Search Results (635)

Carbon farming represents a strategic approach to enhancing agricultural sustainability while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Türkiye, agriculture accounted for approximately 14.9% of national GHG emissions in 2023, dominated by methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). By increasing carbon storage in soils and vegetation, carbon farming can improve soil health, water retention, and climate resilience, thereby contributing to mitigation efforts and sustainable rural development. This study reviews and synthesizes international and national evidence on carbon farming mechanisms, practices, payment models, and adoption enablers and barriers, situating these insights within Türkiye’s agroecological and institutional context. The analysis draws on a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, institutional reports, and policy documents published between 2015 and 2025. The findings indicate substantial mitigation potential from soil-based practices and livestock- and manure-related measures, yet limited uptake due to low awareness, capacity constraints, financial and administrative barriers, and regulatory gaps, highlighting the need for region-specific approaches. To support implementation and scaling, the study proposes a policy-oriented, regionally differentiated and digitally enabled MRV framework and an associated implementation pathway designed to reduce transaction costs, enhance farmer participation, and enable integration with emerging carbon market mechanisms. Full article

Zinc (Zn) in excess is very toxic for plants and can limit agriculture. Carbon-based engineered nanomaterials with high electron mobility and electron-accepting capability may be essential for mitigating heavy metal stress. In the present study, the protective role of some fullerene C₆₀ derivatives (fullerenol [C₆₀(OH)_22–24] and the arginine C₆₀ [C₆₀(C₆H₁₃N₄O₂)₈H₈]) were tested for the first time against Zn toxicity in Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber). Plants were grown hydroponically at three concentrations of fullerenes (0, 2, and 10 mg L⁻¹) without or with 40 µM Zn for 17 days. Plant growth, leaf chlorosis, and nutritional imbalances in combination with a metabolomics approach were analyzed. The Zn-treated plants show chlorotic leaves, the retarded growth of shoots (−20%), and roots (−49%) and nutrient imbalance. Addition of fullerene C₆₀ derivatives suppressed loss in the dry biomass of leaves (15%) and roots (40%; fullerenol only) induced by high Zn. However, they did not alter leaf chlorophyll, shoot dry biomass, and elemental composition, including leaf Zn. Moreover, the Zn of xylem sup from roots remained unchanged by fullerenes. In an adsorption experiment, the amounts of Zn adsorbed by tested C₆₀ were below the detection limits. The addition of C₆₀ derivatives slightly changed the metabolite profiling in stressed plants. Nevertheless, in fullerene-treated plants, the abundance of some Zn-responsible metabolites tended to be altered in the opposite direction as compared with the metabolic responses to excessive Zn alone. There were several up-regulated metabolites protecting plants under oxidative stress. We speculate that fullerene C₆₀ derivatives have the ability to increase antioxidant non-enzyme activity at least, improving some growth parameters. However, fullerenes did not reduce Zn transport from the root to the shoots. We concluded that the low capacity of these compounds to buffer Zn in the root zone might limit the efficiency of fullerene derivatives against Zn toxicity. Our results provide new evidence for the crucial role of Zn–fullerene interactions in the amelioration of Zn toxicity in plants. Full article

Agricultural soils are the largest anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (N₂O), primarily due to excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization and inefficient N management. Mitigating N₂O emissions from croplands without compromising productivity is therefore a major global challenge for climate and environmental sustainability. A three-year split-plot field experiment was conducted in an arid maize production region of northwestern China to examine how green manure intercropping combined with reduced chemical N input regulates N₂O emissions and soil N residues. The main plots comprised maize monoculture (M), maize intercropped with common vetch (M/V), and maize intercropped with rape (M/R), while subplots consisted of local conventional N application (N1: 360 kg N ha⁻¹) and a 25% reduced rate (N2: 270 kg N ha⁻¹). Results indicated that intercropping with green manure can offset the reduction in maize grain yield caused by a 25% decrease in N supply. Green manure intercropping significantly decreased cumulative N₂O emissions compared with monoculture maize, and the mitigation effect was further strengthened under reduced N input. The M/V system under reduced N input exhibited the strongest mitigation effect, reducing N₂O emissions per unit of grain yield by 9.2–11.5% compared with the M/R system. This reduction was driven by the ability of M/V to stabilize soil mineral N availability. Notably, the independent maize growth stage contributed 52.6–66.9% of total seasonal N₂O emissions, emphasizing it as a critical period for emission mitigation. Overall, integrating green manure intercropping with reduced chemical N input effectively mitigates N₂O emissions while maintaining maize productivity in arid regions, providing a practical strategy for sustainable and environmentally responsible agricultural intensification. Full article

Objectives: To benchmark the performance of DeepSeek-R1 against three other advanced AI reasoning models (GPT-4o, Qwen3, Grok-3) in automatically extracting T/N staging from esophageal cancer endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) complex medical reports, and to evaluate the impact of language (Chinese/English) and prompting strategy (with/without designed prompt) on model accuracy and robustness. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 625 EUS reports for T-staging and 579 for N-staging, which were collected from 663 patients at the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between 2018 and 2020. A 2 × 2 factorial design (Language × Prompt) was employed under a zero-shot setting. The performance of the models was evaluated using accuracy, and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated to quantify the comparative performance advantage between models across different scenarios. Results: Performance was evaluated across four scenarios: (1) Chinese with-prompt, (2) Chinese without-prompt, (3) English with-prompt, and (4) English without-prompt. In both T and N-staging tasks, DeepSeek-R1 demonstrated superior overall performance compared to the competitors. For T-staging, the average accuracy was (DeepSeek-R1 vs. GPT-4o vs. Qwen3 vs. Grok-3: 91.4% vs. 84.2% vs. 89.5% vs. 81.3%). For N-staging, the respective average accuracy was 84.2% vs. 65.0% vs. 68.4% vs. 51.9%. Notably, N-staging proved more challenging than T-staging for all models, as indicated by lower accuracy. This superiority was most pronounced in the Chinese without-prompt T-staging scenario, where DeepSeek-R1 achieved significantly higher accuracy than GPT-4o (OR = 7.84, 95% CI [4.62–13.30], p < 0.001), Qwen3 (OR = 5.00, 95% CI [2.85–8.79], p < 0.001), and Grok-3 (OR = 6.47, 95% CI [4.30–9.74], p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study validates the feasibility and effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) for automated T/N staging from EUS reports. Our findings confirm that DeepSeek-R1 possesses strong intrinsic reasoning capabilities, achieving the most robust performance across diverse conditions, with the most pronounced advantage observed in the challenging English without-prompt N-staging task. By establishing a standardized, objective benchmark, DeepSeek-R1 mitigates inter-observer variability, and its deployment provides a reliable foundation for guiding precise, individualized treatment planning for esophageal cancer patients. Full article

Nutrient additions including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are widely considered as an important strategy for enhancing grassland productivity. However, the effects of these nutrients additions on soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and the underlying mechanisms remain debated. We conducted a two-year field experiment in an alpine grassland on Kunlun Mountain in northwestern China to assess the effects of N and P additions on N₂O emissions, in relation with nitrifying enzyme activity (NEA), denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA), and key functional genes abundance responsible for nitrification (amoA and Nitrobacter-like nxrA) and denitrification (narG, nirS, nirK and nosZ). Compared to the Control without nutrient addition (CK), N addition alone substantially increased cumulative N₂O emission (ƩN₂O) by 2.0 times. In contrast, P addition or combined N and P (N+P) addition did not significantly affect ƩN₂O, though both treatments significantly increased plant aboveground biomass. Such results indicate that P addition may mitigate N-induced N₂O emission, likely by reducing soil N availability through enhanced plant and microbial N uptake. Compared to CK, N or N+P addition significantly elevated NEA but did not affect DEA. Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that NEA was directly influenced by the gene abundances of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and Nitrobacter-like nxrA but not by ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). However, SEM also revealed that soil environmental variables including soil temperature, pH, and water-filled pore space (WFPS) had a stronger direct influence on N₂O emissions than the abundances of nitrifiers. These results demonstrate that soil environmental conditions play a more significant role than functional gene abundances in regulating N₂O emissions following N and P additions in semi-arid alpine grasslands. This study highlights that the N+P application can potentially decrease N₂O emissions than N addition alone, while increasing productivity in the alpine grassland ecosystems. Full article

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of different marine fuels such as heavy fuel oil (HFO), methane, methanol, ammonia, or hydrogen, on energy efficiency and pollutant emissions in maritime transport, using a combined application of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI), and Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII). The results show that methane offers the most balanced alternative, reducing CO₂ by more than 30% and improving energy efficiency, while methanol provides an intermediate performance, eliminating sulfur and partially reducing emissions. Ammonia and hydrogen eliminate CO₂ but generate NO_x (nitrogen oxides) emissions that require mitigation, demonstrating that their environmental impact is not negligible. Unlike previous studies that focus on a single fuel or only on CO₂, this work considers multiple pollutants, including SO_x (sulfur oxides), H₂O, and N₂, and evaluates the economic cost of emissions under the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Using a representative model ship, the study highlights regulatory gaps and limitations within current standards, emphasizing the need for a global system for monitoring and enforcing emissions rules to ensure a truly sustainable and decarbonized maritime sector. This integrated approach, combining energy efficiency, emissions, and economic evaluation, provides novel insights for the scientific community, regulators, and maritime operators, distinguishing itself from previous multicriteria studies by simultaneously addressing operational performance, environmental impact, and regulatory gaps such as unaccounted NO_x emissions. Full article

The incorporation of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) offers significant environmental benefits; however, its use is often limited by an increased susceptibility to cracking due to the insufficient elasticity of the severely aged RAP binder. This limitation is conventionally mitigated using polymers such as styrene–butadiene styrene, which, despite their effectiveness, are costly and carbon intensive. This paper introduces a low-carbon sulfur-based ternary polymer developed through TiO₂-catalyzed inverse vulcanization of elemental sulfur to be used as a modifier to address the abovementioned challenge at the asphalt mixture level. The sulfur polymer containing waste cooking oil and metal-rich biochar was incorporated into hot-mix asphalt having 25% RAP. The mixture specimens were evaluated before and after accelerated thermal and ultraviolet aging. Cracking resistance was measured using the Indirect Tensile Asphalt Cracking Test (IDEAL-CT), while resistance to rutting and moisture damage were assessed through the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test (HWT). IDEAL-CT findings showed improved ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}}$ values for the modified mixture under unaged conditions and after three days of thermal aging, with smaller variations noted after prolonged thermal aging and during the combined thermal–ultraviolet aging process. Results from the HWT test revealed that the addition of the sulfur polymer did not negatively impact resistance to rutting or moisture damage; all mixtures remained significantly below rutting failure thresholds. Furthermore, a simplified environmental analysis indicated that substituting 10 wt% of petroleum binder with the sulfur polymer lowered the binder’s cradle-to-gate global warming potential by around 11%. In summary, study results showed that the newly developed sulfur polymer system has the potential to improve cracking resistance even when exposed to select accelerated aging protocols while decreasing embodied carbon, thus endorsing its viability as a sustainable modifier for asphalt mixtures. Full article

Permafrost is an important carbon pool for terrestrial ecosystems and a significant source of atmospheric greenhouse gases, but the effects of ground vegetation and snow cover on permafrost greenhouse gas fluxes are still unclear. The soil–atmosphere exchange fluxes of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O)) occupy key roles during the winter snow and the vegetation growing seasons. Here, a typical Larix gmelinii forest, located in the permafrost region of the Daxing’an Mountains, northeast China, was studied. Using the static chamber-gas chromatograph method, the relationship between soil greenhouse gas emissions, ground vegetation, and snow cover was investigated. We found that the CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O cumulative fluxes from vegetative soils had increased by 19.5%, 37.5%, and 10.7%, compared with fluxes from areas where the ground vegetation had been removed. Snow cover increased soil CO₂ cumulative flux by 53.1% and soil N₂O cumulative flux by 28.6%, and soil CH₄ cumulative flux decreased by 39.3%. Our results show that snow cover and ground vegetation removal reduce CO₂ and N₂O emissions from permafrost soils. Ground vegetation removal also increases the absorption of CH₄ in permafrost soils, while snow cover removal promotes CH₄ emissions. These findings confirm the effects of ground vegetation and snow cover on the transformation processes of greenhouse gases from forest ecosystems in permafrost regions. Therefore, this research provides scientific data support for the improvement of land surface climate models and the mitigation of climate change in cold regions. Full article

This study presents a geospatial assessment and modeling of the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus to enrich the sustainable paddy cultivation of the North Central Province (NCP) of Sri Lanka in the Dry Zone. Increasing climatic variability and limited resources have raised concerns about the need for efficient resource management to restore food security globally. The study analyzed the three components of the WEF nexus for their synergies and trade-offs using GIS and remote sensing applications. The food productivity potential was derived using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), soil type, and land use, whereas water availability was assessed using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Soil Moisture Index (SMI), and rainfall data. Energy potential was mapped using WorldClim 2.1 datasets on solar radiation and wind speed and the proximity to the national grid. Scenario modeling was conducted through raster overlay analysis to identify zones of WEF constraints and synergies such as low food–low water areas and high energy–low productivity areas. To ensure the accuracy of the created model, Pearson correlation analysis was used to internally validate between hotspot layers (representing extracted data) and scenario layers (representing modeled outputs). The results revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.737), a moderate positive correlation for energy (r = 0.582), and a positive correlation for food (r = 0.273). Those values were statistically significant at p > 0.001. These results confirm the internal validity and accuracy of the model. This study further calculated the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy cultivation in NCP as 1,070,800 tCO_2eq yr⁻¹, which results in an emission intensity of 5.35 tCO_2eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with CH₄ contributing around 89% and N₂O 11%. This highlights the importance of sustainable cultivation in mitigating agricultural emissions that contribute to climate change. Overall, this study demonstrates a robust framework for identifying areas of resource stress or potential synergy under the WEF nexus for policy implementation, to promote climate resilience and sustainable paddy cultivation, to enhance the food security of the country. This model can be adapted to implement similar research work in the future as well. Full article

The mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in livestock farming is one of the main challenges for agriculture in the Cerrado biome. Among promising practices, the use of soil remineralizers (REM) stands out as a sustainable and complementary alternative to conventional fertilizers. This study evaluated the effects of applying REM derived from basalt and biotite schist on emissions of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄, the global warming potential (GWP), as well as on soil carbon and nitrogen in Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás pasture. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with five treatments (control, KCl, basalt 8.33 Mg ha⁻¹, basalt 40 Mg ha⁻¹, and biotite schist 151 Mg ha⁻¹). Results indicated that KCl and high-dose basalt (40 Mg ha⁻¹) promoted greater accumulated N₂O emissions and higher GWP values. In contrast, biotite schist reduced N₂O emissions and showed the lowest GWP (81.67 kg CO₂ eq. ha⁻¹), while basalt at a moderate dose (8.33 Mg ha⁻¹) increased soil C and N stocks. It is concluded that soil remineralizers, especially those derived from biotite schist, represent viable alternatives to reduce environmental impacts and promote the sustainability of tropical agricultural systems in Cerrado biome. Full article

Background/Objectives: The study investigated the potential of mixed fruits and berries (MFB) as a dietary intervention to mitigate cafeteria (CAF) diet-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis and hepatic dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome and steatohepatitis (MASH) in an adolescent rat model. Methods: Forty-eight adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 3 cages per group (two rats per cage)) were divided into eight experimental groups, where NC received the normal AIN-93G basal diet, PC received the CAF diet and normal AIN-93G basal diet, T₁ and T₂ received MFB supplementation (3% and 6% levels) without CAF exposure, P₁ and P₂ received a MFB (3% and 6% levels) supplementation initiated at the onset of CAF feeding, and I₁ and I₂ received MFB supplementation initiated 2 weeks after CAF feeding. After 6 weeks, cecal 16S rRNA, hepatic histopathology, Oil Red O staining, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)-related biomarkers (liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) were analyzed. Results: AST: ALT ratio was the highest in the PC group (3.63, p < 0.05) compared to the MFB groups. Oil Red O staining showed lower hepatic lipid accumulation, and histological analysis demonstrated a marked reduction in portal inflammatory cell infiltration in MFB. Alpha diversity (Simpson Index) decreased in PC (Kruskal–Wallis, p = 0.043). CAF increased Lactobacillus johnsonii (+75%, p < 0.05), while reducing L. murinus and L. intestinalis (~90%, p < 0.05). MFB supplementation restored Bifidobacterium Pseudolongum and increased Akkermansia muciniphila levels in the P₂, I₁, and I₂ groups (~20-fold, p < 0.05). Bacteroides dorei was present in all groups except the PC group. These bacteria presented a positive correlation with key SCFAs. Conclusions: The results from this study indicated that MFB supplementation modulated gut microbiota composition and enhanced SCFA production, thereby strengthening intestinal barrier integrity and reducing gut-derived inflammation. Collectively, these effects attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation, highlighting the potential of MFB to restore gut–liver axis homeostasis disrupted by CAF-induced dysbiosis in adolescent rats. Full article

Reconciling agricultural productivity with greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation remains a pivotal challenge for achieving climate-smart food systems. This study evaluates the capacity of legume-based crop rotations to balance economic viability, yield stability, and GHG reduction in the North China Plain. A two-year randomized complete block field experiment compared six cropping systems: conventional wheat–maize (WM) rotations and legume-integrated systems (wheat–soybean, WS; wheat–soybean–maize, WSM), under fertilized and unfertilized regimes. Results revealed that nitrogen fertilization increased cumulative N₂O emissions and global warming potential (GWP), with seasonal peaks occurring post-fertilization. Legume systems enhanced CH₄ uptake but showed no significant effect on N₂O emissions compared to conventional systems. N₂O fluxes correlated positively with soil moisture and soil temperature, while CH₄ uptake increased with soil moisture alone. Soybean phases reduced short-term yields by 32–52% relative to the maize yield of conventional systems, but boosted subsequent wheat/maize productivity by 2–47% through hydraulic redistribution and N priming. The wheat–soybean rotation with 200 kg N ha⁻¹ (WS200) achieved optimal sustainability, delivering the highest net profit (8061.56 USD ha⁻¹) alongside a 9% reduction in global warming potential (3980.21 kg CO_2-eq ha⁻¹) versus conventional systems. These findings provide actionable insights for sustainable intensification in global cereal systems, demonstrating that strategic legume integration can advance both food security and climate goals. Full article

Exercise-induced fatigue involves oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. While the anti-aging protein α-Klotho regulates metabolism and oxidative stress, its role in exercise fatigue is unexplored. This study investigated whether α-Klotho supplementation mitigates cumulative exercise-induced fatigue and elucidated the underlying tissue-specific mechanisms. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups (n = 10 per group), the control group, fatigue treated with saline, or α-Klotho (0.2 mg/kg, i.p. daily) group. Fatigue was induced by a 6-day exhaustive swimming protocol (5% body weight load). Tissues were collected 24h post-final exercise. Assessments included daily exhaustion time, grip strength, serum creatine kinase (CK), urea nitrogen (BUN), oxidative stress markers (H₂O₂, MDA, SOD, GSH/GSSG), tissue glycogen, and pathway protein expression (Western blot). α-Klotho supplementation prevented exercise-induced weight loss and restored grip strength. While exhaustive exercise markedly increased serum CK and BUN levels, α-Klotho selectively normalized CK without effecting serum BUN. α-Klotho attenuated oxidative damage by reducing hydrogen peroxide levels while enhancing antioxidant capacity, accompanied by activation of the NRF2/HO-1 pathway and further upregulation of PGC-1α. Notably, α-Klotho induced striking hepatic glycogen supercompensation through activation of the AKT/GS signaling pathway and upregulation of GLUT4, whereas muscle glycogen levels remained unchanged. In conclusion, α-Klotho ameliorates cumulative exercise-induced fatigue through dual recovery-phase mechanisms: NRF2/HO-1-mediated antioxidant protection in skeletal muscle and AKT/GS-triggered hepatic glycogen supercompensation, thereby facilitating oxidative stress resolution and enhancing energy reserve restoration. Full article

The role of soil microbial communities in soil organic matter (OM) decomposition, transformation, and the global nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) cycles has been widely investigated. However, a comprehensive understanding of how specific agricultural practices and OM inputs shape microbial-driven processes across different European pedoclimatic conditions is still lacking, particularly regarding their effectiveness in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This systematic review synthesizes current knowledge on the biotic mechanisms underlying soil C sequestration and GHG reduction, emphasizing key microbial processes influenced by land management practices. A rigorous selection was applied, resulting in 16 eligible articles that addressed the targeted outcomes: soil microorganism biodiversity, including microbiome composition and other common Biodiversity Indexes, C sequestration and non-CO₂ GHG emissions (namely N₂O and CH₄ emissions), and N leaching. The review highlights that, despite some variations across studies, the application of OM enhances soil microbial biomass (MB) and activity, boosts soil organic carbon (SOC), and potentially reduces emissions. Notably, plant richness and diversity emerged as critical factors in reducing N₂O emissions and promoting carbon storage. However, the lack of methodological standardization across studies hinders meaningful comparison of outcomes—a key challenge identified in this review. The analysis reveals that studies examining the simultaneous effects of agricultural management practices and OM inputs on soil microorganisms, non-CO₂ GHG emissions, and SOC are scarce. Standardized studies across Europe’s diverse pedoclimatic regions would be valuable for assessing the benefits of OM inputs in agricultural soils. This would enable the identification of region-specific solutions that enhance soil health, prevent degradation, and support sustainable and productive farming systems. Full article

Hydrogen, a promising alternative to conventional fuels, presents significant combustion hazards due to its low minimum ignition energy (MIE) and wide flammability range (4–75 vol.%). The risks are amplified with liquid hydrogen (LH₂), which has an extremely low boiling point (20.3 K) and high diffusivity. Once released, LH₂ vaporizes rapidly and mixes with ambient air. This process forms a cryogenic and highly flammable cloud, which significantly increases ignition and explosion hazards. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the MIE of cryogenic hydrogen–air mixtures is crucial for quantitative risk assessment. This work develops and validates a numerical algorithm for predicting the MIE of hydrogen–air mixtures at cryogenic temperatures (down to 93 K) across a wide range of hydrogen concentrations (10~50 vol.%) and oxygen concentration ratios [O₂/(O₂ + N₂) = 21~52%]. By coupling a detailed H₂/O₂ reaction mechanism with a large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model, this algorithm demonstrates high reliability and accuracy. The results indicate (1) an exponential increase in MIE with decreasing initial temperature; (2) a U-shaped dependence of MIE on hydrogen concentration, with the minimum occurring near 25% hydrogen concentration; (3) an asymptotic dependence of MIE on oxygen concentration ratio, particularly at 40% hydrogen concentration. The initial temperature has the greatest influence on MIE; hydrogen concentration is the second; and the oxygen concentration ratio has the weakest influence. This study provides a theoretical framework and a practical computational tool for assessing and mitigating cryogenic ignition associated with LH₂ leakage, thereby enabling safer application of liquid hydrogen technologies. Full article