Search Results (19,781)

Extremely low-frequency (ELF, 3–30 Hz) signals are effective for cross-medium transmission, yet conventional implementations are hindered by their large size and low efficiency. To address these limitations, a compact electromechanical–magnetic antenna (EMA) was developed and experimentally validated for ELF magnetic communication. The basic unit of the antenna, a single-EMA, consists of a stacked magnetostrictive composite beam, piezoelectric ceramic plates, and tip-mounted permanent magnets. The total envelope volume of a single EMA is only 3.3 cm³ with a maximum length of 12 cm, representing a substantial reduction compared with conventional ELF antennas. Building on this compact architecture, two EMAs were operated in parallel to form a parallel-EMA system, which significantly enhanced magnetic radiation through constructive magnetic coupling. Moreover, the optimal separation distance between the two EMAs was identified, ensuring efficient cooperative radiation. When driven at 50.2 mW, the parallel-EMA configuration generated a magnetic flux density of 114 pT at a transmission distance of 20 m in seawater. This performance demonstrates nearly a twofold improvement over a single-EMA unit, validating the scalability of parallel operation for stronger magnetic radiation. The compact form factor of the single EMA combined with the enhanced radiation performance of the parallel-EMA system enables portable ELF magnetic communication across diverse cross-medium scenarios, including air-to-sea and underground-to-air links. Full article

The mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomatid parasites consists of thousands of catenated minicircles and dozens of maxicircles that form a complex network structure, the kinetoplast (kDNA). Although kDNA replication and segregation during mitotic division are well studied, its inheritance during genetic exchange events remains unclear. In Trypanosoma brucei, hybrids inherit minicircles biparentally but retain maxicircles from a single parent. Although biparental inheritance of minicircles has been described in natural Trypanosoma cruzi hybrids, this process has not been explored in laboratory-generated hybrids of this parasite. In the present study, we analyzed kDNA inheritance in T. cruzi experimental hybrids using a comprehensive minicircle hypervariable region (mHVR) database and genome sequencing data. Our findings revealed biparental inheritance of minicircles, with hybrid lines retaining mHVRs from both parents for over 800 generations. In contrast, maxicircles were exclusively inherited from one parent. Unexpectedly, we observed an increase in kDNA content in hybrids, affecting both minicircles and maxicircles, and exhibiting instability over time. To explain these findings, we propose a Replicative Mixing (REMIX) model, where the hybrid inherits one kinetoplast from each parent and they are replicated allowing minicircle mixing. Instead maxicircle networks remain physically separated, leading to uniparental fixation after segregation in the first cell division of the hybrid. This model challenges previous assumptions regarding kDNA inheritance and provides a new framework for understanding kinetoplast dynamics in hybrid trypanosomes. Full article

Coastal boulder deposits (CBDs) are important geomorphic indicators of extreme wave activity, yet integrated morphometric and hydrodynamic analyses remain limited along the Moroccan Atlantic coast. This study characterizes the morphology, spatial distribution, and transport thresholds of supratidal boulders at Oued Cherrat and Mansouria, and quantifies the wave energy required for their mobilization. Between 2021 and 2025, 85 boulders were surveyed, supported by lithological analyses, GPS mapping, and pre-/post-storm photographic documentation. At Oued Cherrat, boulders ranged from 0.01 to 3.56 m³ (≤7.84 t), with solitary blocks located 30–94 m inland and larger imbricated clasts up to 150.5 m. At Mansouria, dimensions reached 22 × 20 × 3.5 m (>2032 t), positioned 5–140 m from the shoreline. Storms in January and March 2025 displaced boulders up to 4.5 m at Oued Cherrat (e.g., 6.39 t) and up to 3 m at Mansouria (e.g., 21.42 t), with new blocks deposited and megaboulders showing slight in situ rotations. Hydrodynamic modelling estimated sliding thresholds of 1.1–4.0 m/s at Oued Cherrat and 2.7–11.0 m/s at Mansouria, while rolling thresholds reached 18.23 m/s. These values confirm the dependence of transport on boulder mass, imbrications, and topography. The findings demonstrate that extreme storms can rapidly reorganize multi-tonne CBDs, while the largest megaboulders require rare, exceptionally high-energy events. Full article

Crop–livestock integration is widely adopted as a strategy for recovering degraded pastures. In this system, intercropping crops such as sorghum with tropical grasses enables the harvest of sorghum for silage while simultaneously establishing a new pasture. However, interspecific competition for resources can limit sorghum development and yield, potentially compromise the fermentation process and reduce the nutritional quality of the silage. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance, fermentative characteristics, and chemical–bromatological composition of silages produced from different biomass sorghum-grass intercropping systems. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement: three cropping systems [sorghum monoculture, sorghum intercropped with Marandu grass (S + M), and sorghum intercropped with Zuri grass (S + Z)] and two sorghum row spacings (45 and 90 cm). The S + Z intercropping system with 90 cm row spacing showed the highest total dry matter yield (16.42 t/ha). It also presented better fermentative parameters, such as pH (4.02) and lactic acid (5.31%DM) and superior nutritional quality, with lower fiber content and higher concentrations of NFC (24.79%DM), TDN (59.75%DM), and digestibility. It is concluded that intercropping biomass sorghum with Zuri grass at 90 cm spacing is the most promising strategy for producing high-quality silage. Full article

Background/Objective: This study examined whether a brief measure combining subjective cognitive concerns and financial interference, termed Subjective Cognitive Decline-Financial (SCD-F), is associated with excess spending behavior in older adults. Methods: Community-dwelling older adults, some with early memory loss and some with no cognitive complaints (N = 150, M age = 72.6), provided 12 months of checking account statements and participated in interviews to clarify aspects of their personal financial behaviors. SCD-F was defined by asking if memory decline was interfering with financial decision-making or transactions. A 3-point SCD-F measure was created. Excess spending was determined by checking whether account expenditures exceeded all sources of income. Nonparametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U) and multiple regression models assessed group differences and predictors. Results: Group differences in excess spending were pronounced (H(2) = 15.75, p < 0.001). Those in the high SCD-F group had a significantly greater likelihood of excess spending (Z = −4.11; r = 0.43) and higher excess spending percentages (Z = −4.11; r = 0.43) compared to those with no memory loss. Regression analyses indicated that SCD-F was the strongest predictor of excessive spending (β = 0.40, t = 5.43, p < 0.001), even after controlling for age, gender, race, and education (R² = 0.235, F(5,144) = 8.86, p < 0.001). Conclusions: A brief self-report measure, SCD-F, effectively identifies older adults at risk of financial mismanagement, even absent formal cognitive impairment. Monitoring subjective cognitive concerns together with financial interference could enable early intervention. This brief measure may be useful in clinical settings as a screening tool, and in large national surveys. Full article

Biomass pellets are widely used for combustion but can also serve as sustainable feedstocks for pyrolysis. This study examined wood (WP), palm-pruning (PP), reed (RD), and daphne (DP) pellets. We present a compact framework linking composition (proximate/ultimate and lignocellulosic fractions) with TG/DTG, FTIR, TGA-derived indices (CPI, D_dev, R_w), T_pmax and R_av to predict product selectivity and temperature ranges. TG/DTG showed the following sequence: hemicellulose (≈200–315 °C) first, cellulose (≈315–400 °C) with a sharp maximum, and lignin ≈200–600 °C. Low-ash WP and DP had sharper, higher peaks, favoring concentrated devolatilization and condensables. Mineral-rich PP and RD began earlier and showed depressed peaks from AAEM catalysis, shifting toward gases and ash-richer chars. Composition shaped these patterns: higher cellulose increased R_av and CPI; links to T_pmax were moderated by ash. Lignin strengthened a high-T shoulder, while hemicellulose promoted early deacetylation (RD’s 1730 cm⁻¹ acetyl C=O) and release of CO₂ and acids. Correlations (|r| ≥ 0.70) supported these links: VM with total (m_∞) and second stage mass loss; cellulose with R_av and CPI (T_pmax moderated by ash); lignin and O/C with T_f and last stage mass loss; ash negatively with T_i, T_pmax, and m_∞. The obtained results guide the sustainable valorization of biomass pellets by selecting temperatures for liquids, H₂/CO-rich gases or low-ash aromatic chars. Full article

Background/Objectives: Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop2), a transmembrane glycoprotein overexpressed in a broad spectrum of epithelial malignancies but minimally expressed in normal tissues, has emerged as a clinically relevant prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target, particularly in breast cancer. This study aims to develop an enhanced way of targeting Trop2 expression in tumors and blocking it using extracellular vesicles (EVs) bioengineered to express a nanobody sequence against Trop2 (NB60 E). Methods: Here, a plasmid construct was designed to express the Trop2 sequence, NB60, flanked with HA tag and myc epitope and a PDGFR transmembrane domain in the C-terminal region, and was transfected into HEK293T cells for EVs isolation. The potency of NB60 E to knock down Trop2 in letrozole-resistant breast cancer cells (LTLT-Ca and MDA-MB-468 cells) was initially investigated. Thereafter, the effects of NB60 E on the cell viability and downstream signaling pathway of Trop2 via MTT assay and Western blotting were determined. Lastly, we also examined whether NB60 E treatment in Jurkat T cells affects IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-2 cytokine production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Results revealed treatment with NB60 E significantly reduced surface Trop2 expression across both cell lines by 23.5 ± 1.5% in MDA-MB-468, and 61.5 ± 1.5% in LTLT-Ca, relative to the HEK293T-derived control EVs (HEK293T E). NB60 E treatment resulted in a marked reduction in LTLT-Ca cell viability by 52.8 ± 0.9% at 48 h post-treatment. This was accompanied by downregulation of key oncogenic signaling molecules: phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK 1/2) decreased by 30 ± 4%, cyclin D1 by 67 ± 11%, phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) by 71.8 ± 1.6%, and vimentin by 40.8 ± 1.4%. ELISA analysis revealed significant decreases in IL-6 (−57.5 ± 1.5%, 7.4 ± 0.35 pg/mL) and TNF-α (−32.1 ± 0.3%, 6.1 ± 1.2 pg/mL) levels, coordinated by an increase in IL-2 secretion (22.1 ± 2.7%, 49.2 ± 1.1 pg/mL). Quantitative analysis showed marked reductions in the number of nodes (−45 ± 4.4%), junctions (−55 ± 3.5%), and branch points (−38 ± 1.2%), indicating suppression of angiogenic capacity. In vivo experiment using near-infrared Cy7 imaging demonstrated rapid and tumor-selective accumulation of NB60 E within 4 h post-administration, followed by efficient systemic clearance by 24 h. The in vivo results demonstrate the effectiveness of NB60 E in targeting Trop2-enriched tumors while being efficiently cleared from the system, thus minimizing off-target interactions with normal cells. Lastly, Trop2 expression in LTLT-Ca tumor xenografts revealed a significant reduction of 41.0 ± 4% following NB60 E treatment, confirming efficient targeted delivery. Conclusions: We present a first-in-field NB60 E-grafted EV therapy that precisely homes to Trop2-enriched breast cancers, silences multiple growth-and-invasion pathways, blocks angiogenesis, and rewires cytokine crosstalk, achieving potent antitumor effects with self-clearing, biomimetic carriers. Our results here show promising potential for the use of NB60 E as anti-cancer agents, not only for letrozole-resistant breast cancer but also for other Trop2-expressing cancers. Full article

The narrow operating temperature window of commercial V-W/TiO₂ catalysts severely limits NO_x removal efficiency, especially during low-load boiler operations. To achieve broad-temperature NO_x abatement, we developed Ce-M/Ti (M = Co, Fe, Mn, Mo) catalysts via a dual-site strategy. The temperatures required for 80% NO conversion (T₈₀) were 302 °C for Ce-Mo/Ti, 372 °C for Ce-Fe/Ti, 393 °C for Ce-Mn/Ti, and 415 °C for Ce-Co/Ti. Among them, Ce-Mo/Ti exhibited the most favorable low-temperature activity, outperforming a commercial catalyst (324 °C). Its turnover frequency (3.12 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹) was 1.29 times higher. Combined physicochemical characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal the mechanism behind the enhanced dual-site synergy in Ce-Mo/Ti. In the Ce-Co, Ce-Fe, and Ce-Mn sites, weak orbital hybridization leads to limited charge transfer. In contrast, Ce-Mo/Ti exhibits stronger hybridization between the Ce 4f/5d and Mo 4d orbitals, which breaks the inherent limitation of the Ce-based (Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺) redox capability and enables reverse electron transfer from Mo to Ce. This distinctive electron transfer direction creates a unique electronic environment, activating an efficient redox cycle between Mo⁶⁺/Mo⁵⁺ and Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺. This work offers a promising design strategy for dual-site catalysts with high NO_x removal efficiency over a wide temperature range. Full article

Background: Cefazolin is being increasingly used to treat central nervous system infections caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) to mitigate the side effects of existing anti-Staphylococcal drugs. This study aims to develop a cerebrospinal pharmacokinetic (PK) model to predict the cefazolin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to individualize the dosing regimen for MSSA meningitis. Methods: A cerebrospinal PK model was developed based on the existing literature and used to estimate the probability of attaining PK/ pharmacodynamic (PD) targets. These targets were set as 100% time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T > MIC) in CSF. The cerebrospinal PK/PD breakpoint was defined as the highest MIC at which target attainment probability in CSF was ≥90%. The mean CSF/serum ratio estimated from the literature was 0.0525 after a dose of 1–3 g (sampling time: 1–9 h after dose) in adult patients with suspected meningitis. This ratio was incorporated into this PK model based on a hybrid approach. Results: For patients with creatinine clearance (CL_cr) = 90 mL/min, the cerebrospinal PK/PD breakpoint MICs of continuous infusion regimens (6–12 g/day) reached 0.5 µg/mL, which can inhibit the growth of 90% of the MSSA population (MIC₉₀). Furthermore, for patients with renal dysfunction (CL_cr = 30 mL/min), a dose reduction (4 g/day) may be required to avoid excessive drug exposure. Conclusions: High-dose continuous infusion of cefazolin may be appropriate for MSSA meningitis in patients with normal renal function, while dose adjustments are needed for those with renal impairment. Full article

The integration of high-pressure grinding roller (HPGR) with pre-concentration techniques and stirred mills is recognized for its energy efficiency. Studies have suggested that the feed with a P₈₀ around 1 mm is acceptable for stirred mills or coarse particle flotation. Nonetheless, published experimental data characterizing the comminution behavior of single-stage HPGR circuits configured with a 1 mm screen aperture remain scarce. Moreover, extant research remains confined to laboratory scale. Consequently, critical performance metrics, including production capacity, screening efficiency, and process continuity, have not been substantively documented in the literature. In this paper, the HPGR performance in an industrial-scale HPGR/tower mill comminution circuit was assessed and optimized by laboratory and industrial tests. The research meticulously analyzed the impact of feed rate on the industrial-scale flip-flow screen and HPGR performance and found that the HPGR featuring two studded rolls with a diameter of 800 mm and a width of 400 mm, operating in a reverse classification circuit with a scalped feed by a 14.64 m² flip-flow screen while running continuously 24 h per day, is capable of producing a −1 mm comminution product suitable for tower mill feed. Under the optimal operating conditions identified, it achieved a specific energy consumption of 4.57 kWh/t with a feed rate of 27.08 t/h. Full article

Resveratrol (RES), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound with well-documented anticancer potential, is limited in clinical application due to its poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study aimed to develop RES-loaded liposomes coated sequentially with chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid-chitosan (HA) (RES-HA-CS-Lip) to enhance RES stability, delivery, and anticancer efficacy in breast cancer cells. HA-CS-coated liposomes were prepared using a thin-film hydration technique. Their physicochemical characteristics were thoroughly investigated through dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The optimized RES-HA-CS-Lip exhibited spherical morphology with an average particle size of 212 nm, a narrow polydispersity index (<0.4), a zeta potential of +9.04 ± 1.0 mV, and high entrapment efficiency of 82.16%. Stability studies demonstrated superior retention of size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency over 28 days at both 4 °C and 25 °C. In vitro release profiles at physiological and acidic pH revealed sustained drug release, with enhanced release under acidic conditions mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Antioxidant activity, assessed via DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging assays, indicated that RES retained its radical-scavenging potential upon encapsulation. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated markedly improved anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with an IC₅₀ of 13.08 μg/mL at 48 h, while maintaining high biocompatibility toward normal HaCaT keratinocytes. RES-HA-CS-Lip demonstrated excellent stability against degradation and aggregation. Overall, these findings highlight HA-CS-coated liposomes as a promising polysaccharide-based nanocarrier that enhances stability, bioactivity, and therapeutic efficacy of RES, representing a potential strategy for targeted breast cancer therapy. Full article

Background: As the United States population becomes increasingly diverse, the representation of minorities in health professions is critical to addressing health disparities. Few investigations have been conducted among students enrolled in the first semester of the nursing program, a vulnerable and adjustment period for most nursing majors. Thus, this study examined the association between reading comprehension and science aptitude on student retention and standardized test scores. Method: A cross-sectional repeated measures study was conducted to investigate the outcomes from a compendium of programmatic interventions implemented among n = 80 nursing students enrolled in the first semester of a pre-licensure baccalaureate nursing program in one Hispanic-serving institution. These interventions included the Weaver™ reading online program, case studies, NCLEX-type practice tests, test-taking skills, and peer-mentoring. Data collection was conducted in Spring 2024. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to determine predictors associated with student retention and standardized test scores. An independent t-test was used to examine any significant difference in the reading comprehension level among the cohort’s participants. A qualitative investigation using thematic analysis was conducted to understand students’ experiences with the programmatic interventions. Results: Students’ baseline reding comprehension level was significantly associated with failure in the first semester of the nursing program (β = −0.815; SE = 0.349; Wald = 5.444; p < 0.05). End-of-term reading comprehension level was significantly associated with end-of-course HESI score in the Foundations in Nursing course (β = 26.768; SE = 10.049; Beta = 0.445; p < 0.05) while science GPA was significantly associated with end-of-course HESI score for Health Assessment (β = 3.022; SE = 1.315; Beta = 0.434; p < 0.05. Cohort retention was 75%. The independent t-test result indicated a significant difference in reading level was found between those who dropped out from the cohort (M = 4.23, SE = 0.173 and those who did not (M = 5.15, SE = 0.188), t (68) = −3.037, p < 0.01. A reading level of grade 10 and above was associated with student progression to the next semester (M = 10.16, SE = 0.375, t (70) = −0.560, p < 0.05. Although the participants found the reading comprehension modules tedious, test-taking strategies, applying the nursing process in case studies, and the expertise of a nurse educator, who understood the learning needs of first-semester students, were perceived as critical to academic success. Conclusions: Reading comprehension and science aptitude are essential to students’ early success in the nursing program. Addressing gaps in reading comprehension and science aptitude before admission to a nursing program would increase chances of success in the early stages of a nursing major. Full article

Background: The Tibetan Plateau, which is known for its high elevation and low oxygen levels, presents a challenging environment for its inhabitants. To adapt to these hypoxic conditions, species of Schizothoracine, a subfamily of Cyprinidae, have developed unique physiological mechanisms and functions. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and the cellular immune response. However, its specific role in adaptation to hypoxia remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, we aimed to characterize the TGF-β1 gene in Gymnocypris dobula (Gd) and Schizothorax prenanti (Sp) and to test whether TGF-β1 contributes to hypoxia adaptation in plateau Schizothoracine fish. The predicted protein for Gd-TGF-β1 contains several primary domains, including cwf21 (cdc5 protein 21), GYF (Glycine-Tyrosine-Phenylalanine), FN1 (Fibronectin 1), a conservative domain, and a signal peptide. Results: The results of tissue distribution revealed that the mRNA level of TGF-β1 in brain, heart, muscle, skin, gills, and spleen—which are key tissues involved in oxygen sensing, transport, and physiological adaptation to hypoxic environments—was significantly lower in G. dobula than that in S. prenanti. Western blotting analysis revealed that the expression of activated TGF-β1 in G. dobula was significantly higher than that in S. prenanti. To investigate whether TGF-β1 in G. dobula possesses hypoxic adaptive features, Gd-TGF-β1 and Sp-TGF-β1 were cloned into an expression vector and transfected into 293-T cells, which are widely used due to their ease of culture, high transfectability, and well-characterized properties. We found that the survival rate of cells transfected with Gd-TGF-β1 was significantly higher than that of cells transfected with Sp-TGF-β1 after hypoxia treatment. Conclusions: These findings suggest that G. dobula may promote hypoxic adaptation through the activation and increased expression of TGF-β1. Changes in TGF-β1 expression may play a role in the adaptation of G. dobula to hypoxic conditions. Full article

Background: Multidrug resistance (MDR), primarily driven by P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug efflux, presents a significant challenge in cancer therapy, contributing to chemotherapy failure and poor patient outcomes. Objectives: In this study, we explored the potential of manidipine (MA), a clinically approved calcium channel blocker, to reverse P-gp-mediated MDR through modulation of calcium signaling via nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFAT2). Methods: Paclitaxel (PTX) resistance ABCB1-overexpressing cancer in vitro and in vivo were used for evualting the anti-MDR effects of MA, as well as the underlying mechanism with siRNA of NFAT2. Results: We found that MA at non-toxic concentrations (0.6–5.4 μM) significantly sensitize drug-resistant colorectal (HCT-8/T) and non-small cell lung (A549/T) cells to PTX, reducing its IC₅₀ by up to 1328-fold in vitro models. Mechanistically, MA inhibited P-gp efflux activity without altering its expression, as shown by an increased intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin and Flutax-2 (2.3- and 3.1-fold, respectively) and dose-dependent modulation of ATPase activity (EC₅₀ = 4.16 μM). Notably, MA reduced intracellular calcium levels (52% reduction, p < 0.001) and downregulated NFAT2, an oncogene overexpressed in resistant cells. In vivo, MA (3.5 mg/kg) synergizes with PTX to inhibit tumor growth by 68% (p < 0.001) in A549/T xenograft model, without an observable decrease in weight. Conclusions: In sum, all these results position MA as a novel NFAT2 inhibitor to overcome P-gp-mediated MDR via modulating calcium signaling, which points to further investigation for its clinical applications. Full article

The desert riparian forest oasis, dominated by Populus euphratica and Tamarix chinensis, is an important barrier to protect the economic production and habitat of the Tarim River Basin. However, there is still a lack of high-precision spatial distribution data of desert ri-parian forest species below 10 m. The recently launched PlanetScope CubeSat constella-tion, which provides daily earth observation imagery with a resolution of 3 m, offers a highly favorable dataset for mapping the high-resolution distribution of P. euphratica and T. chinensis and an unprecedented opportunity to explore the optimal phenology window to distinguish between them. In this study, time-series PlanetScope images were first used to extract phenological metrics of P. euphratica, dividing the annual life cycle into four phenology windows: duration of leaf expansion (DLE), duration of leaf maturity (DLM), duration of leaf fall (DLF), and duration of the dormancy period (DDP). The random forest model was used to obtain the classification accuracy of 16 phenological window combinations. Results indicate that after gap filling of vegetation index time series, the identification accuracy for P. euphratica and T. chinensis exceeded 0.90. Among individual phenology windows, the DLE window exhibited the highest classification accuracy (average F1-score 0.87). Among the two phenology window combinations, the DLE-DLF and DLE-DLM windows have the highest classification accuracy (average F1-score 0.90). Among the three phenology window combinations, DLE-DLM-DLF displayed the highest classification accuracy (average F1-score 0.91). Nevertheless, the inclusion of features within the DDP window led to a decrease in accuracy by 1–2% points, which was unfavorable for discriminating tree species. Additionally, features observed during the phenology asynchrony period were found to be more valuable for distinguishing between tree species. Our findings highlight the potential of PlanetScope constellation imagery in tree species classification, offering guidance for selecting optimal image acquisition timing and identifying the most valuable images within time series data for future large-scale tree mapping. Full article