Search Results (15)

Background/Objectives: Pericoronitis is a polymicrobial, biofilm-associated odontogenic infection; however, selected facultative Gram-positive bacteria may contribute to oral infectious persistence. This study compared the residual antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine (CHX), low-level laser therapy (LLLT), injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF), and amoxicillin-loaded i-PRF against selected oral and odontogenic bacterial strains. Methods: Standardized planktonic suspensions of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 were prepared at 0.5 McFarland turbidity. Five conditions were evaluated: 0.2% CHX, i-PRF, amoxicillin-loaded i-PRF, 976 nm diode LLLT, and 0.9% sodium chloride as the negative control. Twelve independent tubes were used for each treatment and species, yielding 180 experimental units. After a residual 24-h exposure/incubation period, samples were serially diluted, plated on 5% sheep blood agar, and quantified as CFU/mL. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Results: Significant treatment-dependent differences were observed for all species (p < 0.001). CHX showed the most consistent antibacterial activity, with median residual counts of 550 CFU/mL for S. mutans, 1 CFU/mL for S. aureus, and 5.5 CFU/mL for E. faecalis. i-PRF alone was comparable to the negative control. Amoxicillin-loaded i-PRF markedly reduced S. aureus counts, whereas S. mutans and E. faecalis remained at high residual levels. LLLT showed partial, variable inhibition mainly against S. aureus. Conclusions: CHX demonstrated the most consistent antibacterial effect in this planktonic residual 24-h in vitro model. i-PRF alone showed no measurable antibacterial activity, while amoxicillin-loaded i-PRF and LLLT exhibited limited, species-dependent effects. Full article

Oblivious Transfer (OT) extension, in particular, the construction of Ishai, Kilian, Nissim, and Petrank (CRYPTO 2003) requires a hash function H that is correlation-robust(CR). All practical instantiations model H as a random oracle or an ideal cipher, leaving CR with no quantifiable reduction to a structural property of the deployed hash. It is natural to ask whether the most nonlinear balanced Boolean functions available on an odd number of variables, the near-bent functions of the Maiorana–McFarland (MM) class, furnish an algebraic, standard-model CR candidate. We prove that they do not, and we identify precisely why. First, we keep a correct spectral fact: a balanced $H:{\{0,1\}}^n\to \{0,1\}$ is $\epsilon$-CR if and only if ${\max }_{\Delta \ne 0}\left|{\mathcal{A}}_f(\Delta )\right|\le 4\epsilon ·2^n$, reducing CR to an autocorrelation bound. Against this criterion we establish three obstructions: (i) The MM-doubling family ${\mathcal{NB}}_k$ on $n=2k+1$ variables has autocorrelation supported only on the directions $(a,0,1)$, where it equals $2^{k+1}{W}_a$ with ${\sum }_{a\ne 0}{W}_a^2=2^{2k}$; hence $\epsilon \ge \frac{1}{4}{(2^k-1)}^{-1/2}$, a factor $\ge 2^{k/2}$ above the value one would need, and an exhaustive search over all balanced members for $k\le 2$ returns the maximal $\epsilon =\frac{1}{4}$ in every case. (ii) Near-bentness controls the Walsh maximum (nonlinearity), not autocorrelation: every near-bent function satisfies ${\sum }_{\Delta \ne 0}{\mathcal{A}}_f{(\Delta )}^2=2^{2n}$, so ${\max }_{\Delta \ne 0}\left|{\mathcal{A}}_f(\Delta )\right|\ge 2^n{(2^n-1)}^{-1/2}$ and no near-bent function is even approximately CR. (iii) A deterministic $\mathbf{H}:{\{0,1\}}^{\kappa }\to {\{0,1\}}^{\mathcal{\ell }}$ admits the support bound $\mathbf{SD}\left((\mathbf{H}\left(x\right),\mathbf{H}(x\oplus \Delta )),(U_{\mathcal{\ell }},U_{\mathcal{\ell }})\right)\ge 1-2^{\kappa -2\mathcal{\ell }}$, so statistical multi-output CR is impossible for $\mathcal{\ell }>\kappa /2$ and in particular at the IKNP regime $\mathcal{\ell }\approx \kappa$. Together, these results close the near-bent route to standard-model CR and clarify which design objective (low absolute indicator, not high nonlinearity) and which parameter regime ($\mathcal{\ell }\le \kappa /2$) a viable algebraic candidate would have to target. Full article

Background: Hypericin is a natural photosensitizer with promising antifungal potential, but its uptake kinetics in Candida (C.) albicans are not well defined. Objective: To characterize the time-dependent uptake of hypericin by C. albicans in vitro using fluorescence microscopy and quantitative image analysis. Methods: C. albicans ATCC 90028 was standardized to 0.5 McFarland and incubated with hypericin dissolved in DMSO. Samples were illuminated with an LED system tuned near 550 nm and imaged using a CCD fluorescence microscope with emission recorded above ≈600 nm. Images were analyzed in ImageJ, using a control-based threshold and percentage area (the percentage of pixels above the threshold in the whole field) as a fluorescence measure. Time points were 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 min, plus a separate dark-only series at 35–45 min. Data from three experiments were evaluated by ANOVA. Results: Fluorescence increased rapidly and showed a nonlinear, biphasic profile under light, with local maxima around 5–7 and 15–30 min. Dark-only samples at 35–45 min had a lower %Area and lacked a clear biphasic pattern. Conclusions: Hypericin uptake by C. albicans is dynamic, nonlinear, and light-dependent. These kinetics should be considered when designing hypericin-based antifungal photodynamic therapy protocols. Full article

Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) is a capsulated yeast that enters the body through inhalation and migrates via the bloodstream to the central nervous system, causing cryptococcal meningitis. Diagnosis methods are culture, serology, and India ink staining, which require cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or whole blood. Molecular methods are used for epidemiological studies and require expensive commercial DNA extraction kits. This study aimed to develop an economical in-house method for extracting C. neoformans DNA from whole blood. C. neoformans cells of varying McFarland standards were spiked into expired blood, then lysed using laboratory-prepared lysis buffer and ox-bile solution, followed by organic DNA extraction. Ordinary PCR targeting the CNAG 04922 gene was performed. To determine the limit of detection, serial dilutions of C. neoformans were made, and DNA extraction was performed on other parts cultured on yeast extract peptone dextrose agar to determine colony-forming units (CFU). The lysis buffer method successfully extracted DNA from as low as the average of 62 CFU in 0.9 mL of expired blood with superior quality and high yield compared to ox-bile. The lysis buffer method yielded higher DNA quality and quantity than ox-bile and detected low concentrations of C. neoformans in expired blood. This method presents a cost-effective alternative for molecular diagnosis in resource-limited settings. Full article

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Assessing the number of these bacteria is important for in vitro and in vivo infection studies. Colony count is used to set references for the multiplicity of infections in the case of culturable bacteria. However, the number of bacteria present inside the host cells, in which the bacteria are maintained, can be considered in the case of obligate intracellular bacteria. McFarland standards are a series of turbidity-based standards used to visually assess the approximate number of culturable bacteria. The turbidity of each standard can be related to their respective absorbances or optical densities (ODs). In this study, we describe a simple method to assess the approximate number of A. phagocytophilum based on McFarland standards. The ODs of cell-free crude extracts of A. phagocytophilum were used to assess the approximate number of bacteria while considering that the cell debris also contributes to the ODs. The consistency of this method was also tested using the bacterial cultures grown at different times. In summary, we provide a simple method to estimate the number of obligate intracellular bacteria for use in in vitro infection studies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection caused by Candida species. Recently, antifungal drugs have become less effective due to yeast resistance, emphasizing the need for new treatment strategies. This study aimed to assess the effect of the Er:YAG laser on the inhibition of growth and elimination of mature single-species Candida biofilms. Methods: The study utilized reference strains of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei organized in single-species biofilms on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). First part: Candida suspensions (0.5 McFarland standard) were spread on SDA plates—two for each strain. Er:YAG laser irradiation was applied in a single pulse mode, 30 to 400 mJ, to 32 predetermined points. The growth inhibition zones (GIZs) were measured at 24–96 h of incubation. Second part: biofilms were prepared similarly and, after 96 h of incubation, exposed to Er:YAG laser irradiation at different energies (50, 100, 150, 200 mJ) for 180 s, per 1.44 cm area. Post-irradiation, impressions were taken using Rodac Agar to determine yeast counts. The count of colony-forming units (CFU) after irradiation was measured and results were analysed statistically. Results: First part: GIZ was found in all irradiated sites, with various Candida strains. The results showed a significant increase in the width of GIZ in the energy range of 30–280 mJ and a non-significant increase in the energy range of 300–400 mJ. Second part: the number of CFU remaining after the irradiation of biofilms with 150 mJ energy differed statistically significantly from other results obtained after using 50, 100, or 200 mJ energy, regardless of the Candida strain tested. Conclusions: The Er:YAG is shown to have good disinfecting properties (inhibiting biofilm growth, even at low-energy doses (50 mJ), and eliminating maturity, Candida spp. biofilms most effective on the 150 mJ energy dose). Full article

Concrete is prone to cracking over time, leading to the deterioration of concrete structures. Using the biomineralization capabilities of bacteria, cracks in concrete can be remediated in favorable conditions. In this study, Bacillus subtilis spores were immobilized in three different healing agents, namely lightweight expanded clay aggregates (LECAs), polyvinyl acetate (PVA) fibers, and an air-entraining admixture (AEA). Bacillus subtilis spores, with a turbidity equivalent to a 4 McFarland standard, were used in three different dosages, namely 0.01, 0.1, and 1% (by weight) of cement. Based on the dosage, three groups were developed and each group consisted of a total of nine mixes, which were differentiated based on the method of delivery of the bacterial spores. The specimens were pre-cracked after 7 days, using an embedded steel rod, after being post-tensioned in a universal testing machine. The self-healing efficiency of the concrete was evaluated using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing and surface crack analysis, using ImageJ software, and the self-healing precipitate was analyzed using microstructural tests, namely scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The results verified that the self-healing efficiency of the concrete improved with the increase in the bacterial dosage and with an increase in the curing time. LECAs proved to be a promising bacterial carrier, by accommodating the spores and nutrient media over a period of 196 days. PVA fibers helped in bridging the cracks and provided nucleation sites for the bacteria, which enhanced the calcite precipitation. Similarly, the AEA also improved crack healing by encapsulating the spores and sealing cracks up to 0.25 mm, when used in conjunction with LECAs. Furthermore, microstructural tests verified the formation of calcite as a healing product within the cracks in the bioconcrete. The results of this study offer valuable insights for the construction industry, highlighting the ability of bacteria to reduce the deterioration of concrete structures and promoting a sustainable approach that minimizes the need for manual repairs, particularly in hard-to-reach areas. Full article

New rapid, reliable, and cost-effective alternative systems are needed for the rapid diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes. The aim of this study was to fabricate a microfluidic test device to detect Streptococcus pyogenes by combining the Loop-mediated isothermal amplification method via a 3D printer. Microfluidic test devices were designed in CATIA V5 Release 16 software, and data were directly transferred to a 3D printer and produced using the FDM method with biocompatible PLA filament. The S. pyogenes ATCC 19615 and different ATCC strains was used. Following identification by classical culture methods, a 0.5 McFarland suspension was prepared from the colonies, and DNA isolation was performed from this liquid by a boiling method. S. pyogenes specific speB gene was used to desing LAMP primer sets in PrimerExplorer V5 software and tested on a microfluidic device. LAMP reactions were performed on microfluidic device and on a microcentrifuge tube separately. Both results were analyzed using the culture method as the standard method to diagnostic values. Melting curve analysis of the amplicons of the LAMP reactions performed on a LightCycler 480 system to detect amplification. Among the 50 positive and 100 negative samples, only four samples were found to be false negative by LAMP reaction in a microcentrifuge tube, while eight samples were found to be false negative by LAMP reaction on a microfluidic device. Six samples were found to be false positive by the LAMP reaction in the microcentrifuge tube, while ten samples were found to be false positive by the LAMP reaction on a microfluidic chip. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the LAMP reactions performed in the microcentrifuge tube and on the microfluidic device were 92–84%, 94–90%, 88.46–80.77%, and 95.92–91.84%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be the same as 1.5 × 10² CFU/mL and the limit of quantification (LOQ) values of the LAMP reactions were performed on the microcentrifuge tube and on the microfluidic device were 2.46 × 10²–7.4 × 10² CFU/mL, respectively. Cohen’s kappa (κ) values of the LAMP reactions were performed on the microcentrifuge tube and on the microfluidic device were 0.620–0.705, respectively. In conclusion, our data showed that the LAMP method can be combined with microfluidic test device to detect S. pyogenes, this microfluidic device can be manufactured using 3D printers and results are close to gold standard methods. These devices can be combined with LAMP reactions to detect different pathogens where resources are limited and rapid results are required. Full article

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen with a great ability to adapt to stress, in particular, to the selective pressure of antibiotics in the hospital environment. This pathogen constitutes a real public health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Cameroon, little is known about the drug resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing carbapenemases in six health facilities in the center, littoral, and west regions of Cameroon. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted over a four-month period from July to October 2021. All Pseudomonas aeruginosa or suspected strains isolated from pathological products at the bacteriology laboratory of different health facilities were systematically collected and underwent a re-identification. After growing on cetrimide agar and successfully subculturing on nutrient agar, an oxidase test was performed on pure colonies, followed by biochemical identification (API 20NE system) of the bacterial suspension (0.5McFarland standard). Drug susceptibility testing for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of overproduced inducible cephalosporinases and carbapenemases was performed according to adequate standard procedures. Of the 468 isolates collected, 347 (74.14%) were confirmed Pseudomonas aeruginosa after re-identification, of which 34.49% (120/347) produced inducible cephalosporinases (CAZ^R and C/T^S) and 32.26% (112/347) extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. The prevalence of carbapenemase-producing P. aeruginosa (IMP^R and C/T^R) was 25.07% (87/347), with 17.24% (15/87) class A and 82.76% (72/87) class B. A high rate of resistance to penicillin (piperacillin: 70.58% and ticarcillin: 60.24%) was observed. We also noted a 34.49% resistance to ceftazidime, 30.22% to imipenem against 37.02% to meropenem, and 25.1% to ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T). These strains also exhibited 79.57% resistance to quinolones and about 26% to aminoglycoside families. Multivariate analysis revealed that carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa-related infections were significantly associated with hospitalization (p = 0.04), maternity (p = 0.03), surgery (p = 0.04), and intensive care wards (p = 0.04). This study highlighted a high burden of resistant strains of carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Surveillance should be intensified to prevent the dissemination and spread of these strains. Full article

Background: The goal of endodontic treatment, along with the preparation of the root canal and giving it a shape corresponding to the obturation technique, is the drug treatment of the canal. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of a colloidal solution of nanosilver at its various dilutions on root canal microorganism. Materials and methods: A solution of silver nanoparticles at a concentration of 10,000 ppm (1.0%) was diluted in various concentrations (10 solutions from 1% to 0.0025%). Cultures used for research: Str. agalacticae ATCC 3984, E. faecalis ATCC 323, St. aureus ATCC 4785, C. albicans ATCC 10231. After thawing, cultures of microorganisms were introduced into a liquid nutrient medium: cerebral heart broth for bacterial cultures and Sabouraud broth for C. albicans. The cultivation was carried out at a temperature of 37 °C for 24 h. A bacterial suspension for inoculation was prepared from a microbial sediment according to a turbidity standard of 0.5 McFarland in saline. Then, 100 μL of the obtained suspension of microorganisms was inoculated by the “lawn” method using a spatula on the Muller–Hinton medium. Solutions of silver nanoparticles were introduced into wells prepared in agar with a sterile metal punch. Further incubation was carried out for 24 h at 37 °C. Results: colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles at concentrations of 1%, 0.75%, 0.5% inhibited the growth of Str. agalacticae ATCC 3984 with a growth retardation zone of 6–7 mm. The E. faecalis ATCC 29212 strain was sensitive to solutions of silver nanoparticles at concentrations of 1%, 0.75%, 0.5% with a growth inhibition zone of 6–7 mm. Strain St. aureus 4785 demonstrated sensitivity to solutions of silver nanoparticles at concentrations of 1%, 0.75%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05% with a growth retardation zone of 6-8 mm. Conclusion: colloidal solutions of silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial action against gram-positive bacteria (Str.agalacticae ATCC 3984, St. aureus ATCC 4785, E. faecalis ATCC 29212) and yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida (C. albicans ATCC 10231, C. albicans 672 and C. albicans D-225M), but this action is strain-specific and depends on the concentration of the solution. Full article

The antibacterial activity of four bacterial standard strains that are naturally encountered in humans and animals was investigated by using bioactive compounds from commercial essential oils of Juniperus communis that were collected from the Western Romanian Carpathians. The Juniper communis essential oils, volatile compounds, were recognized through the GC–MS methodology by comparing identified spectra with those held in the NIST 02, Wiley 275 library. The ratio of each component was calculated based on the peak areas of the GC, without utilizing correction factors. The CLSI standardized micro-dilution was used to determine antimicrobial activity, employing 10⁻³ dilutions of fresh culture, with inoculums equivalent to a standard of 0.5 McFarland being prepared for testing. Four bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615), were investigated, using 96-well micro-dilution plates. Over each micro-dilution well, the essential oils were poured, introducing gradually 2, 4, 8, and 10 µL/well, respectively. The results were expressed as ±SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test, considering the differences statistically provided when p < 0.05 or lower. The juniper essential oil originating from the Western Romanian Carpathians is rich in four main volatile compounds: β-pinene (34.02%), 1α-pinene (30.43%), p-cymol (20.25%), and β-myrcene (10.20%). The juniper communis essential oil reduced bacterial density for all four strains tested, but compared to Gram-negative bacteria, in our case; a considerably higher antibacterial effectiveness was detected for Gram-positives, with peak reduction of Staphylococcus aureus, recommending the Romanian essential oil as a beneficial antibacterial resource. Full article

The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of 29 strains of the major periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and three P. gulae (as an ancestor) to nine antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, clindamycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, doxycycline, azithromycin, imipenem, and cefoxitin) was evaluated by E-testing of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) according to international standards. The results were compared with 16 international studies reporting MICs from 1993 until recently. In addition, 77 currently available P. gingivalis genomes were screened for antimicrobial resistance genes. E-testing revealed a 100% sensitivity of P. gingivalis and P. gulae to all antibiotics. This was independent of the isolation year (1970 until 2021) or region, including rural areas in Indonesia and Africa. Regarding studies worldwide (675 strains), several method varieties regarding medium, McFarland inoculation standards (0.5–2) and incubation time (48–168 h) were used for MIC-testing. Overall, no resistances have been reported for amoxicillin + clavulanate, cefoxitin, and imipenem. Few strains showed intermediate susceptibility or resistance to amoxicillin and metronidazole, with the latter needing both confirmation and attention. The only antibiotics which might fail in the treatment of P. gingivalis-associated mixed anaerobic infections are clindamycin, macrolides, and tetracyclines, corresponding to the resistance genes erm(B), erm(F), and tet(Q) detected in our study here, as well as fluoroquinolones. Periodical antibiotic susceptibility testing is necessary to determine the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and to optimize antibiotic stewardship. Full article

In memory of Dr. Dennis John McFarland, who passed away recently, our objective is to continue his efforts to compare psychometric networks and latent variable models statistically. We do so by providing a commentary on his latest work, which he encouraged us to write, shortly before his death. We first discuss the statistical procedure McFarland used, which involved structural equation modeling (SEM) in standard SEM software. Next, we evaluate the penta-factor model of intelligence. We conclude that (1) standard SEM software is not suitable for the comparison of psychometric networks with latent variable models, and (2) the penta-factor model of intelligence is only of limited value, as it is nonidentified. We conclude with a reanalysis of the Wechlser Adult Intelligence Scale data McFarland discussed and illustrate how network and latent variable models can be compared using the recently developed R package Psychonetrics. Of substantive theoretical interest, the results support a network interpretation of general intelligence. A novel empirical finding is that networks of intelligence replicate over standardization samples. Full article

(1) Background: An aerogenic way is one of main rout of spreading microorganisms (including antibiotic resistant), that cause healthcare-associated infections. The source of microorganisms in the air can be patients, personnel, visitors, outdoor air, hospital surfaces and equipment, and even sink drains. (2) Methods: The standardized suspensions (0.5 McFarland) of the examined strains (Enterococcus spp., Clostridioides difficile, Staphylococcus aureus) were nebulized in sterile chamber. Then the Induct 750 (ActivTek) device, generating RCI (radiant catalytic ionization) phenomenon, was used for 20 min. Next, the number of bacteria in the air was calculated using collision method. The percentage of reduction coefficient (R) was calculated. (3) Results: In case of enterococci, the R value was >90% and there are no statistically significant differences among tested strains. For C. difficile strains the R value range from 64–95%. The R value calculated for hypervirulent, antibiotic resistant CDI PCR 27 strain was statistically significantly lower than for other examined strains. For S. aureus non-MRSA the R value was 99.87% and for S. aurues MRSA the R value was 95.61%. (4) Conclusions: The obtained results indicate that the use of RCI may contribute to reducing the occurrence of dangerous pathogens in the air, and perhaps transmission and persistence in the hospital buildings environment. Full article

Background and objectives: Treatment of a prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) remains a challenging problem in vascular surgery. The aim of this study was to design a novel rat model for treatment of peripheral vascular prosthesis infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and to determine the efficacy of different antiseptic solutions in suppressing or eradicating infection from the wound and the graft material itself. Materials and methods: A piece of Dacron vascular prosthesis was surgically implanted at the dorsum of 48 Wistar rats and the wounds were infected with 5 McFarland standard inoculum of S. aureus. Suppurating wounds were daily irrigated with different antiseptic solutions: octenidine dihydrochloride, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine digluconate, and sterile saline. The antimicrobial action of antiseptics was defined according to their capability to eradicate bacteria from the graft surroundings and bacteriological examination of the graft itself. Extended studies on wound microbiology, cytology, and histopathology were performed with an additional group of 10 rats, treated with the most effective antiseptic-octenidine dihydrochloride. Results: Four-day treatment course with octenidine, povidone-iodine, and chlorhexidine resulted in 99.98% (p = 0.0005), 90.73% (p = 0.002), and 65.97% (p = 0.004) decrease in S. aureus colonies in wound washouts, respectively. The number of S. aureus colonies increased insignificantly by 19.72% (p = 0.765) in control group. Seven-day treatment course with octenidine eradicated viable bacteria from nine out of 10 wound washouts and sterilized one vascular graft. Conclusions: A reproducible rat model of PVGI with a thriving S. aureus infection was designed. It is a first PVGI animal model where different antiseptic solutions were applied as daily irrigations to treat peripheral PVGI. Seven-day treatment with octenidine eradicated bacteria from the wound washouts for 90% of rats and one vascular graft. Further studies are needed to investigate if irrigations with octenidine could properly cure vascular bed from infection to assure a successful implantation of a new synthetic vascular substitute. Full article