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Keywords = Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

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16 pages, 1317 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Linkage Mapping of QTL for Adult-Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust in a Chinese Wheat Population Lantian 25 × Huixianhong
by Fangping Yang, Yamei Wang, Ling Wu, Ying Guo, Xiuyan Liu, Hongmei Wang, Xueting Zhang, Kaili Ren, Bin Bai, Zongbing Zhan and Jindong Liu
Plants 2025, 14(16), 2571; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14162571 - 18 Aug 2025
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), represents a major global threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum. L). Planting varieties with adult-plant resistance (APR) is an effective approach for long-term management of this disease. The Chinese winter wheat variety [...] Read more.
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), represents a major global threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum. L). Planting varieties with adult-plant resistance (APR) is an effective approach for long-term management of this disease. The Chinese winter wheat variety Lantian 25 exhibits moderate-to-high APR against stripe rust under field conditions. To investigate the genetic basis of APR in Lantian 25, a set of 219 F6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was created from a cross between Lantian 25 (resistant parent) and Huixianhong (susceptible parent). These RILs were assessed for maximum disease severity (MDS) in Pixian of Sichuan and Qingshui of Gansu over the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 growing seasons, resulting in data from four different environments. Genotyping was performed on these lines and their parents using the wheat Illumina 50K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified six quantitative trait loci (QTL), named QYr.gaas-2BS, QYr.gaas-2BL, QYr.gaas-2DS, QYr.gaas-2DL, QYr.gaas-3BS and QYr.gaas-4BL, which were consistently found across two or more environments and explained 4.8–12.0% of the phenotypic variation. Of these, QYr.gaas-2BL, QYr.gaas-2DS, and QYr.gaas-3BS overlapped with previous studies, whereas QYr.gaas-2BS, QYr.gaas-2DS, and QYr.gaas-4BL might be novel. All the resistance alleles for these QTL originated from Lantian 25. Furthermore, four kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers, Kasp_2BS_YR (QYr.gaas-2BS), Kasp_2BL_YR (QYr.gaas-2BL), Kasp_2DS_YR (QYr.gaas-2DS) and Kasp_2DL_YR (QYr.gaas-2DL), were developed and validated in 110 wheat diverse accessions. Additionally, we identified seven candidate genes linked to stripe rust resistance, including disease resistance protein RGA2, serine/threonine-protein kinase, F-box family proteins, leucine-rich repeat family proteins, and E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases. These QTL, along with their associated KASP markers, hold promise for enhancing stripe rust resistance in wheat breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cereals Genetics and Breeding)
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12 pages, 2135 KiB  
Article
Development of Yellow Rust-Resistant and High-Yielding Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines Using Marker-Assisted Backcrossing Strategies
by Bekhruz O. Ochilov, Khurshid S. Turakulov, Sodir K. Meliev, Fazliddin A. Melikuziev, Ilkham S. Aytenov, Sojida M. Murodova, Gavkhar O. Khalillaeva, Bakhodir Kh. Chinikulov, Laylo A. Azimova, Alisher M. Urinov, Ozod S. Turaev, Fakhriddin N. Kushanov, Ilkhom B. Salakhutdinov, Jinbiao Ma, Muhammad Awais and Tohir A. Bozorov
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157603 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 986
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, which causes yellow rust disease, poses a significant economic threat to wheat production not only in Uzbekistan but also globally, leading to substantial reductions in grain yield. This study aimed to develop yellow rust-resistance [...] Read more.
The fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, which causes yellow rust disease, poses a significant economic threat to wheat production not only in Uzbekistan but also globally, leading to substantial reductions in grain yield. This study aimed to develop yellow rust-resistance wheat lines by introgressing Yr10 and Yr15 genes into high-yielding cultivar Grom using the marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) method. Grom was crossed with donor genotypes Yr10/6*Avocet S and Yr15/6*Avocet S, resulting in the development of F1 generations. In the following years, the F1 hybrids were advanced to the BC2F1 and BC2F2 generations using the MABC approach. Foreground and background selection using microsatellite markers (Xpsp3000 and Barc008) were employed to identify homozygous Yr10- and Yr15-containing genotypes. The resulting BC2F2 lines, designated as Grom-Yr10 and Grom-Yr15, retained key agronomic traits of the recurrent parent cv. Grom, such as spike length (13.0–11.9 cm) and spike weight (3.23–2.92 g). Under artificial infection conditions, the selected lines showed complete resistance to yellow rust (infection type 0). The most promising BC2F2 plants were subsequently advanced to homozygous BC2F3 lines harboring the introgressed resistance genes through marker-assisted selection. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating molecular marker-assisted selection with conventional breeding methods to enhance disease resistance while preserving high-yielding traits. The newly developed lines offer valuable material for future wheat improvement and contribute to sustainable agriculture and food security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Advances in Understanding Plant-Microbe Interactions)
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21 pages, 5727 KiB  
Article
Mapping QTLs for Stripe Rust Resistance and Agronomic Traits in Chinese Winter Wheat Lantian 31 Using 15K SNP Array
by Xin Li, Wenjing Tan, Junming Feng, Qiong Yan, Ran Tian, Qilin Chen, Qin Li, Shengfu Zhong, Suizhuang Yang, Chongjing Xia and Xinli Zhou
Agriculture 2025, 15(13), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131444 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 342
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) resistance and agronomic traits are crucial determinants of wheat yield. Elucidating the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these essential traits can furnish valuable genetic resources for improving both the yield [...] Read more.
Wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) resistance and agronomic traits are crucial determinants of wheat yield. Elucidating the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these essential traits can furnish valuable genetic resources for improving both the yield potential and disease resistance in wheat. Lantian 31 is an excellent Chinese winter wheat cultivar; multi-environment phenotyping across three ecological regions (2022–2024) confirmed stable adult-plant resistance (IT 1–2; DS < 30%) against predominant Chinese Pst races (CYR31–CYR34), alongside superior thousand-kernel weight (TKW) and kernel morphology. Here, we dissected the genetic architecture of these traits using a total of 234 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Lantian 31 and the susceptible cultivar Avocet S (AvS). Genotyping with a 15K SNP array, complemented by 660K SNP-derived KASP and SSR markers, identified four stable QTLs for stripe rust resistance (QYrlt.swust-1B, -1D, -2D, -6B) and eight QTLs governing plant height (PH), spike length (SL), and kernel traits. Notably, QYrlt.swust-1B (1BL; 29.9% phenotypic variance) likely represents the pleiotropic Yr29/Lr46 locus, while QYrlt.swust-1D (1DL; 22.9% variance) is the first reported APR locus on chromosome 1DL. A pleiotropic cluster on 1B (670.4–689.9 Mb) concurrently enhanced the TKW and the kernel width and area, demonstrating Lantian 31’s dual utility as a resistance and yield donor. The integrated genotyping pipeline—combining 15K SNP discovery, 660K SNP fine-mapping, and KASP validation—precisely delimited QYrlt.swust-1B to a 1.5 Mb interval, offering a cost-effective model for QTL resolution in common wheat. This work provides breeder-friendly markers and a genetic roadmap for pyramiding durable resistance and yield traits in wheat breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding)
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16 pages, 1983 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification of Wheat Gene Resources Conferring Resistance to Stripe Rust
by Qiaoyun Ma, Dong Yan, Binshuang Pang, Jianfang Bai, Weibing Yang, Jiangang Gao, Xianchao Chen, Qiling Hou, Honghong Zhang, Li Tian, Yahui Li, Jizeng Jia, Lei Zhang, Zhaobo Chen, Lifeng Gao and Xiangzheng Liao
Plants 2025, 14(12), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14121883 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 481
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), threatens global wheat production. Breeding resistant varieties is a key to disease control. In this study, 198 modern wheat varieties were phenotyped with the prevalent Pst races CYR33 and CYR34 at [...] Read more.
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), threatens global wheat production. Breeding resistant varieties is a key to disease control. In this study, 198 modern wheat varieties were phenotyped with the prevalent Pst races CYR33 and CYR34 at the seedling stage and with mixed Pst races at the adult-plant stage. Seven stable resistance varieties with infection type (IT) ≤ 2 and disease severity (DS) ≤ 20% were found, including five Chinese accessions (Zhengpinmai8, Zhengmai1860, Zhoumai36, Lantian36, and Chuanmai32), one USA accession (GA081628-13E16), and one Pakistani accession (Pa12). The genotyping applied a 55K wheat single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 14 QTL using a significance threshold of p ≤ 0.001, which distributed on chromosomes 1B (4), 1D (2), 2B (4), 6B, 6D, 7B, and 7D (4 for CYR33, 7 for CYR34, 3 for mixed Pst races), explaining 6.04% to 18.32% of the phenotypic variance. Nine of these QTL were potentially novel, as they did not overlap with the previously reported Yr or QTL loci within a ±5.0 Mb interval (consistent with genome-wide LD decay). The haplotypes and resistance effects were evaluated to identify the favorable haplotype for each QTL. Candidate genes within the QTL regions were inferred based on their transcription levels following the stripe rust inoculation. These resistant varieties, QTL haplotypes, and favorable alleles will aid in wheat breeding for stripe rust resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of Agronomic Traits and Nutritional Quality of Wheat)
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15 pages, 1793 KiB  
Article
Virulence Characterization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in China in 2020 Using Wheat Yr Single-Gene Lines
by Jie Huang, Xingzong Zhang, Wenjing Tan, Yi Wu, Hai Xu, Shuwaner Wang, Sajid Mehmood, Xinli Zhou, Suizhuang Yang, Meinan Wang, Xianming Chen, Wanquan Chen, Taiguo Liu, Xin Li and Chongjing Xia
J. Fungi 2025, 11(6), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11060447 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 854
Abstract
Wheat stripe (yellow) rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most threatening wheat diseases worldwide. Monitoring the virulence of Pst population is essential for managing wheat stripe rust. In this study, 18 wheat [...] Read more.
Wheat stripe (yellow) rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most threatening wheat diseases worldwide. Monitoring the virulence of Pst population is essential for managing wheat stripe rust. In this study, 18 wheat Yr single-gene lines were used to identify the virulence patterns of 67 isolates collected from 13 provinces in China in 2020, from which 33 Pst races were identified. The frequency of virulence to different Yr genes varied from 1.49% to 97.01%, with 4.48% to Yr1, 26.87% to Yr6, 11.94% to Yr7, 95.52% to Yr8, 19.40% to Yr9, 11.94% to Yr17, 2.99% to Yr24, 35.82% to Yr27, 38.81% to Yr43, 97.01% to Yr44, 8.96% to YrSP, 1.49% to Yr85, 95.52% to YrExp2, and 7.46% to Yr76. None of the isolates were virulent to Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, and Yr32. Among the 33 races, PstCN-062 (with virulence to Yr8, Yr44, and YrExp2) and PstCN-001 (with virulence to Yr8, Yr43, Yr44, and YrExp2) were the prevalent races, with frequencies of 28.36% and 11.94%, respectively. These results provide valuable information for breeding resistant wheat cultivars for controlling stripe rust. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rust Fungi)
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18 pages, 8355 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Stripe Rust Response in Wheat Cultivar Anmai1350
by Feng Gao, Jingyi Zhu, Xin Xue, Hongqi Chen, Xiaojin Nong, Chunling Yang, Weimin Shen and Pengfei Gan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(12), 5538; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125538 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 514
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world’s most indispensable staple crop and a vital source of food for human diet. Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), constitutes a severe threat to wheat production and in [...] Read more.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world’s most indispensable staple crop and a vital source of food for human diet. Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), constitutes a severe threat to wheat production and in severe cases, the crop fails completely. Anmai1350 (AM1350) is moderately resistant to leaf rust and powdery mildew, and highly susceptible to sheath blight and fusarium head blight. We found that the length and area of mycelium in AM1350 cells varied at different time points of Pst infection. To investigate the molecular mechanism of AM1350 resistance to Pst, we performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomic changes of the seedling leaves of AM1350 at different stages of Pst infection at 0 h post-infection (hpi), 6 hpi, 24 hpi, 48 hpi, 72 hpi, and 120 hpi through RNA-seq. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate RNA-seq data. It was determined that there were differences in the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of AM1350, and the upregulation and downregulation of the DEGs changed with the time of infection. At different time points, there were varying degrees of enrichment in the response pathways of AM1350, such as the ”MAPK signaling pathway–plant”, the “plant–pathogen interaction” pathway and other pathways. After Pst infected AM1350, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content gradually increases. The ROS is toxic to Pst, promotes the synthesis of phytoalexins, and inhibits the spread of Pst. As a result, AM1350 shows resistance to Pst race CYR34. The main objective of this study is to provide a better understanding for resistance mechanisms of wheat in response to Pst infections and to avoid production loss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Microbe Interactions: 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 2634 KiB  
Article
QTL Mapping and Developing KASP Markers for High-Temperature Adult-Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust in Argentinian Spring Wheat William Som (PI 184597)
by Arjun Upadhaya, Meinan Wang, Chao Xiang, Nosheen Fatima, Sheri Rynearson, Travis Ruff, Deven R. See, Michael Pumphrey and Xianming Chen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(11), 5072; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115072 - 24 May 2025
Viewed by 571
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. William Som (WS), an Argentinian spring wheat landrace, has consistently exhibited high-level resistance to stripe rust for over 20 years in our field evaluations [...] Read more.
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. William Som (WS), an Argentinian spring wheat landrace, has consistently exhibited high-level resistance to stripe rust for over 20 years in our field evaluations in Washington state, USA. A previous study showed high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance in WS. To map the HTAP resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) in WS, 114 F5-8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross AvS/WS were evaluated for their stripe rust response in seven field environments in Washington. The RILs and parents were genotyped with the Infinium 90K SNP chip. Four stable QTL, QYrWS.wgp-1BL on chromosome 1B (669–682 Mb), QyrWS.wgp-2AL on 2A (611–684 Mb), QyrWS.wgp-3AS on 3A (9–13 Mb), and QyrWS.wgp-3BL on 3B (476–535 Mb), were identified, and they explained 10.0–19.0%, 10.2–16.7%, 7.0–15.9%, and 12.0–27.8% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The resistance in WS was found to be due to additive interactions of the four QTL. For each QTL, two Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed, and these markers should facilitate the introgression of the HTAP resistance QTL into new wheat cultivars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Genomics and Genetics: 3rd Edition)
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15 pages, 9259 KiB  
Article
Characterization of a New Stripe Rust Resistance Gene on Chromosome 2StS from Thinopyrum intermedium in Wheat
by Chengzhi Jiang, Yujie Luo, Doudou Huang, Meiling Chen, Ennian Yang, Guangrong Li and Zujun Yang
Plants 2025, 14(10), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101538 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 563
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a highly destructive disease prevalent across most wheat-growing regions globally. The most effective strategy for combating this disease is through the exploitation of durable and robust resistance genes from the relatives of wheat. [...] Read more.
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a highly destructive disease prevalent across most wheat-growing regions globally. The most effective strategy for combating this disease is through the exploitation of durable and robust resistance genes from the relatives of wheat. Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and D.R. Dewey has been widely hybridized with common wheat and has been shown to be a valuable source of genes, conferring resistance and tolerance against both the biotic and abiotic stresses affecting wheat. In this study, a novel wheat–Th. intermedium 2StS.2JSL addition line, named Th93-1-6, which originated from wheat–Th. intermedium partial amphidiploid line, Th24-19-5, was comprehensively characterized using nondenaturing-fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) and Oligo-FISH painting techniques. To detect plants with the transfer of resistance genes from Th93-1-6 to wheat chromosomes, 2384 M1-M3 plants from the cross between Th93-1-6 and the susceptible wheat cultivar MY11 were studied by ND-FISH using multiple probes. A total of 37 types of 2StS.2JSL chromosomal aberrations were identified. Subsequently, 12 homozygous lines were developed to construct a cytological bin map. Ten chromosomal bins on the 2StS.2JSL chromosome were constructed based on 84 specific molecular markers. Among them, eight alien chromosome aberration lines, which all contained the bin 2StS-3, showed enhanced stripe rust resistance. Consequently, the gene(s) for stripe rust resistance was physically mapped to the 92.88-155.32 Mb region of 2StS in Thinopyrum intermedium reference genome sequences v2.1. Moreover, these newly developed wheat–Th. intermedium 2StS.2JSL translocation lines are expected to serve as valuable genetic resources in the breeding of rust-resistant wheat cultivars. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Approaches for Plant Resistance to Rust Diseases)
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13 pages, 3321 KiB  
Article
Molecular Genotyping by 20K Gene Arrays (Genobait) to Unravel the Genetic Structure and Genetic Diversity of the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Population in the Eastern Xizang Autonomous Region
by Mudi Sun, Wenbin Chen, Qianrong Yong, Xinyu Kong, Xue Qiu and Jie Zhao
Plants 2025, 14(10), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101493 - 16 May 2025
Viewed by 478
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a significant threat to wheat production in China. Previous epidemic studies have demonstrated the potential of high genetic diversity in the southwest regions of China. Among this epidemic region, [...] Read more.
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a significant threat to wheat production in China. Previous epidemic studies have demonstrated the potential of high genetic diversity in the southwest regions of China. Among this epidemic region, the eastern Xizang (Tibet) region holds particular significance, as both wheat and barley crops are susceptible to Pst. However, limited information exists regarding the level of population genetic diversity, reproduction model, and migration patterns of the rust in eastern Xizang. The present study seeks to address this gap by analyzing 146 Pst isolates collected from the Basu, Zuogong, and Mangkang regions, genotyping by the 20K target Gene Array (Genobait). Our results showed relatively low genotypic diversity in the Basu region, while the highest genetic diversity was observed in the Mangkang area. Structural analysis revealed the abundance of admixed groups in Mangkang, which exhibited this population occurred due to sexual recombination between two different ancestor groups. Gene flow was observed between Zuogong and Basu populations, but it almost did not occur between Mangkang and Zuogong/Basu populations. This region is the world’s highest-altitude epidemic area, thus facilitating the evolution of the rust and possessing the potential to transmit newly evolved Pst races to lower wheat-growing regions. Implementing disease management strategies in this area is of potential importance to prevent the transmission of Pst races to other parts of Xizang, even neighboring regions possibly. This study facilitates our understanding of epidemiological and population genetic knowledge and the evolution of Pst in Xizang. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)
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17 pages, 309 KiB  
Article
Characterizing the Genetic Basis of Winter Wheat Rust Resistance in Southern Kazakhstan
by Shynbolat Rsaliyev, Elena Gultyaeva, Olga Baranova, Alma Kokhmetova, Rahim Urazaliev, Ekaterina Shaydayuk, Akbope Abdikadyrova and Galiya Abugali
Plants 2025, 14(7), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071146 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 752
Abstract
In an effort to enhance wheat’s resilience against rust diseases, our research explores the genetic underpinnings of resistance in a diverse collection of winter bread wheat accessions. Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici), and [...] Read more.
In an effort to enhance wheat’s resilience against rust diseases, our research explores the genetic underpinnings of resistance in a diverse collection of winter bread wheat accessions. Leaf rust (Puccinia triticina), yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici), and stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) are significant threats to global wheat production. By leveraging host genetic resistance, we can improve disease management strategies. Our study evaluated 55 wheat accessions, including germplasm from Kazakhstan, from Uzbekistan, from Russia, from Kyrgyzstan, France, and CIMMYT under field conditions in southern Kazakhstan from 2022 to 2024. The results showed a robust resistance profile: 49.1% of accessions exhibited high to moderate resistance to leaf rust, 12.7% to yellow rust, and 30.9% to stem rust. Notably, ten accessions demonstrated resistance to multiple rust species, while seven showed resistance to two rusts. Twenty accessions were selected for further seedling resistance and molecular analysis. Three accessions proved resistant to six isolates of P. triticina, two to four isolates of P. striiformis, and four to five isolates of P. graminis. Although no genotypes were found to be universally resistant to all rust species at the seedling stage, two accessions—Bezostaya 100 (Russia) and KIZ 90 (Kazakhstan)—displayed consistent resistance to leaf and stem rust in both seedling and field evaluations. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of key resistance genes, including Lr1, Lr3, Lr26, Lr34, Yr9, Yr18, Sr31, Sr57, and the 1AL.1RS translocation. This work provides valuable insights into the genetic landscape of wheat rust resistance and contributes to the development of new wheat cultivars that can withstand these diseases, enhancing global food security. Full article
25 pages, 4144 KiB  
Article
A Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Effector with DPBB Domain Suppresses Wheat Defense
by Raheel Asghar, Yu Cheng, Nan Wu and Mahinur S. Akkaya
Plants 2025, 14(3), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030435 - 2 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1214
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a primary crop globally. Among the numerous pathogens affecting wheat production, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a significant biotic stress agent and poses a major threat to world food security by causing stripe [...] Read more.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a primary crop globally. Among the numerous pathogens affecting wheat production, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a significant biotic stress agent and poses a major threat to world food security by causing stripe rust or yellow rust disease. Understanding the molecular basis of plant–pathogen interactions is crucial for developing new means of disease management. It is well established that the effector proteins play a pivotal role in pathogenesis. Therefore, studying effector proteins has become an important area of research in plant biology. Our previous work identified differentially expressed candidate secretory effector proteins of stripe rust based on transcriptome sequencing data from susceptible wheat (Avocet S) and resistant wheat (Avocet YR10) infected with Pst. Among the secreted effector proteins, PSTG_14090 contained an ancient double-psi beta-barrel (DPBB) fold, which is conserved in the rare lipoprotein A (RlpA) superfamily. This study investigated the role of PSTG_14090 in plant immune responses, which encodes a protein, here referred to as Pst-DPBB, having 131 amino acids with a predicted signal peptide (SP) of 19 amino acids at the N-terminal end, and the DNA sequence of this effector is highly conserved among different stripe rust races. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that expression levels are upregulated during the early stages of infection. Subcellular localization studies in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and wheat protoplasts revealed that it is distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and apoplast. We demonstrated that Pst-DPBB negatively regulates the immune response by functioning in various compartments of the plant cells. Based on Co-IP and structural predictions and putative interaction analyses by AlphaFold 3, we propose the probable biological function(s). Pst-DPBB behaves as a papain inhibitor of wheat cysteine protease; Pst-DPBB has high structural homology to kiwellin, which is known to interact with chorismate mutase, suggesting that Pst-DPBB inhibits the native function of the host chorismate mutase involved in salicylic acid synthesis. The DPBB fold is also known to interact with DNA and RNA, which may suggest its possible role in regulating the host gene expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)
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13 pages, 696 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Fungicide Seed Treatments for Early Foliar Disease Management in Wheat Under Northern Great Plains Conditions
by Collins Bugingo, Shaukat Ali, Dalitso Yabwalo and Emmanuel Byamukama
Agronomy 2025, 15(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020291 - 24 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1144
Abstract
Tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) are major foliar diseases of wheat, causing significant yield losses globally. This study evaluated the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments in managing these diseases during early growth [...] Read more.
Tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) are major foliar diseases of wheat, causing significant yield losses globally. This study evaluated the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments in managing these diseases during early growth stages under greenhouse, growth chamber, and field conditions in the Northern Great Plains. Winter and spring wheat cultivars were treated with pyraclostrobin or combinations of thiamethoxam, difenoconazole, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, and sedaxane, among others. Greenhouse and growth chamber plants were inoculated with the respective pathogens, while field trials relied on natural inoculum. Fungicide treatments significantly reduced stripe rust severity (up to 36%) (p ≤ 0.05) and moderately reduced tan spot severity during early growth stages (15–20%). Treated plants demonstrated a 30–40% improvement in plant vigor, and a 25–50% increase in winter survival. Additionally, grain yield in treated plots increased by 25–50% (p ≤ 0.05), with test weight and protein content improving by 10% and 15%, respectively. These findings demonstrate the potential of fungicide seed treatments as an integrated pest (or pathogen) management (IPM) strategy to enhance early foliar disease control and wheat productivity. Full article
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17 pages, 8003 KiB  
Article
Re-Examination Characterization and Screening of Stripe Rust Resistance Gene of Wheat TaPR1 Gene Family Based on the Transcriptome in Xinchun 32
by Tingting Sun, Niannian Yan, Qi Liu, Tingyu Bai, Haifeng Gao and Jing Chen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(2), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020640 - 14 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1030
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR1) encodes a water-soluble protein produced in plants after pathogen infection or abiotic stimulation. It plays a crucial role in plant-induced resistance by attacking pathogens, degrading cell wall macromolecules and pathogen toxins, and inhibiting the binding of viral coat proteins to [...] Read more.
Pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR1) encodes a water-soluble protein produced in plants after pathogen infection or abiotic stimulation. It plays a crucial role in plant-induced resistance by attacking pathogens, degrading cell wall macromolecules and pathogen toxins, and inhibiting the binding of viral coat proteins to plant receptor molecules. Compared to model plants, the mechanism of action of PR1 in wheat remains underexplored. In this study, the recently published wheat genome database (IWGSC RefSeq V2.1) was used to identify 83 genes in the TaPR1 gene family. Compared to previous work, the duplicate genes were removed and we corrected misannotated genes. Fourteen TaPR1 genes involved in the wheat–Pst interaction were identified based on RNA sequencing from Xinchun 32. The expression patterns of eight genes were validated using qRT-PCR, and the results showed that PR1 was highly expressed following Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection. This study enhances previous research on wheat PR1, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the TaPR1 gene family and providing a reference for the screening of more broad-spectrum and high-resistance wheat populations. Full article
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11 pages, 2917 KiB  
Article
Cytogenetic Identification and Molecular Marker Analysis of Two Wheat–Thinopyrum ponticum Translocations with Stripe Rust Resistance
by Guotang Yang, Yi Han, Huihui Yin, Xingfeng Li, Honggang Wang and Yinguang Bao
Plants 2025, 14(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14010027 - 25 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 774
Abstract
Stripe rust, induced by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat worldwide. Thinopyrum ponticum, a significant wild relative for wheat improvement, exhibits innate immunity to this disease. To transfer the stripe [...] Read more.
Stripe rust, induced by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat worldwide. Thinopyrum ponticum, a significant wild relative for wheat improvement, exhibits innate immunity to this disease. To transfer the stripe rust resistance gene from Th. ponticum to wheat, two translocation lines, SN21171 and SN52684, were produced through distant hybridization techniques. Disease evaluation results showed that these two lines were immune to Pst species CYR32 at the adult plant stage. Molecular cytogenetic analyses and specific intron-targeting markers amplification results revealed that SN21171 and SN52684 harbor several T3Eb-3DS·3DL and T1Eb-1BS·1BL translocation chromosomes. Furthermore, the comparison of the chromosome karyotype from two translocation lines and their recurrent parent YN15, revealed that structural variation occurred in chromosomes 2A, 5A, 2B, 4B, 5B, and 6B in SN21171 and chromosomes 5A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, and 7B in SN52684. Agronomic trait assessments uncovered advantageous properties in both lines, with SN21171 matching the recurrent parent and SN52684 exhibiting elevated higher grain number per main spike and increased thousand grain weight. These two translocation lines and specific markers may apply to wheat stripe rust-resistance breeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Genetics and Breeding)
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13 pages, 906 KiB  
Article
Aggressiveness of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Isolates at High Temperatures: A Study Case in Core Oversummering Area of Gansu as Inoculum Source
by Bo Zhang, Jie Zhao, Jin Huang, Xiaojie Wang, Zhijie Guo, Qiuzhen Jia, Shiqin Cao, Zhenyu Sun, Huisheng Luo, Zhensheng Kang and Shelin Jin
Plants 2024, 13(24), 3518; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243518 - 16 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 970
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by a biotrophic, obligate fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive wheat fungal disease that exists worldwide and caused huge yield reductions during pandemic years. Low temperatures favor the development of the disease, but [...] Read more.
Wheat stripe rust, caused by a biotrophic, obligate fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive wheat fungal disease that exists worldwide and caused huge yield reductions during pandemic years. Low temperatures favor the development of the disease, but the global average temperature has been increasing since 1850, especially in China, which has a higher rising rate than the global average. In the last two decades, Pst isolates have shown increased aggressiveness under high temperatures. However, the effect of rising temperatures on the aggressiveness of Pst has remained unknown in China. Therefore, this study assessed the aggressiveness of 15 representative Pst isolates (6 new isolates collected before 2016 and 9 old isolates collected after 2016) in Gansu under high temperatures by measuring and comparing disease severity, spore germination, and latent period on wheat seedlings at 16 °C, 18 °C, and 22 °C. The results indicated that the six new isolates showed greater disease severity, higher spore germination ratio, and shorter latent period than the nine old isolates, indicating that the new isolates were more aggressive under high temperatures than the old isolates. Some new isolates, such as CYR34, CYR33, and CYR32, which are predominant, were inferred to be associated with high-temperature adaptation in addition to having more susceptible hosts. Our results provided an insight into changes in Pst isolates at warmer temperatures and increasing incidence of wheat stripe rust in China, especially in eastern sporadic epidemiological areas in recent years. Thus, the new isolates are likely to be a potential risk for causing increasing stripe rust incidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)
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