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Keywords = Sapindus mukorossi

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12 pages, 2175 KiB  
Article
UPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS/MS-Based Comparative Study of Phytochemicals in Sapindus mukorossi
by Neil Patrick Uy, Hak-Dong Lee, Jajung Ku, Kyung Choi and Sanghyun Lee
Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060682 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
This study examined the phytochemical compositions of ten Sapindus mukorossi samples from two regions in Korea: Suwon and Daegu. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to calculate the total polyphenol content (TPC). Among all extracts tested, leaf samples from Suwon and Daegu (SLE and [...] Read more.
This study examined the phytochemical compositions of ten Sapindus mukorossi samples from two regions in Korea: Suwon and Daegu. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to calculate the total polyphenol content (TPC). Among all extracts tested, leaf samples from Suwon and Daegu (SLE and DLE) exhibited the highest TPC at 2.70 and 2.90 mg tannic acid equivalent/g extract. Similarly, a modified aluminum chloride colorimetric test was used to determine the total flavonoid content (TFC). Similar results were obtained, with SLE and DLE having TFC values of 40.71 and 41.07 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect 13 compounds, whereas high-performance liquid chromatography was used to quantify the prominent compounds: rutin, nicotiflorin, and narcissin. Among these, rutin was the most abundant, especially in SLE and DLE (54.37 and 70.21 mg/g, respectively). Furthermore, rutin significantly contributed to the total content of these samples at 78.31 and 85.44 mg/g, respectively. There were significant variations in the distribution of these compounds across different parts of the plant. These findings highlight the importance of S. mukorossi as a source of natural bioactive chemicals and pave the way for further research into its potential applications in healthcare products. Full article
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22 pages, 9819 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Analysis of bZIP Transcription Factor Family and Its Expression in Graft Healing of Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)
by Na Chen, Lixian Wang, Jing Zhong, Liming Jia and Zhong Chen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4862; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104862 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 484
Abstract
The Basic Leucine Zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play a vital role in plant responses to abiotic stress. Despite being studied in various plant species, the function of the bZIP gene family in Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.), a significant tree species for forestry [...] Read more.
The Basic Leucine Zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play a vital role in plant responses to abiotic stress. Despite being studied in various plant species, the function of the bZIP gene family in Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.), a significant tree species for forestry biomass energy, remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the bZIP gene family in Soapberry, based on the observation that bZIP transcription factors were enriched in the transcriptome data of Soapberry-grafted stem segments, as revealed by both GO and KEGG analyses. For the first time, we identified 31 SmbZIPs and provided detailed information regarding their physicochemical characteristics, gene structures, protein motifs, phylogenetic relationships, cis-regulatory elements (CREs), and predicted transcriptional regulatory networks. According to our prediction of the SmbZIP-mediated regulatory network and CREs in the promoter region, SmbZIPs may be associated with plant growth and development as well as responses to mechanical wounding stress. By integrating RT-qPCR and RNA-seq analyses, we determined that the expression patterns of SmbZIPs were specific to the graft-healing stages and locations. In conclusion, our study elucidates the potential role of the bZIP gene family in responding to plant wounding stress and facilitating graft healing, thereby providing valuable insights for future functional genomics studies of Soapberry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Phytohormones in Plant Biotic/Abiotic Stress Tolerance)
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20 pages, 3325 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn Flower Water Extract on In Vitro Anti-Acne Activity
by Zibing Zhao, Aohuan Zhang, Liya Song, Congfen He and Huaming He
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(5), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47050316 - 28 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 774
Abstract
Background: Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn is a deciduous tree with saponins as the main active ingredients and has been utilized in medicine and cosmetic industries. Currently, the investigations of S. mukorossi mainly focus on the pericarp and seed kernel parts, while other parts [...] Read more.
Background: Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn is a deciduous tree with saponins as the main active ingredients and has been utilized in medicine and cosmetic industries. Currently, the investigations of S. mukorossi mainly focus on the pericarp and seed kernel parts, while other parts are yet to be studied and developed. This study aimed to investigate the anti-acne potential of S. mukorossi flower water extract (SMFW) by in vitro experiments. Methods and Results: The DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, and FRAP assay revealed the strong antioxidant activities of SMFW. The antibacterial activity of SMFW against Cutibacterium acnes has been evaluated with an inhibition diameter of 14.08 ± 0.63 mm. Furthermore, SMFW significantly inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-β) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Transcriptome analysis showed that SMFW treatment reversed 448 LPS-upregulated DEGs and 349 LPS-downregulated DEGs, and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that SMFW might exert its anti-inflammatory effect via NOD-like receptor and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Conclusions: SMFW exhibited antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties in in vitro experiments. RNA-seq analysis indicated that SMFW may alleviate inflammation by regulating the NOD-like receptor and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. In summary, SMFW has shown potential for anti-acne efficacy and can be used as a natural raw material in cosmetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bioorganic Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry)
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14 pages, 4684 KiB  
Article
Dynamics of the Adult Litchi Stink Bugs, Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae), on Four Urban Tree Species in Taipei City
by Meng-Hao Hsu, Yu-Ping Tsai and Liang-Jong Wang
Forests 2025, 16(4), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16040601 - 29 Mar 2025
Viewed by 679
Abstract
A two-year study, starting at the beginning of 2018, in Taipei City, was conducted to investigate the population dynamics of adult litchi stink bugs, Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury), in the trees on roadsides and in urban greenspaces, namely, Litchi chinensis Sonn., Dimocarpus longan Lour., [...] Read more.
A two-year study, starting at the beginning of 2018, in Taipei City, was conducted to investigate the population dynamics of adult litchi stink bugs, Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury), in the trees on roadsides and in urban greenspaces, namely, Litchi chinensis Sonn., Dimocarpus longan Lour., Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and Koelreuteria henryi Dümmer, and deduce the relationship between the population dynamics and the photoperiod or climatic factors. The winter diapause of the adults might play an important role in the population dynamics and affect their movement among various host species. However, we also found that a warm winter and early-summer rainy season may affect the population size of stink bugs. There were significantly more adults in 2018 than in 2019 when comparing the periods from March to December of the two years. In a comparison of the four tree species, there were significantly more stink bugs on the longan trees than on the other trees, especially during winter. The results of this study might allow decision-makers to apply better control strategies based on the correct timing and targeting of tree species of this invasive pest in Taiwan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Health)
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18 pages, 2823 KiB  
Article
Fertilization Induced Soil Microbial Shifts Show Minor Effects on Sapindus mukorossi Yield
by Juntao Liu, Zhexiu Yu, Yingyun Gong, Jie Chen, Ling Zhou, Weihua Zhang and Liming Jia
Microorganisms 2025, 13(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13010173 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 856
Abstract
Fertilization can improve soil nutrition and increase the yield of Sapindus mukorossi, but the response of soil microbial communities to fertilization treatments and their correlation with soil nutrition and Sapindus mukorossi yield are unclear. In order to investigate the characteristics of soil [...] Read more.
Fertilization can improve soil nutrition and increase the yield of Sapindus mukorossi, but the response of soil microbial communities to fertilization treatments and their correlation with soil nutrition and Sapindus mukorossi yield are unclear. In order to investigate the characteristics of soil physicochemical qualities and the bacterial community, we carried out a field experiment comparing various quantities of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers to the unfertilized control treatments and the yield of Sapindus mukorossi in raw material forests in response to different applications of fertilizers and to try to clarify the interrelation among the three. Results showed that (1) there are significant differences in the effects of different fertilization treatments on the soil properties of Sapindus mukorossi raw material forests. The increase in the application rates of nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizers significantly reduced the soil pH value. (2) Compared with control, the α-diversity of bacterial communities was significantly lower in N3P2K2 and N1P1K2 treatments. Among the dominant groups of soil bacteria at the phylum level, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi showed an increase and then a decrease trend with the increase in N application. The relative abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Fusobacteriota was positively correlated with the application of P and K fertilizers, while the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota and Verrucomicrobiota decreased with the increase in P and K fertilizers. (3) The N2P2K2 treatment produced the highest sapindus yield (1464.58 kg/ha), which increased by 258.67% above the control. (4) Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the primary determinants of bacterial community structure were soil pH, total K, and effective P concentration. (5) Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that soil nutrient content was the main direct factor driving the yield of Sapindus mukorossi, whereas the bacterial community attributes (e.g., diversity and structure) had minor effects on the yield. In summary, the rational use of formulated fertilization can change the bacterial community structure, improve the bacterial diversity, and increase the soil nutrient content, with the latter exerting a significant effect on the improvement of the yield of Sapindus mukorossi. Full article
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21 pages, 301 KiB  
Article
Deciphering Hyperammonia-Producing Bacteria (HAB) in the Rumen of Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and Their Inhibition through Plant Extracts and Essential Oils
by Yendrembam Mery Chanu, Shyam Sundar Paul, Avijit Dey and Jerome Andonissamy
Microorganisms 2024, 12(10), 2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12102040 - 9 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1404
Abstract
Hyperammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) are a class of microbes present in the stomach of ruminants, responsible for the rapid rate of ammonia production from protein degradation beyond the capacity of these animals for their utilization. Thus, ruminant nutritionists are interested in decreasing ruminal protein [...] Read more.
Hyperammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) are a class of microbes present in the stomach of ruminants, responsible for the rapid rate of ammonia production from protein degradation beyond the capacity of these animals for their utilization. Thus, ruminant nutritionists are interested in decreasing ruminal protein degradation and ammonia genesis by focusing on controlling the activity of HAB. The investigations of the present study were carried out to determine predominant hyperammonia-producing bacteria in the rumen of buffaloes, their isolation and characterization, as well as the inhibition of these isolates with various sources of plant secondary compounds (tannins, saponins, and essential oils). Studies employing high-throughput sequencing of amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene from genomic DNA recovered from enrichment culture of HAB of buffalo rumina indicated that, at the phylum level, Proteobacteria (61.1 to 68.2%) was the most predominant HAB. Acidaminococcus was most predominant among the identified genera. In vitro experiments were conducted with enrichment culture of buffalo rumen contents incubated with different types of feed additives such as essential oils (eucalyptus oil, lemon grass oil, and clove oil) and extracts of plants (Sapindus mukorossi fruits and Ficus bengalensis leaves), each at graded dose levels. The reduction in ammonia production by clove and lemon grass oils was evident due to the presence of major bioactive compounds, especially eugenol and limonene, which have strong antimicrobial activity. However, clove oil and Indian soapberry/reetha (Sapindus mukorossi) fruit were found to be promising and effective in reducing the growth, protease production, and ammonia production of HAB culture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome Research for Animal, Plant and Environmental Health)
14 pages, 3511 KiB  
Article
Effects of Sapindus mukorossi Seed Oil on Bone Healing Efficiency: An Animal Study
by Po-Jan Kuo, Yu-Hsiang Lin, Yu-Xuan Huang, Sheng-Yang Lee and Haw-Ming Huang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(12), 6749; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126749 - 19 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1577
Abstract
Natural products have attracted great interest in the development of tissue engineering. Recent studies have demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids found in natural plant seed oil may exhibit positive osteogenic effects; however, few in vivo studies have focused on the use of plant [...] Read more.
Natural products have attracted great interest in the development of tissue engineering. Recent studies have demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids found in natural plant seed oil may exhibit positive osteogenic effects; however, few in vivo studies have focused on the use of plant seed oil for bone regeneration. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of seed oil found in Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and bone growth in artificial bone defects in vivo. In this study, Wharton-jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) were co-cultured with S. mukorossi seed oil. Cellular osteogenic capacity was assessed using Alizarin Red S staining. Real-time PCR was carried out to evaluate ALP and OCN gene expression. The potential of S. mukorossi seed oil to enhance bone growth was assessed using an animal model. Four 6 mm circular defects were prepared at the parietal bone of New Zealand white rabbits. The defects were filled with hydrogel and hydrogel-S. mukorossi seed oil, respectively. Quantitative analysis of micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological images was conducted to compare differences in osteogenesis between oil-treated and untreated samples. Although our results showed no significant differences in viability between WJMSCs treated with and without S. mukorossi seed oil, under osteogenic conditions, S. mukorossi seed oil facilitated an increase in mineralized nodule secretion and upregulated the expression of ALP and OCN genes in the cells (p < 0.05). In the animal study, both micro-CT and histological evaluations revealed that new bone formation in artificial bone defects treated with S. mukorossi seed oil were nearly doubled compared to control defects (p < 0.05) after 4 weeks of healing. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil holds promise as a potential candidate for enhancing bone healing efficiency in bone tissue engineering. Full article
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17 pages, 15794 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the CYP450 Family Associated with Triterpenoid Saponin in Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)
by Chunyuan Zheng, Mingzhu Zhou, Jialin Fan, Yuhan Gao, Yuanyuan Xu, Liming Jia, Xinmin An, Zhong Chen and Lianchun Wang
Forests 2024, 15(6), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15060926 - 26 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1533
Abstract
Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) is a tree species of the family Sapindaceae, the pericarp of which is rich in triterpenoid saponins, which are important in chemical production, biomedicine, and other fields. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) is involved in the modification of the [...] Read more.
Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) is a tree species of the family Sapindaceae, the pericarp of which is rich in triterpenoid saponins, which are important in chemical production, biomedicine, and other fields. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) is involved in the modification of the skeletons of triterpenoid saponins and is linked to their diversity. We previously identified 323 CYP450 genes in the transcriptome of soapberry and screened 40 CYP450 genes related to the synthesis of triterpenoid saponins by gene annotation and conserved structural domain analysis. The genetic structure and phylogeny of the CYP450 genes were analyzed separately. Phylogenetic analysis categorized the CYP450 genes of soapberry into five subfamilies, the members of which had similar conserved cumulative sequences and intron structures. A cis-acting element analysis implicated several genes in the responses to environmental changes and hormones. The expression of several genes during eight periods of fruit development was analyzed by real-time quantitative qRT-PCR; most showed high expression during the first four periods of fruit development, and their expression decreased as the fruits matured. A co-expression network analysis of SmCYP450s and related genes in the triterpenoid saponin synthesis pathway was performed. Correlation analysis showed that 40 SmCYP450s may be involved in saponin synthesis in soapberry. The triterpenoid saponin synthesis-related candidate genes identified in this study provide insight into the synthesis and regulation of triterpenoid saponins in soapberry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
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18 pages, 15193 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Balanced N, P and K Fertilization on Fine Root Traits and Soil Properties in Sapindus mukorossi
by Juntao Liu, Ling Zhou, Dongnan Wang, Yingyun Gong, Xiaoli Yan, Qiuli Cao, Shixiong Wu, Jianhui Weng, Guoqing Zhang and Liming Jia
Forests 2024, 15(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15010094 - 3 Jan 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2058
Abstract
To uncover the relationship between fine root traits and soil properties of trees under different fertilization treatments is important for understanding the nutrient acquisition strategies of woody oilseed plants under scientific fertilization management. An experiment of randomized complete block design was conducted in [...] Read more.
To uncover the relationship between fine root traits and soil properties of trees under different fertilization treatments is important for understanding the nutrient acquisition strategies of woody oilseed plants under scientific fertilization management. An experiment of randomized complete block design was conducted in a Sapindus mukoross plantation using combinations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers at different levels (Control: 0 kg·ha−2 of N, P and K; level 1: 300 kg·ha−2 of N, 250 kg·ha−2 of P, and 200 kg·ha−2 of K; level 2: 600 kg·ha−2 of N, 500 kg·ha−2 of P, and 400 kg·ha−2 of K; and level 3: 900 kg·ha−2 of N, 750 kg·ha−2 of P, and 600 kg·ha−2 of K). The response of fine root traits and soil properties of Sapindus mukoross to the application of different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) combinations was investigated by measuring fine root traits and soil properties indices. The results showed that: (1) The soil surface is the main location of fine roots. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, the FRB, RLD, FSRL, and RAD of Sapindus mukoross were significantly increased under the fertilization treatment compared with the control. (2) In the 0–20 cm soil layer, the SOC, TN, TP, TK, AP, AK and AN of Sapindus mukoross soils were higher than those of the control group under different fertilization treatments, except for the pH. (3) Correlation analysis showed that FRB and RLD were significantly and positively correlated with SOC, AN and AP, while TP and AP were negatively correlated with FSRL and positively correlated with RAD. RDA showed that AP content in soil was the main factor which influenced the fine root traits of Sapindus mukoross. The results of the study revealed the response strategies of fine root traits and soil properties of Sapindus mukoross to N, P and K fertilizers, provided theoretical support for the scientific cultivation of woody oilseed species, and suggested scientific and rational fertilization and management strategies for Sapindus mukoross plantation forests, a species widely planted in the southern region of China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tree Regeneration-Soil Relationships)
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15 pages, 3913 KiB  
Article
Ecological Benefits and Plant Landscape Creation in Urban Parks: A Study of Nanhu Park, Hefei, China
by Shaowei Wu, Xiaojie Yao, Yinqi Qu and Yawen Chen
Sustainability 2023, 15(24), 16553; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416553 - 5 Dec 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3243
Abstract
Plant landscape creation in urban parks is an important aspect of urban ecological construction under the goal of “carbon neutrality”. In this study, the plant community of Nanhu Park in Hefei City was considered the research subject, and its tree species’ composition and [...] Read more.
Plant landscape creation in urban parks is an important aspect of urban ecological construction under the goal of “carbon neutrality”. In this study, the plant community of Nanhu Park in Hefei City was considered the research subject, and its tree species’ composition and diameter at breast height (DBH) were analyzed. The ecological benefits of the park’s green space were evaluated using the i-tree Eco model, and the carbon sequestration, runoff retention, air pollution removal, and oxygen production benefits were quantified as economic values and combined with the landscape effect evaluation method. The results show that Nanhu Park is rich in tree species types, with 5871 trees of 41 species in 23 families and 32 native species, among which three species of Sapindus mukorossi, Eucommia ulmoides, and Triadica sebifera accounted for 43.7% of the total number of trees. The dominant tree DBH was intermediate (7.6–15.2 cm). In Nanhu Park, the economic benefits were ordered as follows: carbon sequestration > runoff retention > air pollution removal > oxygen production benefits. The dominant tree species strongly contributed to the total ecological benefit of urban park green space; the ecological benefit of individual trees was not positively correlated with the number of tree species; native tree species had better ecological and landscape effects, while plant communities with growth changes and hierarchical depth of landscape were more popular. The analysis of ecological benefits and landscape evaluation of urban park green space provide a theoretical basis for enhancing the plant landscape, thus providing a case reference for promoting the construction of park green space in Hefei. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Green Areas: Benefits, Design and Management Strategies)
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36 pages, 3254 KiB  
Review
Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents
by Monika Michalak
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(20), 15444; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015444 - 22 Oct 2023
Cited by 81 | Viewed by 27900
Abstract
Natural ingredients have been used for centuries for skin treatment and care. Interest in the health effects of plants has recently increased due to their safety and applicability in the formulation of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Long-known plant materials as well as newly discovered [...] Read more.
Natural ingredients have been used for centuries for skin treatment and care. Interest in the health effects of plants has recently increased due to their safety and applicability in the formulation of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Long-known plant materials as well as newly discovered ones are increasingly being used in natural products of plant origin. This review highlights the beneficial effects of plants and plant constituents on the skin, including moisturizing (e.g., Cannabis sativa, Hydrangea serrata, Pradosia mutisii and Carthamus tinctorius), anti-aging (e.g., Aegopodium podagraria, Euphorbia characias, Premna odorata and Warburgia salutaris), antimicrobial (e.g., Betula pendula and Epilobium angustifolium), antioxidant (e.g., Kadsura coccinea, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rubus idaeus and Spatholobus suberectus), anti-inflammatory (e.g., Antidesma thwaitesianum, Helianthus annuus, Oenanthe javanica, Penthorum chinense, Ranunculus bulumei and Zanthoxylum bungeanum), regenerative (e.g., Aloe vera, Angelica polymorpha, Digitaria ciliaris, Glycyrrihza glabra and Marantodes pumilum), wound healing (e.g., Agrimonia eupatoria, Astragalus floccosus, Bursera morelensis, Jatropha neopauciflora and Sapindus mukorossi), photoprotective (e.g., Astragalus gombiformis, Calea fruticose, Euphorbia characias and Posoqueria latifolia) and anti-tyrosinase activity (e.g., Aerva lanata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Dodonaea viscosa, Lonicera japonica and Schisandra chinensis), as well as their role as excipients in cosmetics (coloring (e.g., Beta vulgaris, Centaurea cyanus, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Rubia tinctiorum), protective and aromatic agents (e.g., Hyssopus officinalis, Melaleuca alternifolia, Pelargonium graveolens and Verbena officinalis)). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
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14 pages, 7357 KiB  
Article
Biobased Natural Sapindus mukorossi–Carvacrol Emulsion for Sustainable Laundry Washing
by Manca Lunder, Brigita Tomšič and Rok Fink
Sustainability 2023, 15(14), 11029; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411029 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2497
Abstract
Low-temperature laundry washing prompted the formulation of a new biobased detergent that meets sustainability criteria. A soapnut extract conferred good cleaning performance on the standard soiling agents EMPA 101 and EMPA 114 but showed rather weak performance on EMPA 116 and EMPA 160. [...] Read more.
Low-temperature laundry washing prompted the formulation of a new biobased detergent that meets sustainability criteria. A soapnut extract conferred good cleaning performance on the standard soiling agents EMPA 101 and EMPA 114 but showed rather weak performance on EMPA 116 and EMPA 160. The results indicated the good disinfection properties of the soapnut extract–Carvacrol emulsion (>6 log CFU/carriers), whereas the commercial detergent and sole soapnut extract were less effective. Comparable results were observed for cross-contamination assessment and wash water, whereas total elimination was achieved only for the soapnut extract–Carvacrol emulsion. We demonstrated significantly decreased water surface tension for all three compounds. The microorganism cell membrane integrity assessment showed the highest number of dead cells on cotton carriers washed with the soapnut extract–Carvacrol emulsion. All this indicated that the newly formulated biobased laundry detergent made of soapnut extract and Carvacrol could effectively remove standard soiling agents and ensure good disinfection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Products and Services)
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13 pages, 4937 KiB  
Article
Effects and Mechanism of Micro-Drilling Parameters on the Drilling Force and Hole Morphology of Sapindus mukorossi Seeds
by Suxiao Zhao, Xiaopeng Bai, Daochun Xu and Wan Cao
Forests 2023, 14(6), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061162 - 5 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1626
Abstract
Sapindus mukorossi seeds are commonly drilled and processed into Buddha beads and other craft products. To improve the machining qualities of the micro-drilling of S. mukorossi seeds, the effects of drilling parameters (feed rate, drilling speed, and drill diameter) on the drilling force, [...] Read more.
Sapindus mukorossi seeds are commonly drilled and processed into Buddha beads and other craft products. To improve the machining qualities of the micro-drilling of S. mukorossi seeds, the effects of drilling parameters (feed rate, drilling speed, and drill diameter) on the drilling force, hole diameter and hole morphology were found. The mechanism behind these changes was further analyzed. The drilling parameters and machining process for the micro-drilling of S. mukorossi seeds were optimized. Results indicated that each drilling parameter influenced the drilling force and hole-machining quality by affecting the amount of cutting, the working conditions of the drill bit, chip formation, and the generation of drilling heat. Moreover, the feed rate and drill diameter were the main factors that influenced the drilling force, and the drilling speed played a leading role that influenced hole-machining quality. Interestingly, for the drilling of S. mukorossi seeds, a feed rate of 0.03 mm/r, a drilling speed of 6 m/min, and a drill-bit diameter of 0.9 or 1.5 mm resulted in a hole with high accuracy, good hole morphology, and minimal wear on the drill bit. This study facilitates the selection of suitable drilling parameters and processing technology for the micro-drilling of S. mukorossi seeds to improve processing accuracies and qualities, and provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of related drilling processing equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
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14 pages, 5852 KiB  
Article
Bearing Habit of Sapindus mukorossi and the Relationship between the Shoot Characteristics of the Parent and Bearing Shoots and Yield
by Yijing Song, Songpo Wei, Chao Li, Cai Qin, Liming Jia and Shuchai Su
Forests 2023, 14(4), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14040730 - 3 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1983
Abstract
(1) Research Highlights: Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn has substantial economic and medicinal value as a high-quality raw material for energy, traditional Chinese medicine, and landscaping. However, few studies have focused on the bearing habit and shoot characteristics of S. mukorossi. (2) Background and [...] Read more.
(1) Research Highlights: Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn has substantial economic and medicinal value as a high-quality raw material for energy, traditional Chinese medicine, and landscaping. However, few studies have focused on the bearing habit and shoot characteristics of S. mukorossi. (2) Background and Objectives: We aimed to investigate the bearing habit of “Yuanhua,” a selective breeding variety of S. mukorossi, and to identify the relationships among shoot characteristics, fruiting, and yield. (3) Materials and Methods: Ten healthy S. mukorossi trees were randomly selected to investigate the number of current-year shoots and bearing shoots. Eight-hundred-fifty current-year shoots of “Yuanhua” S. mukorossi were selected to investigate the number and position of the bearing and vegetative shoots. A total of 210 parent shoots and 145 bearing shoots of “Yuanhua” S. mukorossi were selected to investigate the characteristics. A generalized linear mixed model and a zero-inflated model were used for the analysis. (4) Results: (i) “Yuanhua” S. mukorossi has two types of current-year new shoots. After the new shoots produce leaves, if the growth points at the top continue to produce inflorescences that grow, bloom, and bear fruits, the new shoots are classified as bearing shoots. When the top growth points do not grow and do not produce inflorescences, the new shoots are termed vegetative shoots. The bearing shoots and vegetative shoots sprouted on the S. mukorossi parent shoots and developed into parent shoots in the following year, either developing from the bearing shoots or the vegetative shoots. (ii) The yield was affected by parent shoot characteristics. The type, length, diameter, and slenderness of parent shoots had significant effects on the number of current-year bearing shoots; the top diameter of the parent shoots and the number of current-year vegetative shoots had significant effects on parent shoot yield. (iii) The type of parent shoots, the length, and the top diameter of the current-year bearing shoots had significant effects on the single yield of a bearing shoot. (5) Conclusions: Selecting parent shoots with more bearing shoots and more fruit production according to the type, length, and thickness is a more efficient method for production management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-timber Forestry Breeding, Cultivation and Processing Technology)
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24 pages, 1006 KiB  
Review
Triterpenoid Saponins from Washnut (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)—A Source of Natural Surfactants and Other Active Components
by Mateusz Sochacki and Otmar Vogt
Plants 2022, 11(18), 2355; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11182355 - 9 Sep 2022
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8977
Abstract
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., also called the washnut, is a tropical tree of the Sapindaceae family. The plant owes its name to its cleaning and washing properties used by the local population as a natural detergent. The most important ingredients of the plant are [...] Read more.
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., also called the washnut, is a tropical tree of the Sapindaceae family. The plant owes its name to its cleaning and washing properties used by the local population as a natural detergent. The most important ingredients of the plant are triterpenoid saponins contained in many parts of the plant, inducing fruits, galls, or roots. The tree also contains other valuable, biologically active compounds that are obtained by extraction methods. Raw or purified extract and isolated saponins are valuable plant products that can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries. This review includes the most important biological and surfactant properties of extracts and isolated saponins obtained from various parts of the plant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Review Papers in Phytochemistry)
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