vaccination and examining factors influencing vaccination status and attitudes is crucial. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to February 2023 at the two hospitals in Heraklion, Crete, including adult and pediatric patients on biologics. Data were collected through medical records and interviews and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and MedCalc2006. Results: Among the 446 adults, vaccination rates were as follows: 83% for COVID-19, 73.8% for influenza, 64.5% for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 29.6% for the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and 4% for Tdap. Among the 26 children included, those with basic immunization schedule coverage exceeded 96%, but rates for the vaccines usually administered at adolescence were lower (Tdap: 47.8%, HPV: 42.1%, MenACWY: 66.7%). COVID-19 vaccination was at 38.5%. Regarding the additional vaccines recommended due to treatment-induced immunosuppression, 69.2% of pediatric patients received the annual influenza vaccine, while only 19.2% received the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Household contacts demonstrated low vaccination rates (<59%), except for COVID-19 (81%). Female gender (p < 0.007) and older age (by 1 year, p < 0.001) were associated with favorable attitudes and higher coverage in adults, while in pediatric patients, no statistically significant associations were found. A lack of physician recommendation was the primary reported reason for not being vaccinated. Conclusions: Significant vaccination gaps exist among patients on biologics and their close contacts, largely due to inadequate physician recommendations. Raising awareness and strengthening healthcare provider roles are essential to improve coverage in this high-risk group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acceptance and Hesitancy in Vaccine Uptake: 2nd Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 2040 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Effectiveness of External Molecular Proficiency Testing in the Global Polio Laboratory Network, 2021–2022
by Nancy Gerloff and Cara C. Burns
Pathogens 2024, 13(11), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13111014 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1303
Abstract
In the Global Poliovirus Laboratory Network (GPLN), participation and successful completion in annual proficiency test (PT) panels has been a part of the WHO accreditation process for decades. The PT panel is a molecular external quality assessment (mEQA) that evaluates laboratory preparedness, technical [...] Read more.
In the Global Poliovirus Laboratory Network (GPLN), participation and successful completion in annual proficiency test (PT) panels has been a part of the WHO accreditation process for decades. The PT panel is a molecular external quality assessment (mEQA) that evaluates laboratory preparedness, technical proficiency, the accuracy of data interpretation, and result reporting. Using the Intratypic Differentiation (ITD) real-time RT-PCR kits from CDC, laboratories run screening assays and report results in accordance with the ITD algorithm to identify and type polioviruses. The mEQA panels consisted of 10 blinded, non-infectious lyophilized RNA transcripts, including programmatically relevant viruses and targets contained in the real-time PCR assays. Sample identities included wildtype, vaccine-derived (VDPV), Sabin-like polioviruses, enterovirus, and negatives, as well as categories of invalid and indeterminate. The performance of individual laboratories was assessed based on the laboratory’s ability to correctly detect and characterize the serotype/genotype identities of each sample. The scoring scheme assessed the laboratory readiness following GPLN guidelines. Laboratories receiving mEQA scores of 90 or higher passed the assessment, scores of less than 90 failed and required remedial actions and re-evaluation. In 2021 and 2022, 123 and 129 GPLN laboratories were invited to request the annual PT panel, and 118 and 127 laboratories submitted results, respectively. The overall results were good, with 86% and 91.5% of laboratories passing the PT panel on their first attempt in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Most labs scored the highest score of 100, and less than one quarter scored between 90 and 95. Less than 10% of submitting laboratories failed the PT, resulting in in-depth troubleshooting to identify root causes and remediations. Most of these laboratories were issued a second PT panel for repeat testing, and almost all laboratories passed the repeat PT panel. The results of the 2021 and 2022 annual mEQA PTs showed that, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the performance remained high in the GPLN, with most labs achieving the highest score. For these labs, the real-time PCR assay updates that were implemented during 2021–2022 were carried out with full adherence to procedures and algorithms. Even initially failing labs achieved passing scores after remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Poliovirus)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4070 KiB  
Article
A Cap-Optimized mRNA Encoding Multiepitope Antigen ESAT6 Induces Robust Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
by Alena Kozlova, Ildus Pateev, Galina Shepelkova, Olga Vasileva, Natalia Zakharova, Vladimir Yeremeev, Roman Ivanov and Vasiliy Reshetnikov
Vaccines 2024, 12(11), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111267 - 9 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2298
Abstract
Background/Objectives. Tuberculosis is a deadly bacterial disease and the second most common cause of death from monoinfectious diseases worldwide. Comprehensive measures taken by health authorities in various countries in recent decades have saved tens of millions of lives, but the number of new [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives. Tuberculosis is a deadly bacterial disease and the second most common cause of death from monoinfectious diseases worldwide. Comprehensive measures taken by health authorities in various countries in recent decades have saved tens of millions of lives, but the number of new cases of this infection has been steadily increasing in the last few years and already exceeds 10 million new cases annually. The development of new vaccines against tuberculosis is a priority area in the prevention of new cases of the disease. mRNA vaccines have already shown high efficacy against COVID-19 and other viral infections and can currently be considered a promising field of antituberculosis vaccination. In our previous study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective activity of several types of antituberculosis mRNA vaccines with different 5′ untranslated regions, but the efficacy of these vaccines was either comparable with or lower than that of BCG. Methods. Here, we conducted a comprehensive experiment to investigate the effects of cotranscriptional capping conditions and of cap structure on the magnitude of the mRNAs’ translation in HEK293T and DC2.4 cells. The most effective cap version was used to create an antituberculosis mRNA vaccine called mEpitope-ESAT6. Results and Conclusions. We compared immunogenicity and protective activity between mEpitope-ESAT6 and BCG and found that the vaccine with the new cap type is more immunogenic than BCG. Nonetheless, the increased immunogenicity did not enhance vaccine-induced protection. Thus, the incorporation of different cap analogs into mRNA allows to modulate the efficacy of mRNA vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of New Tuberculosis Vaccines and Vaccine Design)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop