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Search Results (288)

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Keywords = all-optical

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23 pages, 14391 KiB  
Article
Design of All-Optical Ternary Inverter and Clocked SR Flip-Flop Based on Polarization Conversion and Rotation in Micro-Ring Resonator
by Madan Pal Singh, Jayanta Kumar Rakshit, Kyriakos E. Zoiros and Manjur Hossain
Photonics 2025, 12(8), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080762 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 173
Abstract
In the present study, a polarization rotation switch (PRS)-based all-optical ternary inverter circuit and ternary clocked SR flip-flop (TCSR) are proposed and discussed. The present scheme is designed by the polarization rotation of light in a waveguide coupled with a micro-ring resonator (MRR). [...] Read more.
In the present study, a polarization rotation switch (PRS)-based all-optical ternary inverter circuit and ternary clocked SR flip-flop (TCSR) are proposed and discussed. The present scheme is designed by the polarization rotation of light in a waveguide coupled with a micro-ring resonator (MRR). The proposed scheme uses linear polarization-encoded light. Here, the ternary (radix = 3) logical states are expressed by the different polarized light. PRS-MRR explores the polarization-encoded methodology, which depends on polarization conversion from one state to another. All-optical ultrafast switching technology is employed to design the ternary NAND gate. We develop the ternary clocked SR flip-flop by employing the NAND gate; it produces a greater number of possible outputs as compared to the binary logic clocked SR flip-flop circuit. The performance of the proposed design is measured by the Jones parameter and Stokes parameter. The results of the polarization rotation-based ternary inverter and clocked SR flip-flop are realized using a pump–probe structure in the MRR. The numerical simulation results are confirmed by the well-known Jones vector (azimuth angle and ellipticity angle) and Stokes parameter (S1, S2, S3) using Ansys Lumerical Interconnect simulation software. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Optical and Acoustic Signal Processing)
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25 pages, 10397 KiB  
Article
High-Performance All-Optical Logic Gates Based on Silicon Racetrack and Microring Resonators
by Amer Kotb, Zhiyang Wang and Kyriakos E. Zoiros
Electronics 2025, 14(15), 2961; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14152961 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 275
Abstract
We propose a high-speed all-optical logic gate design based on silicon racetrack and ring resonators patterned on a silica substrate. The architecture features racetrack resonators at both the input and output, with a central ring resonator enabling the required phase-sensitive interference for logic [...] Read more.
We propose a high-speed all-optical logic gate design based on silicon racetrack and ring resonators patterned on a silica substrate. The architecture features racetrack resonators at both the input and output, with a central ring resonator enabling the required phase-sensitive interference for logic processing. Logic operations are achieved through the interplay of constructive and destructive interference induced by phase-shifted input beams. Using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in Lumerical software, we simulate and demonstrate seven fundamental Boolean logic functions, namely XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR, at an operating wavelength of 1.33 µm. The system supports a data rate of 47.94 Gb/s, suitable for ultrafast optical computing. The performance is quantitatively evaluated using the contrast ratio (CR) as the reference metric, with more than acceptable values of 13.09 dB (XOR), 13.84 dB (AND), 13.14 dB (OR), 13.80 dB (NOT), 14.53 dB (NOR), 13.80 dB (NAND), and 14.67 dB (XNOR), confirming strong logic level discrimination. Comparative analysis with existing optical gate designs underscores the advantages of our compact silicon-on-silica structure in terms of speed, CR performance, and integration potential. This study validates the effectiveness of racetrack–ring configurations for next-generation all-optical logic circuits. Full article
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36 pages, 5908 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Frontier of Integrated Photonic Logic Gates: Breakthrough Designs and Promising Applications
by Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, Ivan V. Oseledets, Artem V. Nikonorov, Vladislava O. Chertykovtseva and Svetlana N. Khonina
Technologies 2025, 13(8), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13080314 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 588
Abstract
The increasing demand for high-speed, energy-efficient computing has propelled the development of integrated photonic logic gates, which utilize the speed of light to surpass the limitations of traditional electronic circuits. These gates enable ultrafast, parallel data processing with minimal power consumption, making them [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for high-speed, energy-efficient computing has propelled the development of integrated photonic logic gates, which utilize the speed of light to surpass the limitations of traditional electronic circuits. These gates enable ultrafast, parallel data processing with minimal power consumption, making them ideal for next-generation computing, telecommunications, and quantum applications. Recent advancements in nanofabrication, nonlinear optics, and phase-change materials have facilitated the seamless integration of all-optical logic gates onto compact photonic chips, significantly enhancing performance and scalability. This paper explores the latest breakthroughs in photonic logic gate design, key material innovations, and their transformative applications. While challenges such as fabrication precision and electronic–photonic integration remain, integrated photonic logic gates hold immense promise for revolutionizing optical computing, artificial intelligence, and secure communication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Information and Communication Technologies)
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17 pages, 1494 KiB  
Article
All-Optical Encryption and Decryption at 120 Gb/s Using Carrier Reservoir Semiconductor Optical Amplifier-Based Mach–Zehnder Interferometers
by Amer Kotb, Kyriakos E. Zoiros and Wei Chen
Micromachines 2025, 16(7), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070834 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 462
Abstract
Encryption and decryption are essential components in signal processing and optical communication systems, providing data confidentiality, integrity, and secure high-speed transmission. We present a novel design and simulation of an all-optical encryption and decryption system operating at 120 Gb/s using carrier reservoir semiconductor [...] Read more.
Encryption and decryption are essential components in signal processing and optical communication systems, providing data confidentiality, integrity, and secure high-speed transmission. We present a novel design and simulation of an all-optical encryption and decryption system operating at 120 Gb/s using carrier reservoir semiconductor optical amplifiers (CR-SOAs) embedded in Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The architecture relies on two consecutive exclusive-OR (XOR) logic gates, implemented through phase-sensitive interference in the CR-SOA-MZI structure. The first XOR gate performs encryption by combining the input data signal with a secure optical key, while the second gate decrypts the encoded signal using the same key. The fast gain recovery and efficient carrier dynamics of CR-SOAs enable a high-speed, low-latency operation suitable for modern photonic networks. The system is modeled and simulated using Mathematica Wolfram, and the output quality factors of the encrypted and decrypted signals are found to be 28.57 and 14.48, respectively, confirming excellent signal integrity and logic performance. The influence of key operating parameters, including the impact of amplified spontaneous emission noise, on system behavior is also examined. This work highlights the potential of CR-SOA-MZI-based designs for scalable, ultrafast, and energy-efficient all-optical security applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Photonics and Optoelectronics, 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 2278 KiB  
Communication
An All-Optical Plasmon Modulator with a High Extinction Ratio Based on the Resonance of a Silver Block
by Jimi Fang, Sisi Yang, Xuefang Hu, Changgui Lu and Mengjia Lu
Photonics 2025, 12(7), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12070646 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 297
Abstract
Conventional all-optical modulators based on surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) primarily utilize the nonlinear effect of a given material for modulation. Their performance is heavily dependent on the optical properties of the dielectric materials used and requires high pumping power. However, manipulating SPPs by [...] Read more.
Conventional all-optical modulators based on surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) primarily utilize the nonlinear effect of a given material for modulation. Their performance is heavily dependent on the optical properties of the dielectric materials used and requires high pumping power. However, manipulating SPPs by controlling electron concentrations offers a material-independent approach suitable for all-optical modulators. In this paper, we propose a hybrid gold–ITO–silver block structure integrated within a Mach–Zehnder interferometer configuration to address this problem. The gold–ITO interface effectively localizes propagating SPPs. The pump light excites localized surface plasmons (LSPs) in the silver block, generating surface electric fields that modulate the electron concentration in the adjacent ITO layer. The extinction ratio is 50.8 dB when the electron concentration changes by 3.3 × 1020 cm−3, indicating that this structure is an all-optical modulator with a high extinction ratio. This approach shows significant promise for reducing pump power and enhancing the performance of all-optical modulators. Full article
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14 pages, 2006 KiB  
Article
Design and Optimization of Optical NAND and NOR Gates Using Photonic Crystals and the ML-FOLD Algorithm
by Alireza Mohammadi, Fariborz Parandin, Pouya Karami and Saeed Olyaee
Photonics 2025, 12(6), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12060576 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 645
Abstract
The continuous demand for faster processing systems, driven by the rise of artificial intelligence, has exposed limitations in traditional transistor-based electronics, including quantum tunneling, heat dissipation, and switching delays due to challenges in further miniaturization. This study explores optical systems as a promising [...] Read more.
The continuous demand for faster processing systems, driven by the rise of artificial intelligence, has exposed limitations in traditional transistor-based electronics, including quantum tunneling, heat dissipation, and switching delays due to challenges in further miniaturization. This study explores optical systems as a promising alternative, leveraging the speed of photons over electrons. Specifically, we design and simulate optical NAND and NOR logic gates using a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure with a square lattice. Symmetrical waveguides are used for the input paths to make the structure relatively more straightforward to fabricate. A key innovation is the ability to realize both gates within a single structure by adjusting the phases of the input sources. To optimize the phase parameters efficiently, we employ the ML-FOLD (Meta-Learning and Formula Optimization for Logic Design) optimization formula, which outperforms traditional methods and machine learning approaches in terms of computational efficiency and data requirements. Through finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, the proposed optical structure demonstrates successful implementation of NAND and NOR gate logic, achieving high contrast ratios of 4.2 dB and 4.8 dB, respectively. The results validate the effectiveness of the ML-FOLD method in identifying optimal configurations, offering a streamlined approach for the design of all-optical logic devices. Full article
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11 pages, 544 KiB  
Communication
Optical Unidirectional Transport and Directional Blockade in Cold Atoms via Non-Hermitian Four-Wave Mixing
by Xiao Liu, Maurizio Artoni, Giuseppe La Rocca and Jinhui Wu
Photonics 2025, 12(5), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050521 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 328
Abstract
We propose a scheme for realizing nonreciprocal optical scattering with non-Hermitian four-wave mixing (FWM) in a double-Λ system of cold atoms driven by coupling and dressing phase-mismatched standing-wave (SW) fields. Four scattering channels—direct transmission, cross transmission, direct reflection, and cross reflection—can be [...] Read more.
We propose a scheme for realizing nonreciprocal optical scattering with non-Hermitian four-wave mixing (FWM) in a double-Λ system of cold atoms driven by coupling and dressing phase-mismatched standing-wave (SW) fields. Four scattering channels—direct transmission, cross transmission, direct reflection, and cross reflection—can be established for a probe and a signal field, some of which are nonreciprocal due to non-Hermitian spatial modulations when the two SW driving fields exhibit a π/4 phase shift. We find in particular that it is viable to attain single-color unidirectional transport, dual-color unidirectional transport, and single-color directional blockade with respect to a probe and a signal field incident upon this atomic sample from the same side, due to perfect destructive interference between direct and cross scattering channels. This work provides a new paradigm for studying non-Hermitian nonlinear optics and offers a theoretical foundation for designing all-optical atomic devices based on multi-channel nonreciprocal scattering. Full article
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21 pages, 4138 KiB  
Article
Noise Suppression in Quadrature Phase-Shift-Keying-Oriented All-Optical Matching Systems Using Highly Nonlinear Fiber
by Xin Li, Feiyang Ruan, Ying Tang, Tenglin Gao and Shanguo Huang
Photonics 2025, 12(5), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050516 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 356
Abstract
All-optical matching systems that detect and localize designated target sequences in input all-optical data sequences have attracted significant attention in all-optical processing. They have various applications, including all-optical intrusion detection, optical frame alignment, and optical package identification. In real-world applications, noise is inevitable [...] Read more.
All-optical matching systems that detect and localize designated target sequences in input all-optical data sequences have attracted significant attention in all-optical processing. They have various applications, including all-optical intrusion detection, optical frame alignment, and optical package identification. In real-world applications, noise is inevitable and can lead to incorrect matching results. In particular, noise accumulates in serial all-optical matching systems, rendering the systems useless after several cycles. In this study, we developed a scheme for suppressing noise in quadrature phase-shift-keying (QPSK)-oriented all-optical matching systems. First, we evaluated the impact of input and amplifier noise on a QPSK-oriented all-optical matching system at a transmission rate of 100 Gbaud. We then developed a second-order noise-suppression structure using a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). With an input optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of 6 dB and an amplifier noise figure (NF) of 4 dB, the QPSK-oriented all-optical matching system without the noise-suppression structure output incorrect results. However, when the system was optimized using the proposed noise-suppression structure, correct matching results were obtained. Furthermore, when the NF of the amplifiers was fixed at 4 dB, the optimized system could reduce the minimum input OSNR to 0 dB. With an input OSNR of 0 dB, the logarithm of the bit error rate (BER) of the output matching results of the optimized system tended to negative infinity. The extinction ratio (ER), contrast ratio (CR), and quality (Q) factor of the output of the optimized system were 154.9532, 166.94289, and 161.12 dB, respectively, indicating high noise resistance. These results demonstrate that the system optimized using the proposed noise-suppression scheme exhibits high stability and reliability in noisy environments. Full article
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14 pages, 4156 KiB  
Article
Supercontinuum Generation in Suspended Core Fibers Based on Intelligent Algorithms
by Meiqian Jing and Tigang Ning
Photonics 2025, 12(5), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050497 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 359
Abstract
This study presents a reverse-optimization framework for supercontinuum (SC) generation in Ge20Sb15Se65 suspended-core fibers (SCFs), integrating neural network modeling with the Nutcracker Optimization Algorithm to co-design optimal fiber structures and pump pulse parameters. A high-nonlinearity SCF structure (γ [...] Read more.
This study presents a reverse-optimization framework for supercontinuum (SC) generation in Ge20Sb15Se65 suspended-core fibers (SCFs), integrating neural network modeling with the Nutcracker Optimization Algorithm to co-design optimal fiber structures and pump pulse parameters. A high-nonlinearity SCF structure (γ ≈ 6–7 W−1·m−1) was first designed, and a neural network model was developed to accurately predict effective modal refractive indices and mode-field areas (RMSE < 1%). The generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation was then used to study spectral broadening influenced by structural and pulse parameters. Global optimization was performed in four-dimensional structural and seven-dimensional combined parameter spaces, significantly enhancing computational efficiency. Simulation results demonstrated that the optimized design achieved a broad and flat SC spectrum extending from 0.7 µm to 25 µm (at –20 dB intensity), with lower peak power requirements compared to previous studies achieving similar coverage. The robustness and manufacturing tolerances of the optimized fiber structure were also analyzed, verifying the reliability of the design. This intelligent reverse-design strategy provides practical guidance and theoretical foundations for mid-infrared SC fiber design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Fiber Lasers and Laser Technology)
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12 pages, 4233 KiB  
Article
L-Band Erbium-Doped Fiber Optimization and Transmission Investigation
by Kaihua Hu, Li Pei, Jianshuai Wang, Zhouyi Hu, Wenxuan Xu, Long Zhang, Jing Li and Li Zhong
Photonics 2025, 12(5), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050480 - 13 May 2025
Viewed by 436
Abstract
The optical spectrum resource in the C-band has been used up due to dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). Because of devices’ compatibility with both the C-band and the L-band, the L-band is a good choice for further capacity expansion. Meanwhile, the mode division [...] Read more.
The optical spectrum resource in the C-band has been used up due to dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). Because of devices’ compatibility with both the C-band and the L-band, the L-band is a good choice for further capacity expansion. Meanwhile, the mode division multiplexing (MDM) method has been applied to increase the number of channels. However, the few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier must be redesigned to overcome the power differences among channels. In this work, a few-mode erbium-doped fiber (FM-EDF) is optimized and manufactured. Then, an in-line gain-equalized L-band FM-EDFA is constructed. The experimental results show that the FM-EDFA works well in the wavelength range between 1575 nm and 1610 nm. The minimum differential modal gain (DMG) is 0.54 dB, and the maximum modal gain is 22.22 dB. Due to the excellent performance of the L-band FM-EDFA, a DSP-free transmission scheme in the L-band is demonstrated. The bit error rates (BERs) of each channel are below 1 × 10−5 with a DSP-free receiver. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Fiber Amplifiers and Their Applications)
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20 pages, 16803 KiB  
Article
High-Contrast and High-Speed Optical Logic Operations Using Silicon Microring Resonators
by Amer Kotb, Zhiyang Wang and Wei Chen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100707 - 8 May 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 657
Abstract
Microring resonators, known for their compact size, wavelength selectivity, and high-quality factor, enable efficient light manipulation, making them ideal for photonic logic applications. This paper presents the design and simulation of seven fundamental all-optical logic gates—XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR—using [...] Read more.
Microring resonators, known for their compact size, wavelength selectivity, and high-quality factor, enable efficient light manipulation, making them ideal for photonic logic applications. This paper presents the design and simulation of seven fundamental all-optical logic gates—XOR, AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, and XNOR—using a seven-microring silicon-on-silica waveguide. Operating at the standard telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 µm, the proposed design exploits constructive and destructive interferences caused by phase changes in the input optical beams to perform logic operations. Numerical simulations, conducted using Lumerical FDTD Solutions, validate the performance of the logic gates, with the contrast ratio (CR) as the primary evaluation metric. The proposed design achieves CR values of 14.04 dB for XOR, 15.14 dB for AND, 15.85 dB for OR, 13.42 dB for NOT, 12.02 dB for NOR, 12.75 dB for NAND, and 14.10 dB for XNOR, significantly higher than those reported in previous works. This results in a data rate of 199.8 Gb/s, facilitated by a compact waveguide size of 1.30 × 1.35 μm2. These results highlight the potential of silicon photonics and microring resonators in enabling high-performance, energy-efficient, and densely integrated optical computing and communication systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
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2 pages, 899 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Shen et al. Black Phosphorus Nano-Polarizer with High Extinction Ratio in Visible and Near-Infrared Regime. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 168
by Wanfu Shen, Chunguang Hu, Shuchun Huo, Zhaoyang Sun, Guofang Fan, Jing Liu, Lidong Sun and Xiaotang Hu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(10), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100703 - 8 May 2025
Viewed by 298
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
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12 pages, 3889 KiB  
Article
Design and Research of Photonic Reservoir Computing for Optical Channel Equalization
by Xiaoyan Zuo, Li Pei, Bing Bai, Bowen Bai, Jianshuai Wang, Quan Li and Run Yang
Photonics 2025, 12(5), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050437 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 689
Abstract
In this paper, photonic reservoir computing chip architectures for noise equalization in optical fiber communication channels are proposed. These architectures leverage optical computing instead of electrical computing to reduce computational pressure at the receiver and decrease processing latency. We examine the impact of [...] Read more.
In this paper, photonic reservoir computing chip architectures for noise equalization in optical fiber communication channels are proposed. These architectures leverage optical computing instead of electrical computing to reduce computational pressure at the receiver and decrease processing latency. We examine the impact of factors such as the number of reservoir nodes, waveguide delay line length, and the number of input/output ports on equalization performance. We discuss the equalization ability of these architectures under various types of noise. After parameter optimization, the 36-node reservoir layout achieves a three-orders-of-magnitude reduction in bit error rate for 20 km OOK signals after equalization. Additionally, the chip architecture facilitates easy expansion of the all-optical readout layer, offering the possibility for further increasing the equalization speed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Fiber Communication: Challenges and Opportunities)
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18 pages, 2308 KiB  
Article
High-Speed All-Optical Encoder and Comparator at 120 Gb/s Using a Carrier Reservoir Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
by Amer Kotb and Kyriakos E. Zoiros
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(9), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090647 - 24 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 507
Abstract
All-optical encoders and comparators are essential components for high-speed optical computing, enabling ultra-fast data processing with minimal latency and low power consumption. This paper presents a numerical analysis of an all-optical encoder and comparator architecture operating at 120 Gb/s, based on carrier reservoir [...] Read more.
All-optical encoders and comparators are essential components for high-speed optical computing, enabling ultra-fast data processing with minimal latency and low power consumption. This paper presents a numerical analysis of an all-optical encoder and comparator architecture operating at 120 Gb/s, based on carrier reservoir semiconductor optical amplifier-assisted Mach–Zehnder interferometers (CR-SOA-MZIs). Building upon our previous work on all-optical arithmetic circuits, this study extends the application of CR-SOA-MZI structures to implement five key logic operations between two input signals (A and B): A¯B, AB¯, AB (AND), A¯B¯ (NOR), and AB + A¯B¯ (XNOR). The performance of these logic gates is evaluated using the quality factor (QF), yielding values of 17.56, 17.04, 19.05, 10.95, and 8.33, respectively. We investigate the impact of critical design parameters on the accuracy and stability of the logic outputs, confirming the feasibility of high-speed operation with robust signal integrity. These results support the viability of CR-SOA-MZI-based configurations for future all-optical logic circuits, offering promising potential for advanced optical computing and next-generation photonic information processing systems. Full article
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23 pages, 5235 KiB  
Article
Tunable All-Optical Pattern Recognition System Based on Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirror for Bit-Flip BPSK Targets
by Ying Tang, Ziyi Kang, Xin Li, Ningjing Liang, Jinyong Chang and Genqing Bian
Photonics 2025, 12(4), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12040342 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 338
Abstract
As the basic physical infrastructure of various networks, optical networks are crucial to the advancement of information technology. Meanwhile, as new technologies emerge, the security of optical networks is facing serious threats. To improve the security of optical networks, optoelectronic firewalls primarily leverage [...] Read more.
As the basic physical infrastructure of various networks, optical networks are crucial to the advancement of information technology. Meanwhile, as new technologies emerge, the security of optical networks is facing serious threats. To improve the security of optical networks, optoelectronic firewalls primarily leverage all-optical pattern recognition to perform direct detection and analysis of data transmitted through the optical network at the optical layer. However, the current all-optical pattern recognition system still faces some problems when deployed in optical networks, including phase-lockingand relatively low recognition efficiency and scalability. In this paper, we propose a tunable all-optical pattern recognition system based on a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) for bit-flip BPSK targets. The operational principles and simulation setup of the proposed system are comprehensively described. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the system can accurately recognize and determine the position of 4-bit and 8-bit bit-flip BPSK targets in 16-bit input data with tunable frequencies of 192.8 THz and 193.4 THz at a data rate of 100 Gbps. Finally, the impact of input noise is evaluated by extinction ratio (ER), contrast ratio (CR), Q factor, bit error rate (BER), amplitude modulation (AM), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under both frequencies. Full article
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