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15 pages, 1454 KiB  
Article
A Thermal Imaging Camera as a Diagnostic Tool to Study the Effects of Occlusal Splints on the Elimination of Masticatory Muscle Tension
by Danuta Lietz-Kijak, Adam Andrzej Garstka, Lidia Szczucka, Roman Ardan, Monika Brzózka-Garstka, Piotr Skomro and Camillo D’Arcangelo
Dent. J. 2025, 13(7), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13070313 - 11 Jul 2025
Viewed by 397
Abstract
Medical Infrared Thermography (MIT) is a safe, non-invasive technique for assessing temperature changes on the skin’s surface that may reflect pathological processes in the underlying tissues. In temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs), which are often associated with reduced mobility and muscle overactivity, tissue metabolism [...] Read more.
Medical Infrared Thermography (MIT) is a safe, non-invasive technique for assessing temperature changes on the skin’s surface that may reflect pathological processes in the underlying tissues. In temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs), which are often associated with reduced mobility and muscle overactivity, tissue metabolism and blood flow may be diminished, resulting in localized hypothermia. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate muscle tone in the masseter, suprahyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles following the application of two types of occlusal splints, a Michigan splint and a double repositioning splint, based on temperature changes recorded using a Fluke Ti401 PRO thermal imaging camera. Materials and Methods: Sixty dental students diagnosed with TMDs were enrolled in this study. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group M received a Michigan splint, while group D was treated with a double repositioning splint. Results: The type of occlusal splint influenced both temperature distribution and muscle tone. In the double repositioning splint group, temperature decreased by approximately 0.8 °C between T1 and T3, whereas in the Michigan splint group, temperature increased by approximately 0.7 °C over the same period. Conclusions: Occlusal splint design has a measurable impact on temperature distribution and muscle activity. The double repositioning splint appears to be more effective in promoting short-term muscle relaxation and may provide relief for patients experiencing muscular or myofascial TMD symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Temporomandibular Disorders)
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14 pages, 4484 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Submental and Masticatory Muscle Morphology and Its Relationship with Temporomandibular Joint Structures
by Melisa Öçbe and Mahmut Sabri Medişoğlu
Diagnostics 2025, 15(12), 1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15121535 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 421
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the submental and masticatory muscles in patients of different age groups using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) methods, and investigate potential associations between muscle morphology, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structures, and disc displacement. Materials [...] Read more.
Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the submental and masticatory muscles in patients of different age groups using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) methods, and investigate potential associations between muscle morphology, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structures, and disc displacement. Materials and Methods: A total of 185 MRI scans were retrospectively analyzed to assess the thickness of the digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, medial pterygoid, masseter, and lateral pterygoid muscles bilaterally. TMJ hard tissue changes were classified using computed tomography (CT). Correlations between muscle thickness and TMJ structures were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The study population included 110 females and 75 males, with a mean age of 50.08 ± 20.15 years. The largest age group was 51–75 years (41%), followed by 18–35 years (28%). Significant correlations were observed between muscle thickness and TMJ structures as follows: Right digastric muscle showed a significant association with right disc–condyle position (p = 0.02). Right mylohyoid muscle exhibited a strong correlation with right disc–condyle position (p = 0.004). Left medial pterygoid muscle was significantly correlated with left condyle pathology (p = 0.02). Left masseter muscle showed a significant correlation with left condyle pathology (p = 0.014). Condylar flattening was the most frequent pathology, observed in 58% of right condyles and 53% of left condyles. Disc displacement was present in 41% of right TMJs and 34% of left TMJs. Conclusions: This study highlights the important associations between masticatory and submental muscle morphology and TMJ structures, suggesting that muscle function may play a role in condylar positioning and disc alignment. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive muscle evaluation in TMJ disorder (TMD) diagnosis and treatment planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology)
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36 pages, 5287 KiB  
Review
Preparation, Properties, and Applications of 2D Janus Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
by Haoyang Zhao and Jeffrey Chor Keung Lam
Crystals 2025, 15(6), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15060567 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 917
Abstract
Structural symmetry significantly influences the fundamental characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) materials. In conventional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), the absence of in-plane symmetry introduces distinct optoelectronic behaviors. To further enrich the functionality of such materials, recent efforts have focused on disrupting out-of-plane symmetry—often through [...] Read more.
Structural symmetry significantly influences the fundamental characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) materials. In conventional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), the absence of in-plane symmetry introduces distinct optoelectronic behaviors. To further enrich the functionality of such materials, recent efforts have focused on disrupting out-of-plane symmetry—often through the application of external electric fields—which leads to the generation of an intrinsic electric field within the lattice. This internal field alters the electronic band configuration, broadening the material’s applicability in fields like optoelectronics and spintronics. Among various engineered 2D systems, Janus transition metal dichalcogenides (JTMDs) have shown as a compelling class. Their intrinsic structural asymmetry, resulting from the replacement of chalcogen atoms on one side, naturally breaks out-of-plane symmetry and surpasses certain limitations of traditional TMDs. This unique arrangement imparts exceptional physical properties, such as vertical piezoelectric responses, pronounced Rashba spin splitting, and notable changes in Raman modes. These distinctive traits position JTMDs as promising candidates for use in sensors, spintronic devices, valleytronic applications, advanced optoelectronics, and catalytic processes. In this Review, we discuss the synthesis methods, structural features, properties, and potential applications of 2D JTMDs. We also highlight key challenges and propose future research directions. Compared with previous reviews, this work focusing on the latest scientific research breakthroughs and discoveries in recent years, not only provides an in-depth discussion of the out-of-plane asymmetry in JTMDs but also emphasizes recent advances in their synthesis techniques and the prospects for scalable industrial production. In addition, it highlights the rapid development of JTMD-based applications in recent years and explores their potential integration with machine learning and artificial intelligence for the development of next-generation intelligent devices. Full article
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11 pages, 2010 KiB  
Article
Metasurface-Enhanced Infrared Photodetection Using Layered van der Waals MoSe2
by Jinchun Li, Zhixiang Xie, Tianxiang Zhao, Hongliang Li, Di Wu and Xuechao Yu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120913 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 459
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials have demonstrated promising potential for applications in photodetection due to their tunable bandgaps, high carrier mobility, and strong light absorption capabilities. However, limited by their intrinsic bandgaps, TMDs are unable to efficiently absorb photons with energies below the [...] Read more.
Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials have demonstrated promising potential for applications in photodetection due to their tunable bandgaps, high carrier mobility, and strong light absorption capabilities. However, limited by their intrinsic bandgaps, TMDs are unable to efficiently absorb photons with energies below the bandgap, resulting in a significant attenuation of photoresponse in spectral regions beyond the bandgap. This inherently restricts their broadband photodetection performance. By introducing metasurface structures consisting of subwavelength optical elements, localized plasmon resonance effects can be exploited to overcome this absorption limitation, significantly enhancing the light absorption of TMD films. Additionally, the heterogeneous integration process between the metasurface and two-dimensional materials offers low-temperature compatibility advantages, effectively avoiding the limitations imposed by high-temperature doping processes in traditional semiconductor devices. Here, we systematically investigate metasurface-enhanced two-dimensional MoSe2 photodetectors, demonstrating broadband responsivity extension into the mid-infrared spectrum via precise control of metasurface structural dimensions. The optimized device possesses a wide spectrum response ranging from 808 nm to 10 μm, and the responsivity (R) and specific detection rate (D*) under 4 μm illumination achieve 7.1 mA/W and 1.12 × 108 Jones, respectively. Distinct metasurface configurations exhibit varying impacts on optical absorption characteristics and detection spectral ranges, providing experimental foundations for optimizing high-performance photodetectors. This work establishes a practical pathway for developing broadband optoelectronic devices through nanophotonic structure engineering. Full article
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18 pages, 9120 KiB  
Review
Atomic Manipulation of 2D Materials by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Advances in Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
by Tingting Wang, Lingtao Zhan, Teng Zhang, Yan Li, Haolong Fan, Xiongbai Cao, Zhenru Zhou, Qinze Yu, Cesare Grazioli, Huixia Yang, Quanzhen Zhang and Yeliang Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120888 - 8 Jun 2025
Viewed by 753
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in atomic-scale manipulation of two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM, originally developed for high-resolution imaging, has evolved into a powerful tool for precise manipulation [...] Read more.
This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in atomic-scale manipulation of two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). STM, originally developed for high-resolution imaging, has evolved into a powerful tool for precise manipulation of 2D materials, enabling translational, rotational, folding, picking, and etching operations at the nanoscale. These manipulation techniques are critical for constructing custom heterostructures, tuning electronic properties, and exploring dynamic behaviors such as superlubricity, strain engineering, phase transitions, and quantum confinement effects. We detail the fundamental mechanisms behind STM-based manipulations and present representative experimental results, including stress-induced bandgap modulation, tip-induced phase transformations, and atomic-precision nanostructuring. The versatility and cleanliness of STM offer unique advantages over conventional transfer methods, paving the way for innovative applications in nanoelectronics, quantum devices, and 2D material-based systems. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future prospects of integrating STM manipulation with advanced computational techniques for automated nanofabrication. Full article
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15 pages, 1759 KiB  
Article
Quantum Simulation Study of Ultrascaled Label-Free DNA Sensors Based on Sub-10 nm Dielectric-Modulated TMD FETs: Sensitivity Enhancement Through Downscaling
by Khalil Tamersit, Abdellah Kouzou, José Rodriguez and Mohamed Abdelrahem
Micromachines 2025, 16(6), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16060690 - 8 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1210
Abstract
In this article, the role of downscaling in boosting the sensitivity of a novel label-free DNA sensor based on sub-10 nm dielectric-modulated transition metal dichalcogenide field-effect transistors (DM-TMD FET) is presented through a quantum simulation approach. The computational method is based on self-consistently [...] Read more.
In this article, the role of downscaling in boosting the sensitivity of a novel label-free DNA sensor based on sub-10 nm dielectric-modulated transition metal dichalcogenide field-effect transistors (DM-TMD FET) is presented through a quantum simulation approach. The computational method is based on self-consistently solving the quantum transport equation coupled with electrostatics under ballistic transport conditions. The concept of dielectric modulation was employed as a label-free biosensing mechanism for detecting neutral DNA molecules. The computational investigation is exhaustive, encompassing the band profile, charge density, current spectrum, local density of states, drain current, threshold voltage behavior, sensitivity, and subthreshold swing. Four TMD materials were considered as the channel material, namely, MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2, and WS2. The investigation of the scaling capability of the proposed label-free gate-all-around DM-TMDFET-based biosensor showed that gate downscaling is a valuable approach not only for producing small biosensors but also for obtaining high biosensing performance. Furthermore, we found that reducing the device size from 12 nm to 9 nm yields only a moderate improvement in sensitivity, whereas a more aggressive downscaling to 6 nm leads to a significant enhancement in sensitivity, primarily due to pronounced short-channel effects. The obtained results have significant technological implications, showing that miniaturization enhances the sensitivity of the proposed nanobiosensor. Full article
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19 pages, 875 KiB  
Review
Occlusion and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Scoping Review
by Laurențiu Pascu, Raul-Samuel Haiduc, Oana Almășan and Daniel-Corneliu Leucuța
Medicina 2025, 61(5), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61050791 - 24 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2200
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The occlusal–temporomandibular disorder (TMD) relation is a contentious issue in dentistry to date. This scoping review’s purpose was to map the existing literature on occlusal abnormalities and their potential role in the development and progression of TMD. Materials and [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The occlusal–temporomandibular disorder (TMD) relation is a contentious issue in dentistry to date. This scoping review’s purpose was to map the existing literature on occlusal abnormalities and their potential role in the development and progression of TMD. Materials and Methods: A search in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, Lippincott, Medknow, and ClinicalKey was conducted. Articles researching the relationship between TMD and occlusion have been selected. A narrative data synthesis was conducted to chart and summarize the main findings from the included studies. Results: A total of 29 articles were included in this review. These studies confirm that angle class II and angle class III malocclusions, deep bite, and crossbite have a high prevalence of symptoms of TMD, including mandibular deviation, arthritic pain, and tenderness of the muscles. Malocclusion, edentulous spaces, and a reduced vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) also contribute to the severity of TMD, most prominently in older adults. TMD is also seen with high prevalence in females, with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1 to 20:1, according to studies. Bruxism, premature occlusal contacts, and occlusal interferences also contribute towards symptoms of TMD, in agreement with multiple facets of the disorder. Conclusions: Occlusal abnormalities have a significant association with TMD, but causality cannot be established with most observational studies. This review emphasizes the need for early occlusal examination and intervention to reduce TMD risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Trends in Dentistry and Oral Health)
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12 pages, 235 KiB  
Article
Mandibular Kinematics on an Orthodontic Population Assessed with an Optical Jaw Tracking System: A Comparative Study
by Joana Silva, Ariana Azevedo, Eugénio Martins, Alberto Canabez, Domingo Martin and Conchita Martin
Dent. J. 2025, 13(5), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13050184 - 23 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 546
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate mandibular kinematics in an orthodontic population using the Modjaw® optical jaw tracking system. Materials and methods: A total of 154 orthodontic patients underwent mandibular kinematic analysis using the Modjaw® system. ANB values determined skeletal classification, while [...] Read more.
Objective: To evaluate mandibular kinematics in an orthodontic population using the Modjaw® optical jaw tracking system. Materials and methods: A total of 154 orthodontic patients underwent mandibular kinematic analysis using the Modjaw® system. ANB values determined skeletal classification, while dental classification was assessed on digital casts. The Modjaw® records were taken as instructed by the manufacturer, and data collected from the readings included the discrepancy between centric occlusion and maximum intercuspation, maximum opening, Bennett angles, and sagittal condylar guidance. The presence or absence of temporomandibular disorders was determined by the DC-TMD questionnaires. Non-parametric tests and Spearman correlations were applied for the statistical analysis. Results: Significant differences in mandibular kinematics were observed between skeletal classes, particularly in CO-MI discrepancies, Bennett angles, and maximum opening (p < 0.05). TMD symptoms were associated with higher absolute CO-MI discrepancies but did not significantly alter other kinematic parameters. Weak correlations were found between sagittal condylar guidance and anterior guidance variables. Conclusions: Mandibular kinematics differ by skeletal classification, with Class III patients demonstrating distinct patterns. While TMD symptoms impact CO-MI discrepancies, overall mandibular dynamics remain consistent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontics and New Technologies: 2nd Edition)
13 pages, 5840 KiB  
Article
CrS2 Supported Transition Metal Single Atoms as Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysts: A Density Functional Theory Study
by Ying Wang
ChemEngineering 2025, 9(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering9030043 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 907
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are recognized for their exceptional energy storage capabilities and electrochemical potential, stemming from their unique electronic structures and physicochemical properties. In this study, we focus on chromium disulfide (CrS2) as the primary research subject and employ a [...] Read more.
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are recognized for their exceptional energy storage capabilities and electrochemical potential, stemming from their unique electronic structures and physicochemical properties. In this study, we focus on chromium disulfide (CrS2) as the primary research subject and employ a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and first-principle calculations to investigate the effects of incorporating transition metal elements onto the surface of CrS2. This approach aims to develop a class of bifunctional single-atom catalysts with high efficiency and to analyze their catalytic performance in detail. Theoretical calculations reveal that the Au@CrS2 single-atom catalyst demonstrates outstanding catalytic activity, with a low overpotential of 0.34 V for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and 0.37 V for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). These results establish Au@CrS2 as a highly effective bifunctional catalyst. Moreover, the catalytic performance of Au@CrS2 surpasses that of traditional commercial catalysts, such as Pt (0.45 V) and IrO2 (0.56 V), suggesting its potential to replace these materials in fuel cells and other energy applications. This study provides a novel approach to the design and development of advanced transition metal-based catalytic materials. Full article
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19 pages, 5369 KiB  
Article
Interactions of Terahertz Photons with Phonons of Two-Dimensional van der Waals MoS2/WSe2/MoS2 Heterostructures and Thermal Responses
by Jingwen Huang, Ningsheng Xu, Yumao Wu, Xue Ran, Yue Fang, Hongjia Zhu, Weiliang Wang, Huanjun Chen and Shaozhi Deng
Materials 2025, 18(7), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18071665 - 4 Apr 2025
Viewed by 859
Abstract
The interaction between terahertz (THz) photons and phonons of materials is crucial for the development of THz photonics. In this work, typical two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) transition metal chalcogenide (TMD) layers and heterostructures are used in THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) measurements, [...] Read more.
The interaction between terahertz (THz) photons and phonons of materials is crucial for the development of THz photonics. In this work, typical two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) transition metal chalcogenide (TMD) layers and heterostructures are used in THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) measurements, low-wavenumber Raman spectroscopy measurements, calculation of 2D materials’ phonon spectra, and theoretical analysis of thermal responses. The TDS results reveal strong absorption of THz photons in the frequency range of 2.5–10 THz. The low-wavenumber Raman spectra show the phonon vibration characteristics and are used to establish phonon energy bands. We also set up a computational simulation model for thermal responses. The temperature increases and distributions in the individual layers and their heterostructures are calculated, showing that THz photon absorption results in significant increases in temperature and differences in the heterostructures. These give rise to interesting photothermal effects, including the Seebeck effect, resulting in voltages across the heterostructures. These findings provide valuable guidance for the potential optoelectronic application of the 2D vdW heterostructures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Terahertz Vibrational Spectroscopy in Advanced Materials)
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23 pages, 5287 KiB  
Article
Humidity- and Temperature-Sensing Properties of 2D-Layered Tungsten Di-Selenide (2H-WSe2) Electroconductive Coatings for Cotton-Based Smart Textiles
by Valentina Trovato, Rajashree Konar, Eti Teblum, Paolo Lazzaroni, Valerio Re, Giuseppe Rosace and Gilbert Daniel Nessim
Polymers 2025, 17(6), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17060752 - 12 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2034
Abstract
Electroconductive textiles (e-Textiles) are vital in developing wearable sensors that preserve the comfort and characteristics of textiles. Among two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), considered a promising option for sensor applications, tungsten di-selenide (WSe2) homostructures have been used as humidity- and [...] Read more.
Electroconductive textiles (e-Textiles) are vital in developing wearable sensors that preserve the comfort and characteristics of textiles. Among two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), considered a promising option for sensor applications, tungsten di-selenide (WSe2) homostructures have been used as humidity- and temperature-sensing materials for developing e-textiles, as mentioned in a first-of-its-kind report. Exfoliated chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown 2H-WSe2 nanosheets were dispersed in hydroalcoholic solutions using an amino-functionalized silane to improve dispersion. Acrylic thickener was added to create 2H-WSe2-based pastes, which were applied onto cotton using the knife-over-roll technique to obtain thin, flexible electroconductive coatings on textiles. Various characterization techniques confirmed the even distribution of 2D-WSe2-based coatings on fabrics and the maintenance of textile comfort and wearability. The conductivity of coated fabrics was measured at room temperature and ranged between 2.9 × 108 and 1.6 × 109 Ω sq−1. The WSe2-based textile sensors functioned well as resistance humidity detectors within 30–90% relative humidity (RH), revealing good repeatability and sensitivity after multiple exposure cycles. To a lesser extent, WSe2-based textile sensors act as temperature detectors within 20–60 °C with limited repeatability. The 2D-based textiles exhibited a quadratic dependence of resistance on temperature and a characteristic thermal hysteresis. This proposed strategy marks a significant milestone in developing scalable and flexible 2D TMD-based detectors with great potential for wearable sensing devices. Full article
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12 pages, 3362 KiB  
Article
Scalable and Contamination-Free Selenium-Assisted Exfoliation of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides WSe2 and MoSe2
by Rehan Younas, Guanyu Zhou and Christopher L. Hinkle
Processes 2025, 13(3), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030791 - 8 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1693
Abstract
In two-dimensional (2D) materials research, exfoliating 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) from their growth substrates for device fabrication remains a significant challenge. Current methods, such as those involving polymers, metals, or chemical etchants, suffer from limitations like contamination, defect introduction, and a lack [...] Read more.
In two-dimensional (2D) materials research, exfoliating 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) from their growth substrates for device fabrication remains a significant challenge. Current methods, such as those involving polymers, metals, or chemical etchants, suffer from limitations like contamination, defect introduction, and a lack of scalability. Here, we demonstrate a selenium capping-based exfoliation technique. Its advantage lies in its ability to enable the clean, contamination-free exfoliation and transfer of TMD films. We successfully exfoliated and transferred monolayer and multilayer TMD films, including WSe2 and MoSe2. The selenium capping layer not only enables seamless exfoliation but also protects the film from oxidation, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. This approach is versatile and applicable to a range of TMDs and thicknesses, paving the way for the high-quality, scalable integration of 2D materials into nanoelectronic devices. Full article
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30 pages, 1463 KiB  
Article
Towards Circular Buildings in Hong Kong: A New Integrated Technology–Material–Design (TMD) Circularity Assessment Framework
by Ericson K. S. Lau, Daniel W. M. Chan, Benjamin I. Oluleye and Timothy O. Olawumi
Buildings 2025, 15(5), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050814 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1818
Abstract
As Hong Kong faces increasing pressure on resources and environmental sustainability, there is a growing need to shift towards circular building practices. The ever-increasing demand for sustainable urban development necessitates innovative approaches towards greener and more sustainable building design and construction. This paper [...] Read more.
As Hong Kong faces increasing pressure on resources and environmental sustainability, there is a growing need to shift towards circular building practices. The ever-increasing demand for sustainable urban development necessitates innovative approaches towards greener and more sustainable building design and construction. This paper introduces a new integrated Technology–Material–Design (TMD) Circularity Assessment Framework, a three-dimensional and comprehensive tool designed to evaluate and enhance the circularity level of buildings in Hong Kong. Through an extensive literature review, the research study identifies a new perspective with key metrics and best practices that inform the new assessment framework, enabling various key stakeholders to pinpoint effective strategies for overcoming profound challenges and seizing timely opportunities to foster a more sustainable and resilient built environment. This paper successfully categorises all circularity assessment frameworks into three perspectives, i.e., material-based, technology-oriented, and design-supported. Future research could apply BIM technology to automate and circularise the new assessment framework. Another significant contribution of this paper is the derivation of a new formula for the Building Circularity Index (BCI) for Hong Kong, which quantifies building circularity levels using a set of defined measurement metrics. By providing a robust assessment method, the TMD Circularity Assessment Framework facilitates informed decision making for architects, engineers, governments, developers, policymakers, and other stakeholders in a new horizon. The review findings underscore the potential of the TMD Framework to guide the transition towards more circular buildings, ultimately contributing to the broader goals of environmental sustainability and resource efficiency in Hong Kong’s construction and real estate sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Circular Economy Paradigm for Construction Waste Management)
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15 pages, 572 KiB  
Article
Stabilization Splint Therapy for Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders Improves Opening Movements and Jaw Limitation and Attenuates Pain by Influencing the Levels of IL-7, IL-8, and IL-13 in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid
by Renata Sikora, Kristina Duspara, Anita Matić, Ana Petrović, Kristina Kralik, Robert Smolić, Miroslav Sikora, Martina Čalušić Šarac, Kristina Bojanić and Martina Smolić
Medicina 2025, 61(3), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61030375 - 21 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1580
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In recent years, numerous studies have investigated and analyzed the levels of molecular biomarkers of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) from various tissue samples and body fluids. However, no study has investigated gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in TMD patients. The purpose of [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: In recent years, numerous studies have investigated and analyzed the levels of molecular biomarkers of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) from various tissue samples and body fluids. However, no study has investigated gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in TMD patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in GCF before and after stabilization splint (SS) therapy in patients with painful TMD, to investigate whether SS administration causes changes in the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines. An additional aim was to investigate the relationship of GCF cytokine levels with chronic pain intensity and clinical parameters. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study included 36 patients who were diagnosed with painful TMD using the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD). GCF samples were collected at baseline before SS treatment (T0) and at one month (T1) and three months (T2) after the start of therapy. Customized ProcartaPlex Multiplex assays from eBioscience (Invitrogen™, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Viena, Austria) were used for the quantitative analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-13, and TNF-α). Patients filled out Croatian versions of questionnaires for self-assessment from Axis II DK/TMP: Graded Chronic Pain Scale (v2) (GCPSv2) and Jaw Function Limitation Scale-20 (JFLS-20). Results: The results showed that the GCF levels of IL-7 (Friedman’s test, p = 0.008) and IL-13 (Friedman’s test, p = 0.003) were significantly decreased at T2. The GCF level of IL-13 was in negative correlation with chronic pain grade score at T2 (Rho = −0.333), while the GCF level of IL-8 was in positive correlation with mobility limitation (Rho = 0.382) at T1. Conclusions: The results indicate that SS therapy might have a role in reducing inflammation and that the GCF could be a valuable medium for assessing molecular biomarkers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry and Oral Health)
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16 pages, 3216 KiB  
Article
Influence of a Siloxane-Modified DOPO Derivative on the Properties of Polyurethane Cationomer Coatings
by Łukasz Byczyński, Mariusz Szołyga and Piotr Król
Materials 2025, 18(4), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18040789 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 630
Abstract
Waterborne polyurethane cationomer coatings modified with 1,3-bis(3(3-(propoxy-2-ol-)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide)-3-propyloxy))tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS–AGE–DOPA) containing phosphorus and silicon atoms were obtained. Their structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effect of TMDS–AGE–DOPA on thermal properties, flame retardancy, and surface characteristics (gloss, contact angle, surface free energy), [...] Read more.
Waterborne polyurethane cationomer coatings modified with 1,3-bis(3(3-(propoxy-2-ol-)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide)-3-propyloxy))tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS–AGE–DOPA) containing phosphorus and silicon atoms were obtained. Their structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effect of TMDS–AGE–DOPA on thermal properties, flame retardancy, and surface characteristics (gloss, contact angle, surface free energy), as well as performance properties (hardness, impact resistance), was investigated. A coupled TG-FTIR technique was employed for evolved gas analysis. Thermal stability decreased with the addition of the modifier, while the glass transition temperature increased from −19 to 25 °C. The modifier improved the flame retardancy of the material by shifting the peak temperature of the heat release rate (TPHRR) to lower values. The gloss of the coatings was very high (>90 GU at all angles studied), although it decreased with increasing modifier content. The presence of phosphorus moieties from the modifier enhanced hydrophilicity, raising surface free energy (SFE) from 37.9 to 44.0 mJ/m2. The coatings are soft materials with a Persoz hardness in the range of 0.05–0.32. The modifier increased hardness but reduced impact strength. The obtained cationomers can be applied as environmentally friendly coatings on hydrophilic surfaces such as textiles, glass, or wood. Full article
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