Search Results (51)

Background: Osteoporosis is a chronic bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass and structural deterioration, increasing fracture risk and affecting patients’ quality of life (QoL). Pharmacological treatments are essential in managing osteoporosis; however, suboptimal prescribing patterns and poor medication adherence can limit therapeutic outcomes. This study primarily aimed to assess medication adherence among patients with osteoporosis using the MMAS-8, as well as prescribing patterns and patient beliefs. Methods: We conducted a single-center cross-sectional observational study at Saqr Hospital, Ras al Khaimah, UAE, between October 2024 and May 2025, enrolling 300 adults with clinically diagnosed osteoporosis and/or a bone mineral density T-score ≤ −2.5. Data were collected through structured interviews and medical-record review. Medication adherence was assessed using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), and beliefs about medicines were measured using the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ). Prescribing patterns were characterized by drug class, dose, and frequency, and prescribing appropriateness was evaluated using prescribed daily dose/defined daily dose (PDD/DDD) ratios based on WHO ATC/DDD standards. Predictors of adherence were examined using univariate and multivariable Firth penalized logistic regression. Results: The median age was 70 years (IQR 63–76), 89.0% of participants were female, and 32.0% had a prior fracture history. Denosumab was the most frequently prescribed anti-osteoporotic therapy (59.0%), followed by romosozumab (30.7%), whereas bisphosphonates and parathyroid hormone analogues were infrequently used (2.7% and 4.7%, respectively). Prescribed dosing closely aligned with WHO standards for all evaluated agents. Overall, 40.7% of patients were classified as adherent and 59.3% as non-adherent. Adherence was not significantly associated with age, gender, nationality, fracture history, polypharmacy, or most comorbidities. In contrast, medication beliefs demonstrated a strong relationship with adherence. In multivariable Firth regression, stronger medication concerns were independently associated with lower odds of adherence (adjusted OR 0.033, 95% CI 0.003–0.355; p = 0.0049), while having more than two comorbidities was also associated with reduced adherence (adjusted OR 0.076, 95% CI 0.008–0.688; p = 0.022). Conclusions: In this UAE real-world cohort, osteoporosis pharmacotherapy was dominated by injectable biologic agents and was prescribed in close agreement with standard dosing recommendations. However, medication adherence remained suboptimal. Patient beliefs, particularly treatment-related concerns, emerged as a more important determinant of adherence than demographic or most clinical characteristics. These findings highlight the need for belief-sensitive, patient-centered adherence interventions alongside optimized pharmacotherapy to improve osteoporosis outcomes in routine practice. Full article

Background/Objectives: Treatment non-adherence in bipolar disorder remains a major clinical challenge. Although demographic and clinical predictors have been widely studied, enduring cognitive vulnerability patterns such as early maladaptive schemas have received limited attention in relation to adherence behavior. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 156 euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (HAM-D ≤ 7; YMRS ≤ 12) who were assessed using the Young Schema Questionnaire–Short Form 3, the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, and a clinician-rated insight measure. Group differences across adherence levels were examined using ANOVA and chi-square tests. Ordinal logistic regression was conducted to identify independent factors associated with poorer adherence. Multicollinearity was evaluated, and proportional odds assumptions were tested. Results: Several schema domains differed significantly across adherence groups, with the Punishment schema demonstrating the largest effect size. In ordinal regression analysis controlling for age and insight, higher Punishment schema scores were independently associated with poorer adherence (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.09–1.20, p < 0.001). Younger age and partial insight were also associated with lower adherence. Conclusions: Early maladaptive schemas—particularly punitive self-evaluative patterns—may represent cognitive correlates of treatment non-adherence in euthymic bipolar disorder. Interventions targeting self-critical schema processes may be relevant for adherence-focused strategies; however, due to the cross-sectional design, the observed relationships reflect associations only and do not allow for causal inferences. Full article

Background: Lifestyle behaviours and medication adherence are interrelated components of cardiovascular secondary prevention, yet their co-occurrence in Middle Eastern post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) populations remains poorly characterised. This study described smoking status and physical activity patterns, assessed antiplatelet medication adherence, and explored associations between lifestyle factors and adherence among Saudi patients following PCI. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 236 Saudi adults who had undergone PCI within the preceding 12 months at two tertiary cardiac centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected on smoking status, cigarette consumption, self-reported physical activity frequency (defined as the frequency of engagement in regular exercise such as walking, swimming, or other structured physical activity), and self-reported medication adherence measured via the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8). Descriptive statistics characterised lifestyle and adherence patterns. Bivariate analyses (chi-square tests) and multivariate binary logistic regression were used to explore associations between lifestyle factors and adherence, adjusting for comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and heart disease. Results: Participants were predominantly male (73.7%) and older adults (83.9% aged >50 years). Smoking prevalence was 23.3% (n = 55 of 236 participants), and physical inactivity was highly prevalent, with 57.2% of the sample (n = 135) reporting never engaging in regular exercise. Adherence was suboptimal, with 55.4% of participants (n = 129) classified as having low adherence (self-reported, measured via the MMAS-8). In multivariate analysis, arthritis was the only statistically significant predictor of adherence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–7.84, p = 0.048; note, however, that this finding does not survive Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons and should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating). Smoking (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.19–1.45, p = 0.213) and physical inactivity (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.09–2.25, p = 0.332) showed inverse but statistically non-significant trends with adherence. Conclusions: Unhealthy lifestyle behaviours and low medication adherence were each highly prevalent and co-occurred in this post-PCI population, though associations between lifestyle factors and adherence were not statistically confirmed except for arthritis. These descriptive findings are hypothesis-generating and provide a rationale for future adequately powered prospective studies and trials evaluating integrated nursing interventions that simultaneously address smoking, physical inactivity, and medication non-adherence in Saudi cardiac care settings. Full article

Background/Objectives: Previous evidence suggests that psychosocial factors may play an important role in shaping medication adherence among individuals with chronic diseases; however, the relationship between adaptive coping and medication adherence in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains inconsistent, and evidence from low- and middle-income settings, including Mexico, is limited. Given the high burden of T2D and the persistently high prevalence of medication non-adherence in this population, understanding potentially modifiable psychosocial determinants is particularly relevant. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the association between adaptive coping and medication adherence among Mexican adults with T2D. Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study among 564 adults attending two primary care health centers in Hidalgo, Mexico. Adaptive coping was assessed using the Coping and Adaptation Processing Scale, and medication adherence was measured with the four-item Morisky–Green–Levine Medication Adherence Scale. Associations of interest were evaluated using Poisson regression models to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for confounders. Results: The prevalence of medication non-adherence was 81.4%. Each 20-point increase in adaptive coping was associated with a 4.8% lower prevalence of non-adherence in adjusted models (PR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92–0.98), with no significant effect modification by sex or educational level. Conclusions: Lower adaptive coping was associated with a higher prevalence of medication non-adherence in adults with T2D. These findings contribute to the literature describing psychosocial factors in the context of diabetes care and situate coping among the psychosocial characteristics reported in individuals managing type 2 diabetes in primary care settings. Full article

Background: Effective patient education is fundamental to promoting medication adherence following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the extent and nature of educational gaps in Middle Eastern cardiac care settings remain inadequately explored. This study examined medication-related communication quality, patient knowledge gaps, and their associations with antiplatelet adherence among Saudi adults post-PCI. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 236 Saudi adults who had undergone PCI within the preceding 12 months at two tertiary cardiac centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing clarity of medication information (side effects, dosing, purpose), medication knowledge, and adherence measured via the Arabic Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8). Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multivariable logistic regression examined associations between communication quality indicators, sociodemographic factors, and adherence outcomes. Results: Substantial educational deficits emerged: (1) 26.3% never received side-effect information, (2) 11.0% never learned medication purpose, and (3) 6.8% did not identify their antiplatelet medication type. Only 40.5% consistently received clear medication explanations during hospitalization. Understanding of medication instructions was inadequate, with 14.0% reporting that they never understood their instructions. Adherence was suboptimal, with 54.9% demonstrating low adherence (MMAS-8 score < 6). In adjusted logistic regression, never receiving side-effect information was associated with higher odds of low adherence (adjusted OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.18–3.89) after controlling for age, sex, education, time since PCI, diabetes, and home support. Conclusions: Significant gaps in medication education and patient–provider communication exist within Saudi cardiac care settings. These deficits represent potentially modifiable targets for nursing intervention. Structured, nurse-led educational protocols addressing medication purpose, side effects, and administration could be evaluated as strategies to enhance patient understanding and support antiplatelet adherence. Full article

Background: Theoretical frameworks are essential for understanding and predicting medication adherence behaviours. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) posits that behavioural intentions, shaped by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control, are the proximal determinants of behaviour. This cross-sectional study examined associations between TPB constructs and antiplatelet medication adherence among Saudi patients following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 236 Saudi adults post-PCI at two tertiary cardiac centres in Riyadh. TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, intention) were assessed using a validated questionnaire. Adherence was measured via the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8). Hierarchical multiple regression examined associations between TPB constructs and adherence, controlling for demographic and clinical variables. Results: The results demonstrated significant associations with adherence. In the final regression model, intention (β = 0.273, p < 0.001), perceived behavioural control (β = 0.189, p = 0.007), and subjective norms (β = 0.142, p = 0.038) were significantly associated with adherence. Attitude was not significantly associated (β = 0.087, p = 0.194). The TPB constructs explained an additional 18.7% of variance in adherence beyond demographic and clinical factors. Conclusions: The TPB provides a useful framework for understanding antiplatelet adherence patterns in Saudi post-PCI patients. These findings suggest that interventions addressing behavioural intentions, perceived control over medication-taking, and normative influences from significant others may potentially enhance adherence outcomes. Theory-informed nurse-led interventions incorporating strategies such as implementation intentions and family involvement are recommended. Full article

Background: Medication adherence is a critical component of effective management in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although previous studies have explored the relationship between adherence and clinical outcomes, the strength and consistency of these associations have not been fully elucidated and remain unclear. In particular, evidence derived from patient-reported measures of adherence is limited, and the prognostic significance of adherence as assessed from the patient perspective is not clearly defined. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study consisting of adult patients with T2DM who received regular outpatient follow-up. Medication adherence was assessed at the time of enrollment using the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and was categorized as good, moderate, or poor. Participants were subsequently followed for five years to ascertain clinical outcomes. Primary outcomes were assessed longitudinally and included the occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, heart failure, nonfatal stroke, and progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), as well as all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, heart failure, nonfatal stroke, or progression to ESKD across adherence groups. In contrast, all-cause mortality was significantly higher among patients with poor adherence. With respect to metabolic outcomes, HbA1c and eGFR at five years were comparable across adherence groups, whereas LDL levels were significantly higher in patients with poor adherence. Conclusions: Poor medication adherence as assessed at baseline may be related to a higher risk of all-cause mortality and poorer lipid control, while no statistically significant differences were observed for nonfatal cardiovascular or renal outcomes. Full article

Background and Objectives: Medication adherence is a key determinant of treatment effectiveness in early-stage breast cancer, particularly during long-term systemic therapies. As breast cancer is increasingly diagnosed at younger ages, a growing number of women continue to carry active parenting responsibilities during treatment. However, the associations between parenting-related psychosocial factors and medication adherence remain insufficiently explored. This study aimed to examine the associations between parenting stress, spiritual well-being, and medication adherence in women with early-stage breast cancer who maintain active parenting roles. Materials and Methods: This multicenter, cross-sectional study included 432 women with early-stage (I–III) breast cancer receiving active systemic therapy across nine oncology centers. Parenting stress was assessed using the Parenting Stress Scale (PSS), spiritual well-being using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp-12), and medication adherence using the 6-item Modified Morisky Adherence Scale (MMAS-6). Spearman correlation analyses and multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between variables. Mediation analysis was performed using Hayes’ PROCESS macro (Model 4) with 5000 bootstrap samples to assess statistical mediation. Results: Parenting stress was positively associated with poorer medication adherence (ρ = 0.248, p < 0.01), whereas spiritual well-being was negatively associated with non-adherence (ρ = −0.225, p < 0.01). Parenting stress showed a strong inverse association with spiritual well-being (ρ = −0.597, p < 0.01). In multivariable regression analyses, both parenting stress and spiritual well-being were independently associated with medication adherence (β = 0.180, p = 0.002 and β = −0.199, p = 0.001, respectively). Mediation analysis demonstrated a significant indirect statistical association between parenting stress and medication adherence through spiritual well-being (indirect effect = 0.0155), consistent with partial statistical mediation. Conclusions: Medication adherence among women with early-stage breast cancer and active parenting responsibilities is associated with psychosocial context in addition to clinical factors. Parenting stress is associated with poorer adherence, whereas greater spiritual well-being is associated with better adherence within a statistical mediation framework. These findings generate hypotheses for future longitudinal and interventional studies. Full article

Background and Objectives: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent, chronic, relapsing itchy skin disorder, affecting up to 20% of the pediatric population. Topical corticosteroids are the cornerstone of AD treatment, but their use is often limited due to topical corticosteroid phobia among parents. Research on chronic illnesses highlights the significant role of personality traits in treatment adherence, with emotional stability and conscientiousness—within the framework of the Five-Factor Model—emerging as key predictors. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between parental personality traits and their adherence to the treatment of their children with AD. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital of Split, involving 90 parents of children diagnosed with AD. Personality traits were evaluated using the abbreviated version of the International Personality Item Pool Big-Five Personality Questionnaire (IPIP 50s). Treatment adherence was assessed through a valid and reliable questionnaire, the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Statistical analyses were performed using JASP v.0.18.1.0. Results: According to MMAS-8, only a small proportion of the sample reported having high adherence (14.4%). The only significant associations between personality traits and adherence were found between conscientiousness and adherence and emotional stability and adherence, where more conscientious participants and more emotionally stable participants reported higher scores. Conclusions: The results suggest that parents of children with AD with higher scores on conscientiousness and emotional stability are more likely to demonstrate better treatment adherence. These insights may encourage a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of children with AD, with an emphasis on providing psychological support to both the children and their parents in order to improve treatment adherence and the further clinical course of the disease. Full article

Background/Objectives: Protein-energy wasting (PEW) affects up to 75% of hemodialysis (HD) patients, yet adherence to oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) remains poorly understood. This study evaluated ONS adherence patterns, associated socio-demographic and psychological factors, and clinical outcomes over 24 months in chronic HD patients. Methods: A 24-month prospective study was conducted in 101 HD patients. Adherence was assessed using the 4-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4), and depressive symptoms with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Nutritional status was evaluated using the Malnutrition–Inflammation Score (MIS) and anthropometric measurements. Laboratory markers were obtained. Individualized nutritional education was provided at each visit. Results: Regular ONS use was reported in 50.5% of patients. High adherence (MMAS-4 = 0) was observed in 36.6% of the cohort. Forgetfulness (45.3%) and adverse effects (34.4%) were the most common obstacles. Adherence was significantly associated with sex (p = 0.007), with men more frequently demonstrating low adherence. Education level showed a weak, but significant positive correlation with MMAS-4 score (Spearman’s ρ = 0.25, p = 0.018), indicating slightly lower adherence among more educated patients. MMAS-4 and BDI scores were positively correlated (Spearman’s ρ = 0.25, p = 0.04), indicating that greater depressive symptom burden was associated with lower adherence. Regular ONS users demonstrated improved nutritional status (lower MIS; 9 vs. 7, p < 0.001), higher hemoglobin (106 vs. 114 g/L, p = 0.03), and increased mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC; 26 vs. 28 cm, p = 0.02). Lean tissue mass was preserved over time (p = 0.009). However, individualized education had limited effect on patients with initially low adherence. Individualized nutritional education was associated with improved acceptance and implementation of recommendations. Over two years of follow-up, nutritional education was associated with preserved lean and fat tissue index (LTI, p = 0.009; FTI, p = 0.08), reductions in interdialytic weight gain, and significant improvements in MUAC, waist circumference, and scapular skinfold thickness (p = 0.03; p < 0.001; p = 0.02). Prealbumin and hemoglobin levels also increased significantly (p = 0.02; p = 0.04). However, education alone was insufficient for certain subgroups, particularly older patients and those initially classified as non-adherent. During follow-up, 17 patients died. Lower MUAC (OR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.45–6.08) and triceps skinfold thickness (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.12–1.68) were the strongest independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Adherence to ONSs remains suboptimal in HD patients. Individualized nutritional education was associated with improved adherence and nutritional status in some subgroups but may be insufficient in older or initially non-adherent patients. Simple anthropometric markers are strong mortality predictors and may offer practical value for routine monitoring. Full article

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the drug use behaviors of patients applying to primary healthcare centers and the factors affecting these behaviors. Material and method: This cross-sectional, analytic study included 913 individuals applying to family health centers for various reasons in Kayseri, Türkiye. All subjects completed a questionnaire that asked about sociodemographic characteristics and attitudes towards drug use via the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale and the Adult Health Literacy Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 913 individuals, comprising 288 (31.5%) men and 625 (68.5%) women, participated in this research. The average age of the participants was 41.79. Of the 913 subjects included, 23% reported that they would wait for recovery from a disease without any treatment attempt, while 53.5% reported that they visited a doctor, and 63.5% reported that they initially consulted a family health center. A total of 38.5% reported that they self-medicated without consulting a doctor. In addition, 79% of the subjects reported that they used medicine without a prescription. Conclusions: It was observed that age, gender, social insurance, educational status, level of health literacy, and presence of chronic diseases affect drug use behaviors. A weak, negative correlation was found between Morisky Medication Adherence scores and health literacy. Additionally, it was determined that only checking the expiration date before using a drug had an impact on drug adherence. Full article

Background: Poor adherence to antihypertensive therapy is a major barrier to effective blood pressure control, particularly in countries with a high burden of non-communicable diseases. In Kazakhstan, improving adherence is a key objective of the “Densaulyk” State Health Program (2020–2025). Objective: To assess medication adherence among patients with arterial hypertension in Kazakhstan and identify associated socio-demographic and clinical factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among outpatient hypertensive patients at a major urban medical center. Adherence was measured using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Socio-demographic characteristics, disease duration, and the number of prescribed medications were analyzed in relation to adherence levels. Results: Adherence was significantly associated with age, ethnicity, education, marital and financial status, disease duration, and treatment complexity. A notable share of participants demonstrated low to moderate adherence. The use of self-reported data may have introduced bias. Conclusions: Medication adherence in Kazakhstan is influenced by multiple interrelated factors. Targeted and culturally appropriate interventions—such as simplified regimens, digital tools, and broader access to subsidized drugs—are essential to improve long-term outcomes in hypertension management. Full article

Background/Objectives: Chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, require sustained management and medication adherence to reduce the risk of related complications and mortality. However, the adherence levels are not satisfactory, which could be attributed to several factors, including cultural beliefs and socioeconomic factors. This study aimed to assess the relationship between cultural and socioeconomic factors, patient preferences, and medication adherence among diabetic patients. Methods: A mixed-methods cross-sectional design was implemented using face-to-face questionnaires and personal interviews. This study was conducted in 159 primary healthcare clinics (PHCs) in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, from 26 August 2024 to 10 February 2025. It included type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. The Morisky Medication Adherence and General Medication Adherence Scales were used to evaluate diabetes medication adherence among the participants. Results: The included 424 diabetic patients had a predominant age range from 40 to 59 (48.1%). The majority were non-smokers (88.7%), Saudi Arabian (94.6%), and female (62.7%). The findings revealed a significant association between patient age (p < 0.001), body weight (p = 0.023), nationality (p = 0.015), educational level (p = 0.027), and the presence of comorbidities (p = 0.005) with the level of medication adherence. Conclusions: This study revealed that most diabetic patients attending PHCs in Madinah exhibited medium-to-high levels of medication adherence, with key influencing factors including age, comorbidities, education level, physician satisfaction, and health self-awareness. Full article

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the primary risk factor for heart failure (HF) development. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery remains the gold-standard treatment for multivessel coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of cardiovascular events in patients after CABG by looking at clinical parameters, examining biomarkers of inflammation and fibrosis, and assessing patients’ adherence to heart failure therapy before CABG. The prospective observational study included consecutively hospitalized patients with HF and CAD eligible for CABG (n = 82). The study’s primary endpoint was a combination (MACE) of cardiac death, hospitalization with HF, acute ischemic events requiring unplanned revascularization, or stroke. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to assess serum levels of NGAL, GDF-15, NTproBNP, TGF beta, and hsCRP. The participants’ medication adherence level was assessed using the Morisky–Green scale. A total of 37 events were registered (45.1%) at follow-up (36 (26; 43) months). All patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 45) comprised patients without the combined endpoint, and Group 2 (n = 37) comprised patient who suffered adverse cardiovascular events. A high GDF-15 level and low adherence based on the Morisky–Green scale were independent predictors of a MACE at follow-up. The median time before the development of the MACE which was predicted based on Kaplan–Meier analysis in the group with a GDF-15 value less than 2064 pg/mL was 64 (50; 80) months, and in the group with a GDF-15 value more than or equal to 2064 pg/mL, it was 40 (34; 46) months (p < 0.001). Higher GDF-15 values and poor adherence to treatment are associated with adverse cardiovascular events in patients with HF and CAD who have undergone CABG. However, further studies are needed to support the use of GDF-15 as a prognostic marker in real-life clinical practice. Full article

Chronic venous disease (CVeD) affects millions of patients globally, being a multifactorial progressive condition that significantly impacts the quality of life of individuals. Micronized Purified Flavonoid Fraction (MPFF) is the most utilized and studied venoactive drug because of its safety and effectiveness. This study is a real-world, prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study including patients diagnosed with CVeD who were receiving one tablet of MPFF 1000 mg/day for at least one month and who visited medical facilities in Romania in June–July 2022. We aimed to assess their adherence to pharmacological treatment. The intensity of CVeD symptoms was assessed with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), while adherence to conservative treatment was evaluated using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) at study inclusion (Visit 1 (V1)) and 8 weeks later, at the study’s end (Visit 3 (V3)). This study recruited 1267 patients diagnosed with CVeD, and the statistical analysis set included 1200 patients, the majority of whom were female (71.5%), ≥51 years old (81.8%), and overweight (41.2%) or obese (33.8%), with a mean Body Mass Index (BMI) value (±SD) of 28.9 ± 5.1 kg/m², classified using the Clinical, Etiological, Anatomical, and Pathophysiological (CEAP) clinical categories as CEAP C3 (38.7%) and C2 (22.6%) at baseline. Mean MMAS-8 scores increased from 6.2 ± 1.9 (V1) to 6.7 ± 1.7 (V3) (p < 0.001). Despite improvement in treatment adherence throughout this study, novel strategies are needed to improve medication adherence and overall health outcomes in CVeD. Full article