Search Results (55)

Indonesia is among the most landslide-prone countries in the world, with thousands of fatalities and widespread infrastructure damage recorded over recent decades. Despite this high hazard level, regional-scale landslide monitoring remains constrained by the limitations of conventional bitemporal satellite imagery, which is susceptible to cloud contamination, dependent on precise acquisition timing, and unable to capture the full temporal dynamics of landslide occurrence and recovery. While the LandTrendr (Landsat-based Detection of Trends in Disturbance and Recovery) algorithm has been widely applied for detecting vegetation disturbances such as forest loss and land-use change, its potential for landslide detection in tropical environments has not been sufficiently explored. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of LandTrendr applied to long-term Landsat time series imagery for automated regional-scale landslide detection and mapping in Indonesia. The method integrates temporal segmentation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Landsat imagery spanning 2000–2022 with slope information from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to identify the characteristic drop-recovery spectral signature associated with landslide events. The algorithm was applied and evaluated in two geologically distinct study areas: Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, and Pasaman, West Sumatra. Detection accuracies of 25.9% by location and 20.3% by area were achieved in Lombok and 76.3% by location and 85.3% by area in Pasaman. The lower accuracy in Lombok is primarily attributed to the predominance of small landslides below the sensor’s spatial resolution and rapid vegetation recovery. The proposed approach demonstrates the unique capability of LandTrendr to model the entire life cycle of a mass movement event, from pre-event stability through abrupt disturbance to ecological recovery within a single unified framework, providing a scalable and cost-effective tool for long-term landslide monitoring applicable to other tropical, landslide-prone regions. Full article

The rapid expansion of tourism in Bali and Lombok has precipitated a state of overtourism, critically challenging their ecological and socio-cultural carrying capacities. This study, conducted between 2023 and 2024, employs a qualitative case study approach to investigate the manifestations of overtourism and the efficacy of prevailing mitigation strategies. Data were collected through 32 in-depth interviews, four focus group discussions, and extensive field observations across key destinations in both islands. The findings reveal that overtourism is not merely a function of high visitor numbers but a symptom of systemic governance failure. Key manifestations include acute environmental degradation, the commodification of cultural heritage, and significant economic leakage that marginalizes local communities. These issues are exacerbated by fragmented policy, weak regulatory enforcement, and the exclusion of local voices from tourism planning. The study concludes that technical solutions such as visitor quotas are insufficient without a fundamental governance paradigm shift. Effective mitigation requires an integrated approach centered on strict carrying capacity enforcement, genuine community empowerment through Community-Based Tourism (CBT), and the strategic use of digital tools for visitor dispersion. This research provides an empirically grounded framework that underscores the imperative of a fundamental governance paradigm shift, aligning tourism development in island destinations with the principles of sustainability and equity. Full article

Maritime safety is a key element of sustainable maritime transportation, particularly in strait regions with dense vessel traffic and dynamic environmental conditions that increase collision risk. Based on historical records, ship collisions can result in severe human casualties, environmental pollution, cargo and infrastructure damage, operational disruptions, and substantial economic losses; therefore, a reliable and integrated safety assessment is essential to support safe, efficient, and sustainable maritime transportation. This study proposes a novel safety index framework to assess the ship’s collision risk by integrating vessel characteristics, ship encounter conditions, operational time parameters, and oceanographic factors such as currents and waves. The analysis is based on questionnaire data, AIS records, and oceanographic information collected over a one-month period with a three-minute temporal resolution. Case studies are conducted in the Bali Strait and the Lombok Strait using grid-based spatial segmentation to represent spatial risk patterns. Two safety index models are developed. Model I emphasizes vessel, encounter, and temporal factors, while Model II extends the assessment by fully integrating oceanographic conditions. To improve interpretability and practical applicability, the calculated safety index is further transformed into a normalized safety index with values bounded between 0 and 1, allowing for explicit risk classification. A multivariate contribution analysis is applied to identify dominant risk factors. The results show that the maritime risk in both straits is mainly influenced by vessel traffic intensity, sailing hours, days of the week, and environmental conditions. High-risk zones in the Bali Strait are concentrated near Ketapang and Gilimanuk Ports, while elevated risks in the Lombok Strait are observed near Padangbai and Lembar Ports and along the ALKI II shipping route. Full article

Building resilient and sustainable energy systems is a critical challenge for disaster-prone regions in the Global South. This study investigates the energy management of a networked microgrid (NMG) system on Lombok Island, Indonesia, a region frequently exposed to natural disasters (NDs) and characterized by vulnerable grid infrastructure. A multi-objective optimization framework is developed to jointly minimize operational costs, load-not-served, and environmental impacts under both normal and abnormal operating conditions. The proposed strategy employs the Multi-objective JAYA (MJAYA) algorithm to coordinate photovoltaic generation, diesel generators, battery energy storage systems, and inter-microgrid power exchanges within a 20 kV distribution network. Using real load, generation, and electricity price data, we evaluate the NMG’s performance under five representative fault scenarios that emulate ND-induced outages, including grid disconnection and loss of inter-microgrid links. Results show that the interconnected NMG structure significantly enhances system resilience, reducing load-not-served from 366.3 kWh in fully isolated operation to only 31.7 kWh when interconnections remain intact. These findings highlight the critical role of cooperative microgrid networks in strengthening community-level energy resilience in vulnerable regions. The proposed framework offers a practical decision-support tool for planners and governments seeking to enhance energy security and advance sustainable development in disaster-affected areas. Full article

This study examines how institutional signals shape Muslim tourists’ willingness to pay for conservation in the Rinjani–Lombok UNESCO Global Geopark, Indonesia. Drawing on justice theory, signaling theory, and Islamic stewardship principles, the model positions distributive and procedural justice as positive antecedents of trust in governance, while greenwashing functions as a negative signal. Trust is theorized as the proximal driver of willingness to pay, with perceived overtourism and Islamic religious centrality as contextual moderators. Data were collected through an on-site intercept survey of 235 Muslim tourists across major entry points and viewpoints in the geopark, with balanced coverage of weekdays, weekends, and time periods. Analysis was conducted using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings confirm that fairness strengthens trust, greenwashing undermines it, and trust significantly predicts willingness to contribute. The trust–payment link is weakened by overtourism but reinforced by religiosity, underscoring the role of credible and culturally resonant governance. Full article

Suboptimal land conditions, characterized by limited nutrient availability and poor soil physical properties, restrict the growth and productivity of maize–soybean intercropping systems. Bioameliorants containing beneficial microorganisms, such as mycorrhizae, offer a sustainable strategy to enhance soil fertility and nutrient uptake efficiency. This study evaluated the effects of different bioameliorant compositions on nitrogen availability, plant growth, and yield in maize–soybean intercropping on suboptimal land. A randomized complete block design with four replicates tested five treatments: F0 (control, no bioameliorant), F1 (10% compost + 10% rice husk charcoal + 10% manure + 70% mycorrhizal biofertilizer), F2 (15% each of compost, manure, charcoal + 55% biofertilizer), F3 (20% each + 40% biofertilizer), and F4 (25% each component). Results showed that the balanced F4 bioameliorant markedly improved nitrogen availability, soil health, and yields in maize–soybean intercropping on sandy soils. These findings highlight its potential as a sustainable strategy to enhance productivity, reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers, and strengthen agroecosystem resilience on suboptimal land. The optimized F4 formulation therefore represents a practical approach to improving nutrient availability and plant performance in maize–soybean intercropping systems under marginal soil conditions. Full article

Agriculture accounts for 29% of the Gross Domestic Product of the Nusa Tenggara Islands (NTIs). However, recurring agricultural droughts pose a major threat to the sustainability of agriculture in this region. The interplay between precipitation, solar radiation, and surface temperature as meteorological factors plays a key role in affecting vegetation (Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index) and agricultural drought (Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index) in the NTIs. Based on the analyses of interplay with temporal lag, this study investigates the effect of each factor on agricultural drought and attempts to provide early warnings regarding drought in the NTIs. We collected surface information data from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Meanwhile, rainfall was estimated from Himawari-8 based on the INSAT Multi-Spectral Rainfall Algorithm (IMSRA). The results showed reliable performance for 8-day and monthly scales against gauges. The drought analysis results reveal that the NTIs suffer from mild-to-moderate droughts, where cropland is the most vulnerable, causing shifts in the rice cropping season. The driving factors could also explain >60% of the vegetation and surface-dryness conditions. Furthermore, our monthly and 8-day TVDI estimation models could capture spatial drought patterns consistent with MODIS, with coefficient of determination (R²) values of more than 0.64. The low error rates and the ability to capture the spatial distribution of droughts, especially in open-land vegetation, highlight the potential of these models to provide an estimation of agricultural drought. Full article

The 2018 Lombok (Indonesia) earthquake caused widespread destruction, significantly affecting both infrastructure and the socio-cultural fabric of local communities. While rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts primarily focus on restoring physical assets, the social and cultural dimensions critical to fostering community resilience are often overlooked. This research explores the concept of Cultural Resilience in promoting post-disaster recovery, with a particular focus on the Sasak Tribe in Lombok. By examining how cultural values, practices, and social networks contribute to adaptive capacity, the study seeks to integrate cultural resilience into disaster recovery strategies. The research employs a mixed-method approach, involving the identification of key characteristics of cultural resilience, mapping the levels of resilience within the community, and analyzing the social networks of cultural actors involved in post-disaster recovery. Through this, a “Build-Back Better” scenario is developed, which aligns rehabilitation plans with local cultural values. The findings are expected to enhance culture-based resilience and offer policy implications for more holistic disaster recovery interventions that strengthen both physical and cultural aspects of community resilience.) Full article

The Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) forms part of the global ocean conveyor belt and thermohaline circulation that has a significant influence in controlling the global climate. This region of the ocean has very few observations using surface drifters, and this study presents, for the first time, paths of satellite tracked drifters released in the Timor Sea (123.3° E, 13.8° S). The drifter data were used to identify the ocean dynamics, forcing mechanisms and connectivity in the SETIO region. The data set has high temporal (~5 min) and spatial (~120 m) resolution and were collected over an 8-month period between 17 September 2020 and 25 May 2021. At the end of 250 days, drifters covered a region separated by ~8000 km (83–137° E, 4–21° S) and transited through several forcing mechanisms including semidiurnal and diurnal tides, submesoscale and mesoscale eddies, channel and headland flows, and inertial currents generated by tropical storms. Initially, all the drifters moved as a single cluster, and at 120° E longitude they entered a region of high eddy kinetic energy defined here as the ‘SETIO Mixing Zone’ (SMZ), and their movement was highly variable. All the drifters remained within the SMZ for periods between 3 and 5 months. Exiting the SMZ, drifters followed the major ocean currents in the system (either South Java or South Equatorial Current). Two of the drifters moved north through Lombok and Sape Straits and travelled to the east as far as Aru Islands. The results of this study have many implications for connectivity and transport of buoyant materials (e.g., plastics), as numerical models do not have the ability to resolve many of the fine-scale physical processes that contribute to surface transport and mixing in the ocean. Full article

Ethnic Sasak Sunni Muslims make up the overwhelming majority on the Indonesian island of Lombok. Balinese Hindus, who have cultural similarities with the Muslim Sasaks, make up 3%. They have a long history on the island. In 1960, a small group of Ahmadi Muslims settled in Lombok. The article explains how the Sunni majority has related to the two minority groups—seen in the light of the Indonesian national motto “Unity in diversity”. Sunnis act differently in these matters. The cordial relationship between many Sunnis and Balinese Hindus, exemplified by the common joint rituals, is contrasted with the Sunnis’ rejection of the members of the Ahmadiyya movement. The object of analysis is how to understand and explain the varying kinds of relationships among the relevant groups. The analysis is methodologically based on historical, cultural, psychological, and sociological perspectives and theories. Why do Sasak Sunnis in Lombok have more negative feelings toward the Ahmadis compared to the Hindus, even though the dogmatic differences are greater regarding the Hindus? The article also discusses possible ways of mitigating the conflicts. Full article

Roundabouts are widely used in road transport to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion by enabling continuous movement in a circular pattern, minimizing stops, enhancing safety, and reducing delays compared to that of signaled intersections. However, roundabouts are rarely used in marine traffic. This study investigates the feasibility of redesigning existing rectangular precautionary areas within traffic separation schemes (TSSs) into circular roundabouts using marine traffic data incorporating both the number of ships passing and crossing, as well as microscopic movement data to further analyze the follow-up times and gaps based on ship domains. This study further assesses the overall performance of the proposed design, drawing on notable formulas and best practices in road transport. The Lombok Strait TSS, in Indonesia, is used as the study area, which is a particularly sensitive sea area and one of the critical “chokepoints” in the maritime supply chain. The results indicate that replacing rectangular areas with circular roundabouts in a TSS can significantly improve traffic management and navigation safety. This study offers a practical approach for redesigning rectangular precautionary areas into circular roundabouts and provides valuable insights for maritime authorities and policymakers aiming to develop more efficient TSS designs in the future. Full article

This research explores the role of culture-based leadership in enhancing the quality of human resources in Sekolah Penggerak (model schools) in North Lombok, Indonesia. The study specifically focuses on the cultural wisdom of Tioq, Tata, and Tunaq (3T) inherent to the Sasak community and its integration into the leadership practices of elementary school principals. Employing a qualitative multi-case study approach, the research investigated how 3T influenced the leadership styles and effectiveness of principals in five selected elementary model schools. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and societal outcomes. The research underscores the importance of local cultural values in shaping effective leadership and promoting sustainable educational development. The study contributes to the literature on educational leadership by presenting a new model of leadership that integrates local cultural wisdom. This model can serve as a valuable reference for other regions in Indonesia and similar cultural contexts. The implications suggest that educational leadership development programs should incorporate local cultural values to address contextual challenges and improve the quality of education holistically. Full article

One of the main challenges of Lombok Island, Indonesia, is the significant disparity between peak load and base load, reaching 100 MW during peak hours, which is substantial considering the island’s specific energy dynamics. Battery energy storage systems provide power during peak times, alleviating grid stress and reducing the necessity for grid upgrades. By 2030, one of the proposed capacity development scenarios on the island involves deploying large-scale lithium-ion batteries to better manage the integration of solar generation. This paper focuses on the life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of a lithium iron phosphate large-scale battery energy storage system in Lombok to evaluate the environmental and economic impacts of this battery development scenario. This analysis considers a cradle-to-grave model and defines 10 environmental and 4 economic midpoint indicators to assess the impact of battery energy storage system integration with Lombok’s grid across manufacturing, operation, and recycling processes. From a life cycle assessment perspective, the operation subsystem contributes most significantly to global warming, while battery manufacturing is responsible for acidification, photochemical ozone formation, human toxicity, and impacts on marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Recycling processes notably affect freshwater due to their release of 4.69 × 10⁻⁴ kg of lithium. The life cycle costing results indicate that over 85% of total costs are associated with annualized capital costs at a 5% discount rate. The levelized cost of lithium iron phosphate batteries for Lombok is approximately 0.0066, demonstrating that lithium-ion batteries are an economically viable option for Lombok’s 2030 capacity development scenario. A sensitivity analysis of input data and electricity price fluctuations confirms the reliability of our results within a 20% margin of error. Moreover, increasing electricity prices for battery energy storage systems in Lombok can reduce the payback period to 3.5 years. Full article

Tourism on Gili Air, a small coral island in Indonesia, has increased significantly. Groundwater is the primary water source on the island. This study aims to estimate the sustainability of groundwater use on this small coral island. It conducts an initial assessment of the freshwater lens system using cost-effective methods to evaluate the available freshwater volume and sustainability of water withdrawals related to tourism. The results and methods can be transferred to other low-lying islands. The results show that Gili Air has a well-developed freshwater lens, estimated to contain 2 million cubic meters of water, with an annual recharge rate four times higher than the water demand of the island’s inhabitants. However, our findings suggest that the rapid increase in tourism resulted in unsustainable water withdrawals between 2016 and 2019. Without proper groundwater monitoring and management, this could lead to seawater intrusion into the aquifer. Full article

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the operation management of a multi-node community microgrid (MG), emphasizing power flow constraints and the integration of photovoltaic (PV) and battery systems. This study formulates MG operation management as a multi-objective optimal power flow problem, aiming to minimize costs (maximize profits) and emissions simultaneously. The multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MPSO) method is employed to tackle this complex optimization challenge, yielding a Pareto optimal front that represents the trade-offs between these conflicting objectives. In addition to the normative operation scenarios, this research investigates the robustness of the MG system in the face of abnormal situations. These abnormal scenarios include damage to the PV system, sudden increases in the MG load, and the loss of connection to the main electricity grid. This study focuses on Lombok Island, Indonesia as a practical case study, acknowledging the ongoing efforts to implement the community MG concept in this region. It is observed that when the access to the electricity grid is limited, the energy not served (ENS) increases to 2.88 MWh. During the fault scenario in which there is a 20% increase in the hourly load of each MG, a total of 4.5 MWh ENS is obtained. It is concluded that a resilient operation management system is required to ensure a consistent and reliable energy supply in community MGs in the face of disruptions. Full article