Search Results (13)

The lacustrine horizon (thickness of 8.75 cm thick) of the Qin and Han dynasties (221 BC–220 AD) was determined based on AMS-¹⁴C analysis conducted by the Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory on the Dishaogouwan section (37°43′ N, 108°31′ E) in the Salawusu River Basin, Mu Us Desert, located in the temperate zone of China. The identification results of the ostracod and charophyta fossils from the four samples at this horizon show the following results: 1. All the samples contain 458 ostracod fossil valves, belonging to six genera and eight species. Their quantity (valves) and percentage, in descending order of abundance, are Candoniella albicans (Brady), 255/55.68%, Ilyocypris bradyi Sars, 73/15.94%, Eucypris inflata Sars, 46/10.04%, Cyclocypris serena Koch, 26/5.68%, Candona kirgizica Mandelstam, 18/3.93%, Ilyocypris biplicata (Koch), 17/3.71%, Candoniella mirabilis Schneider14/3.06% and Leucocytherella sinensis Huang, 6/1.31%. 2. All the samples contain 99 fossil charophyte gyrogonites, belonging to one genera and four species. In terms of quantity/percentage, the Chara sp. is the most abundant, with 41 pieces (41.41%), followed by Chara braunii Gemlin, with 26 pieces (26.26%); Chara leptosperma Braun and Chara canescens Loiseleur account for 19 pieces (19.19%) and 13 pieces (13.13%), respectively. Based on the analysis of the ecological environment of the existing species of these ostracods and charophytes, combined with the fossilized Ilyocypris brady, Ilyocypris biplicata, and Gyraulus convexiusculus Hutton found in all the samples—which indicate very warm, even subtropical climates then—it can be concluded that during the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Salawusu River Basin was primarily characterized by a freshwater lake environment under a warm climate, with the average annual temperature and precipitation in this area approximately 2.1 °C and 100 mm higher than they are currently. The prevailing East Asian summer monsoon pushed the warm temperate climate at least 110 km northwestward from this basin. During this period, there were at least four episodes of brief subtropical climate fluctuations, occurring approximately every 110 years. Full article

Conformal field theory is quantized on the ideal boundary of a Riemann surface, and the effect on the widths of the resonances of the quantum states is evaluated. The resonances on a surface can be recast in terms of eigenfunctions of a differential operator on the Mandelstam plane. Cusps in this plane, representing Landau singularities, reflect a divergence in the coupling. A cusp on the Riemann surface similarly causes a divergence in the scattering amplitude. The interpretation of the string diagram indicates that the self-interaction of the string in the vicinity of the cusp causes it to implode, which would require an infinite coupling. A consistent physical interpretation of cusps on surfaces requires supersymmetry. The study of unitary minimal models and N = 2 superminimal models indicates that there can exist a set of resonances at the cusps and ends of the surfaces. The uncertainty in the masses of six types of particles at a finite set of cusps is infinitesimal. Tachyon condensation on the ideal boundary would introduce an uncertainty in the mass of a charged particle. The widths of charged particle resonances at the ends of infinite-genus surfaces is not negligible and can be traced to the coupling with tachyons. Full article

This essay explores the notion of Mitsprechen or “with-speaking” in Paul Celan’s poetry. “With-speaking” supposes that voices in the poems actively participate and engage in a dialogue that goes beyond traditional hermeneutic frameworks. Celan’s notion of col-loquy, distinct from the conventional sense of dialogue, challenges the separation between author and interpreter, rendering the traditional concept of intertextuality inadequate. The poems, according to Celan, give voice to human destinies, making texts audible as the voices of others. This vocal dimension of Celan’s poetry has prompted extensive discussion among philosophers, particularly in France. Levinas, Blanchot, and Derrida, influenced by German phenomenology and hermeneutics, critically examine the ethical implications of speaking “about” the other. They challenge traditional hermeneutical practices, emphasizing the responsibility of interpreters to respect the unique and untranslatable character of individual voices. This critique extends to Protestant categories of interpretation, drawing on alternative Jewish perspectives on being-in-the-world and alterity. The text explores the tensions inherent in speaking “for” or “in the name of” others, especially in the context of interpreting Celan’s work, raising questions about maintaining the fundamental difference and distance that otherness implies. The discussion concludes by highlighting Werner Hamacher’s formulation of a new philology that disrupts hermeneutical violence, influenced by the critiques of Blanchot, Levinas, and Derrida, and offering an alternative way of addressing the particular challenges posed by Celan’s poetry. Full article

The time–energy uncertainty relation in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics has been intensely debated with regard to its formal derivation, validity, and physical meaning. Here, we analyze two formal relations proposed by Mandelstam and Tamm and by Margolus and Levitin and evaluate their validity using a minimal quantum toy model composed of a single qubit inside an external magnetic field. We show that the ${\mathsf{\ell }}_1$ norm of energy coherence $\mathcal{C}$ is invariant with respect to the unitary evolution of the quantum state. Thus, the ${\mathsf{\ell }}_1$ norm of energy coherence $\mathcal{C}$ of an initial quantum state is useful for the classification of the ability of quantum observables to change in time or the ability of the quantum state to evolve into an orthogonal state. In the single-qubit toy model, for quantum states with the submaximal ${\mathsf{\ell }}_1$ norm of energy coherence, $\mathcal{C}<1$, the Mandelstam–Tamm and Margolus–Levitin relations generate instances of infinite “time uncertainty” that is devoid of physical meaning. Only for quantum states with the maximal ${\mathsf{\ell }}_1$ norm of energy coherence, $\mathcal{C}=1$, the Mandelstam–Tamm and Margolus–Levitin relations avoid infinite “time uncertainty”, but they both reduce to a strict equality that expresses the Einstein–Planck relation between energy and frequency. The presented results elucidate the fact that the time in the Schrödinger equation is a scalar variable that commutes with the quantum Hamiltonian and is not subject to statistical variance. Full article

The time–energy uncertainty relation (TEUR) plays a fundamental role in quantum mechanics, as it allows the grasping of peculiar aspects of a variety of phenomena based on very general principles and symmetries of the theory. Using the Mandelstam–Tamm method, TEUR has recently been derived for neutrino oscillations by connecting the uncertainty in neutrino energy with the characteristic timescale of oscillations. Interestingly, the suggested interpretation of neutrinos as unstable-like particles has proved to naturally emerge in this context. Further aspects were later discussed in semiclassical gravity theory, by computing corrections to the neutrino energy uncertainty in a generic stationary curved spacetime, and in quantum field theory, where the clock observable turns out to be identified with the non-conserved flavor charge operator. In the present work, we give an overview on the above achievements. In particular, we analyze the implications of TEUR and explore the impact of gravitational and non-relativistic effects on the standard condition for neutrino oscillations. Full article

Aicardi Syndrome (AIC) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder recognized by the classical triad of agenesis of the corpus callosum, chorioretinal lacunae and infantile epileptic spasms syndrome. The diagnostic criteria of AIC were revised in 2005 to include additional phenotypes that are frequently observed in this patient group. AIC has been traditionally considered as X-linked and male lethal because it almost exclusively affects females. Despite numerous genetic and genomic investigations on AIC, a unifying X-linked cause has not been identified. Here, we performed exome and genome sequencing of 10 females with AIC or suspected AIC based on current criteria. We identified a unique de novo variant, each in different genes: KMT2B, SLF1, SMARCB1, SZT2 and WNT8B, in five of these females. Notably, genomic analyses of coding and non-coding single nucleotide variants, short tandem repeats and structural variation highlighted a distinct lack of X-linked candidate genes. We assessed the likely pathogenicity of our candidate autosomal variants using the TOPflash assay for WNT8B and morpholino knockdown in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos for other candidates. We show expression of Wnt8b and Slf1 are restricted to clinically relevant cortical tissues during mouse development. Our findings suggest that AIC is genetically heterogeneous with implicated genes converging on molecular pathways central to cortical development. Full article

Adiabatic compressibility β_S of the 4-methylpyridine + water solution is investigated in a wide concentration and temperature variation interval using Mandelstam–Brillouin scattering spectroscopy. The adiabatic compressibility minimum caused by the microinhomogeneous structure of the solution is experimentally established at the concentration of 0.06 molar fractions of 4-methylpyridine in the solution. The results of the investigations allow the construction of a diagram of possible states caused by a continuous three-dimensional hydrogen bond network of water. The results of experimental study of the excessive hypersound absorption in acetone + water and 3-methylpyridine + water solutions are discussed based on the conclusions of the theory of high-frequency sound scattering near the critical point (developed by Chaban) and the Landau theory. These results are described within the framework of the Landau and Chaban theories and explained by the existence of two different states with minimum thermodynamic stability in the solution. Full article

We provide arguments for the use of the rational form of unitarization, its relation with the diffraction peak shrinkage and asymptotics of the inelastic cross-section. The particular problems of the Regge model and the exponential form of unitarization with a factorized eikonal are discussed as well. A central role belongs to the asymptotic amplitude factorization resulting from Mandelstam analyticity and its symmetry over the scattering variables. Full article

One of the most important properties of stochastic nonlinear processes, including the turbulence of the hydrodynamic motion of continuous media, is distant spatial correlations. To describe them, an approach was proposed by Shlesinger and colleagues based on a linear integro-differential equation with a slowly decaying kernel, which corresponds to superdiffusion (nonlocal) transfer in the regime of Lévy walks (Lévy flights when the finite velocity of the carriers is taken into account). In this paper, we formulate a similar approach that makes it possible to formulate the problem of determining these properties from the scattering spectra of electromagnetic (EM) waves and cross-correlation reflectometry. A universal description of the relationship between the observed symmetric quasi-coherent component in the spectrum of scattered EM waves in plasmas and a process of the Mandelstam–Brillouin scattering type is obtained. It is shown that the nonlocality of spatial correlations of density fluctuations in a turbulent medium is due to long-free-path carriers of the medium’s perturbations, for which the free path distribution function is described by the Lévy distribution. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by the example of the interpretation of the data of cross-correlation reflectometry of EM waves in the radio-frequency range for the diagnosis of turbulent plasma in magnetic confinement devices for axisymmetric toroidal thermonuclear plasma. Full article

We perform a comprehensive analysis of the set of parameters $\left\{r_i\right\}$ that provide the energy distribution of pure qutrits that evolve towards a distinguishable state at a finite time $\tau$, when evolving under an arbitrary and time-independent Hamiltonian. The orthogonality condition is exactly solved, revealing a non-trivial interrelation between $\tau$ and the energy spectrum and allowing the classification of $\left\{r_i\right\}$ into families organized in a 2-simplex, ${\delta }^2$. Furthermore, the states determined by $\left\{r_i\right\}$ are likewise analyzed according to their quantum-speed limit. Namely, we construct a map that distinguishes those $r_i$s in ${\delta }^2$ correspondent to states whose orthogonality time is limited by the Mandelstam–Tamm bound from those restricted by the Margolus–Levitin one. Our results offer a complete characterization of the physical quantities that become relevant in both the preparation and study of the dynamics of three-level states evolving towards orthogonality. Full article

The existence of the effective Lambda-term is a commonly accepted paradigm of modern cosmology, but the physical essence of this quantity remains absolutely unknown, and its numerical values are drastically different in the early and modern universe. In fact, the Lambda-term is usually introduced in the literature either by postulating arbitrary additional terms in the Lagrangians or by employing the empirical equations of state. In our recent series of papers (Yu.V. Dumin. Grav. and Cosmol., v.25, p.169 (2019); v.26, p. 259 (2020); v.27, in press (2021)), we tried to provide a more rigorous physical basis for the effective Lambda-term, starting from the time-energy uncertainty relation in the Mandelstam–Tamm form, which is appropriate for the long-term evolution of quantum systems. This results in the time-dependent Lambda-term, decaying as 1/t. The uncertainty-mediated cosmological model possesses a number of specific features, some of which look rather appealing: (1) While the standard cosmology involves a few very different stages (governed by the Lambda-term, radiation, dustlike matter, and again the Lambda-term), our model provides a universal description of the entire evolution of the universe by the same “quasi-exponential” function. (2) As follows from the analysis of causal structure, the present-day cosmological horizon comprises a single domain developing from the Bing Bang. Therefore, the problems of the homogeneity and isotropy of matter, the absence of topological defects, etc. should be naturally resolved. (3) Besides, our model naturally explains the observed approximately flat 3D space, i.e., the solution with zero curvature is formed “dynamically”, starting from the arbitrary initial conditions. (4) The age of the universe turns out to be much greater than in the standard cosmology; but this should not be a crucial drawback, because the most of problems are associated with insufficient rather than excessive age of the universe. Full article

In the domain of nondissipative unitary Hamiltonian dynamics, the well-known Mandelstam–Tamm–Messiah time–energy uncertainty relation ${\tau }_F{\Delta }_H\ge \hslash /2$ provides a general lower bound to the characteristic time ${\tau }_F={\Delta }_F/|\mathrm{d}⟨F⟩/dt|$ with which the mean value of a generic quantum observable F can change with respect to the width ${\Delta }_F$ of its uncertainty distribution (square root of F fluctuations). A useful practical consequence is that in unitary dynamics the states with longer lifetimes are those with smaller energy uncertainty ${\Delta }_H$ (square root of energy fluctuations). Here we show that when unitary evolution is complemented with a steepest-entropy-ascent model of dissipation, the resulting nonlinear master equation entails that these lower bounds get modified and depend also on the entropy uncertainty ${\Delta }_S$ (square root of entropy fluctuations). For example, we obtain the time–energy-and–time–entropy uncertainty relation ${(2{\tau }_F{\Delta }_H/\hslash )}^2+{({\tau }_F{\Delta }_S/k_{\mathrm{B}}\tau )}^2\ge 1$ where $\tau$ is a characteristic dissipation time functional that for each given state defines the strength of the nonunitary, steepest-entropy-ascent part of the assumed master equation. For purely dissipative dynamics this reduces to the time–entropy uncertainty relation ${\tau }_F{\Delta }_S\ge k_{\mathrm{B}}\tau$ , meaning that the nonequilibrium dissipative states with longer lifetime are those with smaller entropy uncertainty ${\Delta }_S$ . Full article

In this paper, we want to study one loop corrections in Very Special Relativity Standard Model(VSRSM). In order to satisfy the Ward identities and the $Sim\left(2\right)$ symmetry of the model, we have to specify the Feynman rules, including the infrared regulator. To do this, we adapt the Mandelstam–Leibbrandt (ML) prescription to incorporate external momentum-dependent null vectors. As an example, we use the new $Sim\left(2\right)$ invariant dimensional regularization to compute one loop corrections to the effective action in the subsector of the VSRSM that describe the interaction of photons with charged leptons. New stringent bounds for the masses of ${\nu }_e$ and ${\nu }_{\mu }$ are obtained. Full article