Search Results (1,862)

To develop secure, fast, and interoperable smart substations, it is vital to understand the current situation and potential future directions of the technologies involved. This study presents the evolution and state of the art of the Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) communication protocol, defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 standard. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. This included journal articles published from 2004 to 2025 and conference papers from 2020 to 2025, written in English within Engineering. Only studies primarily focusing on GOOSE, citing it at least ten times, and indexed in the Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science databases were included. The quantitative analysis used SciMAT software, complemented by a qualitative analysis. Due to the bibliometric and thematic nature of this review, potential biases were considered at the review level rather than by applying a formal study-level risk-of-bias tool. The final analysis comprised 82 journal articles and 84 conference papers. The results offer a comprehensive mapping of GOOSE research evolution, identify nine main challenges and limitations from the last 22 years, and highlight current research directions. The literature reveals methodological heterogeneity, a predominance of simulation-based approaches, and limited large-scale empirical validation. Full article

In response to the growing global demand for food, intensive genetic selection programs have been implemented to improve livestock efficiency and productivity. Understanding how such selection alters metabolism across nutritional stages is essential for optimizing feeding strategies. In this study, we examined the impact of long-term genetic selection for growth rate (GR) on the plasma metabolome of reproductive female rabbits using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Two vitrified–rederived populations from the same paternal line but separated by 18 generations of GR selection (R19V and R37V) were compared under identical environmental and nutritional conditions. We analyzed 48 plasma samples, showing that GR selection significantly influenced the metabolomic profile. Notably, R37V does exhibited a 76% increase in phospholipid LysoPE (0:0/20:4) concentrations (p < 0.0001) than R19V. GR selection affected key metabolites related to lipid metabolism and energy balance, reflecting potential changes in nutrient utilization efficiency. These findings highlight the interplay between genetics and nutrient efficiency in shaping the metabolome, offering insights that may support nutritional management in genetically improved livestock. Full article

The link between neurodevelopment in infants exposed to maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and fetal DNA methylation remains unexplored. We conducted this hypothesis-generating study to investigate the association between fetal DNA methylation and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children of mothers with GDM. We carried out a prospective, observational pilot cohort study comparing infants exposed to maternal GDM with an unexposed control group. Umbilical cord blood DNA methylation was assessed using targeted methylome sequencing covering 3.34 million CpG sites. Infant neurodevelopment was evaluated at age two years using the Bayley-III Scales. Bioinformatics processing identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs), followed by multiple enrichment analyses of DMR-associated genes and partial correlation analyses. Multi-dimensional enrichment analysis of the 1053 identified DMR-associated genes revealed a significant convergence of pathways related to neurogenesis, synaptic components, and axonal guidance. Infants born to mothers with GDM exhibited lower scores in cognitive, language, and motor domains, which were associated with identifiable DNA methylation signatures at birth. Significant correlations were observed in genes essential for brain scaffolding and synaptic circuitry, most notably WNT4, the PCDHG alpha/beta clusters, and PALM. Additionally, methylation patterns in FOXF2 and CHFR suggest a potential impact on blood–brain barrier integrity, while associations with FSTL3 and H6PD highlight a systemic metabolic ‘cross-talk’ influencing neurodevelopment. Although these pilot findings are hypothesis-generating and require further functional validation, this study provides pioneering evidence that neurodevelopmental alterations in the offspring of mothers with GDM are potentially associated with intrauterine epigenetic modifications detectable at birth. Full article

Cardiopulmonary arrests are time-dependent emergencies where survival rates are quickly reduced without early intervention. BLS training programmes for teachers and schoolchildren must be mandatory, as they not only improve efficacy when performing the manoeuvres but also enhance willingness to do so. Background/Objectives: To analyse changes in knowledge and whether they are sustained in time after a theoretical–practical intervention led by nurses. To objectively analyse the quality of chest compressions according to the students’ group and age. Methods: A quasi-experimental study without a Control Group and with three measuring instances: Baseline (T0), Immediate post-intervention (T1) and at three months (T2). Knowledge was assessed by means of an ad hoc questionnaire; in turn, the chest compressions were evaluated using a mannequin with feedback. The longitudinal changes were analysed based on paired discordant answers. Descriptive analyses according to age and schooling level were performed. Results: There were 982, 756 and 509 students at T0, T1 and T2, respectively. A total of 206 records were paired at all three measuring moments. The intervention was associated with an increase in knowledge test scores, which is preserved at three months. Most of the questionnaire items presented positive changes or remained unchanged. The significant difference was maintained in 8 of the 10 questions. As for the compressions, a significant and positive correlation was found between age and overall score, depth and rate. The comparative analysis between the Lower Secondary Education and Higher Secondary Education groups found significant differences in those same variables, as well as a difference in release. Conclusions: Altogether, the results of this study contribute evidence about the effectiveness of BLS training among adolescents in a real-world context, underscoring the need for ongoing and age-adapted interventions. Full article

Background/Objectives: Molecular testing and targeted therapeutics remain inequitably delivered among patients with cancer. In response, we refined a multilevel intervention directed at clinicians, payers, and patients to determine whether it could improve patient knowledge and receipt of precision cancer care more than an intervention directed at clinicians and payers alone. Methods: This patient-level randomized trial was conducted in a community oncology clinic among low income and racial and ethnic minority adults who were newly diagnosed with cancer or relapsed disease. We compared a two-level enhanced usual care intervention, in which patients received usual care, clinicians received annual precision medicine training, and payers eliminated prior authorization for molecular testing and targeted therapeutics (control group), with a three-level intervention, in which patients received enhanced usual care along with a patient-level 12 month precision medicine education component led by community health workers (intervention group). The primary outcome was precision medicine knowledge. Secondary outcomes were health-related quality of life (HRQOL), patient activation, satisfaction, acute care use, molecular testing, and targeted treatment. Results: Among 110 participants, the three-level intervention resulted in greater improvement in knowledge of precision medicine compared with the two-level control group (mean difference of 4.17, 95% CI of 2.33–7.48; p < 0.001). Intervention participants also had greater patient activation and satisfaction with care, fewer emergency department visits and hospitalizations, and greater receipt of molecular testing and targeted therapy compared with patients in the control group. Conclusions: Multilevel interventions that include patient-level education can improve care delivery gaps. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04843332. Full article

The Galápagos Islands, located in the eastern equatorial Pacific approximately 1000 km west of mainland Ecuador, are highly sensitive to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. However, the mechanisms linking sea surface temperature (SST) variability to daily rainfall extremes remain poorly understood. Focusing on Santa Cruz Island, one of the main islands of the archipelago, we analyzed the response of daily rainfall to four El Niño events (1991–1992, 1997–1998, 2015–2016 and 2023–2024) and their relationship with SST spatial patterns. Our approach followed three steps: (1) Daily rainfall observations were classified using percentile thresholds; (2) SST spatial clusters were identified using Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), which explicitly incorporates spatial autocorrelation to distinguish warm and cold SST spatial clusters; and (3) SST cluster metrics (mean temperature, spatial extent, and persistence) were extracted and related to rainfall intensification. Results show that El Niño can increase daily extreme rainfall (>P95) in frequency and in totals, with the strongest and most persistent signal during 1997–1998; in contrast, the 2015–2016 event, despite being classified as very strong by the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), exhibited a limited and short-lived >P95 rainfall response in Santa Cruz. The link between SST clusters and extreme rainfall strengthened during El Niño (r from ~0.40 to 0.70). Correspondingly, SST clusters underwent significant spatial reorganization in their extent and persistence. Contrasts were most evident in the central–southern domain, where 1997–1998 showed strong warm incursion and persistent ≥28 °C coverage, while 2015–2016 remained more spatially constrained and less coherent. The area where clusters reached mean SST ≥ 28 °C became widespread in 1997–1998 (98.55%), whereas it remained more localized in 1991–1992 (30.28%), 2015–2016 (27.02%), and 2023–2024 (26.55%) and was absent in neutral years (0%). Persistent warm-cluster coverage increased from neutral conditions (38.53%) in 1991–1992 (47.49%), 1997–1998 (53.42%), and 2023–2024 (42.97%), but was lower in 2015–2016 (34.53%). Overall, these results provide a process-oriented link between SST cluster organization and event-to-event differences in Galápagos rainfall extremes, highlighting the value of local SST metrics beyond basin-scale ENSO indices. Full article

To analyze, in an analytical cross-sectional observational study, the relationship between the plasma microRNA (miRNA) expression profile in children living with obesity and their metabolic health status. Based on body mass index percentiles (BMIp), the children were grouped into a control group (C) or an obesity group (Ob). Glucose, insulin, and low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDLs and HDLs, respectively), triacylglycerols (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) were measured. RNA from plasma was used for miRNA sequencing analysis (NextSeq 2000 platform). Differential miRNA expression was determined using counts obtained from the reference genome. Fifty controls (BMIp: 50.4 ± 23) and fifty children with obesity (BMIp: 97.54 ± 1.46) were included. The obese group presented hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Sequencing revealed nine underexpressed and six overexpressed miRNAs in the obese group. In silico analysis suggested that these miRNAs may participate in regulating insulin secretion, protein synthesis, apoptosis, and the glycolytic pathway in pancreatic β-cells. Childhood obesity was associated with altered circulating levels of microRNAs linked to glucose metabolism, insulin resistance (IR) and β-cell survival. Reduced plasma levels of miR-126-3p, let-7a-5p, and miR-16-5p showed a high predictive value for hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance, indicating their potential relevance as early biomarkers or therapeutic targets in pediatric metabolic dysfunction. Full article

Background/Objectives: Severe asthma in routine practice often involves long-standing disease, multimorbidity, and prior biologic failure—settings underrepresented in pivotal tezepelumab trials. This study evaluated 52-week real-world effectiveness and safety of tezepelumab in a highly comorbid, predominantly T2-high, biologic-experienced severe asthma cohort from the Canary Islands. Methods: TEZNERIFE is a multicenter, retrospective study including consecutive adolescents and adults with GINA Step 5 severe uncontrolled asthma treated with tezepelumab 210 mg every 4 weeks for 12 months. Clinical outcomes, lung function, type 2 biomarkers, upper airway symptoms, and Biologics Asthma Response Score (BARS) were assessed at baseline, 26 weeks, and 52 weeks. Results: Fifty-six patients (mean age 53.5 years, 71% female, mean asthma duration 30 years, 84% T2-high; 71% with ≥1 prior biologic) were analyzed. ACT improved from 11.5 ± 3.7 to 15.9 ± 4.7 at 26 weeks and 17.5 ± 4.7 at 52 weeks (both p < 0.0001), while annualized exacerbations declined from 2.79 ± 2.0 to 0.50 ± 0.72 and 0.51 ± 0.89 (both p < 0.0001). Maintenance oral corticosteroid dose fell from 10.2 ± 8.3 to 6.9 ± 2.4 mg/day at 52 weeks (p = 0.014). FEV1% predicted increased from 69.3 ± 19.2% to 75.3 ± 17.7% and 76.2 ± 20.6% (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001), and blood eosinophils decreased from 234 ± 231 to 146 ± 120 and 147 ± 110 cells/µL (p = 0.001 and p = 0.013). At one year, 18.9% and 67.9% were classified as good and intermediate responders by BARS; 13.2% were insufficient responders. Two patients discontinued due to non-serious adverse events, while no treatment-related serious events occurred. Conclusions: In this difficult-to-treat, multimorbid, biologic-experienced population, tezepelumab achieved sustained improvements in asthma control, exacerbations, lung function, eosinophilic inflammation, and corticosteroid exposure over 52 weeks, supporting upstream alarmin inhibition as a versatile strategy in complex severe asthma. Full article

Coffee processing requires continuous optimization to preserve sensory quality while improving process efficiency. Although hyperspectral imaging has been widely applied for food quality evaluation, its use for predicting coffee cup score during controlled drying remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of drying temperature on the drying kinetics of Caturra coffee and to develop a predictive model for cup score using hyperspectral imaging combined with Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). Coffee samples were dried at four constant temperatures (30, 40, 50, and 60 °C) in forced-convection ovens, and hyperspectral reflectance images (400–1000 nm) were acquired using a Specim FX10 camera. Sensory evaluation was conducted by six certified Q Arabica Graders. Drying times were 52, 34, 30, and 20 h at 30, 40, 50, and 60 °C, respectively, with corresponding cup scores of 83.21, 83.50, 83.60, and 83.26 points. Effective moisture diffusivity ranged from ${10}^{-13}$ to ${10}^{-12}$ m²/s, while mass transfer coefficients were on the order of ${10}^{-9}$ m/s, with activation energies of 28.016 and 19.272 kJ/mol. No significant differences in cup score were observed among drying temperatures ($p>0.05$). A PLSR-based model was developed to estimate cup score from hyperspectral data, achieving $R^2$ values of 0.770 and 0.855 and RMSE values of 0.515 and 0.518 for calibration and validation, respectively. Key wavelengths at 480, 600, 720, and 940 nm were identified as the most influential spectral regions associated with chemical compounds affecting sensory quality. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrating drying kinetics and hyperspectral imaging as a rapid and non-destructive approach for objective prediction of coffee sensory quality during processing. Full article

The cultural valorization-based territorial recognition program has established itself as an effective strategy for fostering sustainability in rural tourism destinations. However, there is limited evidence of their influence from the community’s perspective. This study analyzes the relationship between the conditions of territorial recognition promoted by the “Pueblos con Encanto” (Charming Villages) program and the sustainability of the Cruz Pampa–Yapatera tourist destination. A mixed-methods approach was employed, utilizing a non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational design. For the quantitative part, a structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 336 residents from the area, using simple random sampling. Data analysis included statistics and Pearson’s correlation. For the qualitative part, 13 interviews were conducted with representative members. These people have influence over the governance of the area. The results of the triangulation showed that, according to the residents’ perception, Cruz Pampa–Yapatera meets the requirements for the “Pueblos con Encanto” program. It is evidenced in its historical heritage and Afro-Peruvian cultural heritage, such as its cumananas, local cuisine, and religious festivities. However, it has deficiencies in infrastructure and tourist facilities that require improvements to strengthen the tourist experience and preserve its cultural identity. Furthermore, the “Pueblos con Encanto” recognition program is positively and significantly related to the current sustainability of the destination. The research demonstrates, through empirical assessment, a positive perception among the local population of sustainability in their community based on the “Pueblos con Encanto” program criteria. A process that should be incorporated into the evaluation framework for the granting of such recognition. Full article

Background/Objectives: Children at cardiovascular risk require effective non-pharmacological strategies to improve cardiometabolic health. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of physical activity and lifestyle-based interventions on blood pressure and related cardiovascular risk markers in children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42025644256). Searches were performed in MEDLINE (PubMed), SPORTDiscus (EBSCO), and the Cochrane Library from January 2015 to March 2025. Methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated using the PEDro scale, RoB 2.0, and GRADE. Results: Twenty-nine studies were included, showing overall high methodological quality. Pooled analyses showed a statistically significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SMD = −0.35; 95% CI: −0.40 to −0.31; p < 0.00001, I² = 83%). Diastolic blood pressure also showed a small but statistically significant reduction (SMD = −0.06; 95% CI: −0.11 to −0.01; p = 0.01; I² = 93%), equivalent to an estimated decrease of about 1 mmHg. Fasting insulin levels were significantly reduced (SMD = −0.92; 95% CI: −1.27 to −0.56; p < 0.00001), suggesting improvements in metabolic regulation despite considerable heterogeneity (I² = 95%). In contrast, pooled effects for body fat percentage (%) (SMD = 0.11; 95% CI: −0.10 to 0.32; p = 0.31) and BMI z-score (standardized units) (SMD = 0.13; 95% CI: −0.04 to 0.31; p = 0.14) were not statistically significant, with very high between-study variability. Conclusions: Multicomponent interventions integrating physical activity with lifestyle modification appear effective in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure and improving insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents at elevated cardiovascular risk. Although the magnitude of blood pressure reductions is modest, even small decreases at the population level may contribute to meaningful long-term cardiovascular risk reductions. Full article

Direct air capture (DAC) of CO₂ via temperature-swing adsorption (TSA) can support sustainable carbon dioxide removal, but only if sorbents regenerate with low energy demand and maintain performance under humid ambient air. In this paper, we evaluate three commercial molecular sieves (JLPM3, 13X, and 4A) in packed-bed tests using humid ambient air. We compared 40 g samples as received with 200 g samples conditioned for 12 days at 100 °C to emulate prolonged exposure to regeneration temperature (the cumulative effect of many heating/desorption cycles); all cycle-stabilized uptake values are reported from the conditioned materials. JLPM3 delivered the highest stabilized CO₂ uptake (0.24 ± 0.01 mmol·g⁻¹), consistent with a combined physisorption/chemisorption mechanism. Its higher total porosity (26.190%) and smaller mesopores (7.569 nm width) promoted rapid mass transfer and site accessibility, while slightly greater micropore area (710.285 m²·g⁻¹) and volume (0.267 cm³·g⁻¹) than 13X supported its marginally higher capacity. Evidence of partial structural degradation under mechanical and thermal stress indicates that minimizing strain during cycling will be important for scale-up and for reducing sorbent replacement. Conditioning at 100 °C activated additional chemisorption sites across all sieves but reduced physisorption capacity. Importantly, a ~100 °C desorption step fully regenerated physisorbed CO₂ while purging moisture from zeolite pores, indicating that low-temperature TSA (compatible with low-grade or waste heat) can replace harsher 300 °C regeneration and lower energy demand. CO₂–H₂O competition experiments confirmed substantial site occupancy by water vapor, which limits capture under humid conditions and motivates water management strategies. Overall, maximizing DAC performance requires tailoring pore structure and operating conditions while preserving sorbent integrity; JLPM3 emerges as a promising candidate for more energy- and resource-efficient DAC. Full article

A multi-mode interferometer (MMI) spectrometer is a type of reconstructive micro-spectrometer based on imaging light propagation patterns in MMI waveguides. A waveguide scattering surface accentuates imaging light patterns in the multi-mode interferometer. This technology has been proven with an SU-8 core waveguide with an etched SU-8 nanograss scattering surface. This paper describes our creation of a fully silicon-based spectrometer using a silica core MMI waveguide. Scattering features were created in silica using SU-8 nanograss as an etch mask in a reactive ion etch (RIE). With optimized etch parameters, the silica core MMI spectrometer achieved an SNR of three with an incident light power of −68 dBm, which was almost 6 dB lower than designs with an SU-8 core. Full article

Understanding how environmental enrichment influences behavioural time allocation is particularly important for threatened primate species maintained under human care. Accordingly, we investigated whether environmental enrichment (EE) influences behavioural time allocation in yellow-breasted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus xanthosternos), aiming to inform evidence-based husbandry practices in zoological settings. Employing the standard ethological approach of behavioural coding, we observed 20 capuchins housed in three groups comprising adult and juvenile males and females. We recorded behavioural categories including: aggressive, exploratory, affiliative/play, general activity, alert, inactivity, and abnormal behaviour. To evaluate individual engagement with EE, we applied the ABA paradigm, wherein phases A1 and A2 (controls) represented standard zoo conditions, while phase B corresponded to the implementation of an EE programme. Each phase spanned 10 days, and behavioural data were collected via focal animal sampling (2 × 10 min focal sessions per animal per day), resulting in a total of 1200 focal sessions. Behavioural time allocation was analysed using a multivariate generalized linear mixed modelling approach that accounted for the interdependence among behavioural categories. Based on previous studies, we predicted that environmental enrichment may promote higher levels of play and exploration and lower aggression and inactivity. However, despite by-eye suggestions of increases in play and decreases in activity during enrichment, when behavioural categories were analysed simultaneously within the multivariate framework, overall behaviour time budgets and behavioural diversity were found not to change significantly across experimental phases. There were also no sex or age effects on behaviour. This indicates that for S. xanthosternos, the enrichment protocol used here did not provide sufficient novelty or complexity to alter established activity patterns. Integrated analytical approaches are needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of enrichment strategies to ensure they are tailored to specific cognitive and social needs of complex species; future studies could explore how social dynamics, enclosure design, and environmental complexity interact to shape behavioural responses to enrichment. Full article

Floating wind turbines are becoming increasingly mainstream. Floating wind turbines have strengths in terms of cost-efficiency compared to conventional wind turbines. Comparisons between floating and conventional wind turbines can be easily conducted through simulations. In this paper, we estimate the CAPEX and LCOE of fixed and floating offshore wind farms following the INNU cost model with LIR rotor technology and hybrid floater technology. Full article