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Keywords = LLC control

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15 pages, 4616 KiB  
Article
A Novel Wide-Gain-Range Variable-Structure DC/DC Converter Based on an LLC Resonant Converter
by Qingqing He, Shun Tang, Dan Ren, Zhaoyang Tang, Qisheng Zhu, Chao Tang and Keliang Zhou
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3664; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143664 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 375
Abstract
The LLC resonant converter, as an isolated DC-DC conversion topology, has been widely adopted in industrial applications. However, when operating under wide input/output voltage ranges, a broad switching frequency range is required to achieve the desired voltage gain. This wide frequency variation complicates [...] Read more.
The LLC resonant converter, as an isolated DC-DC conversion topology, has been widely adopted in industrial applications. However, when operating under wide input/output voltage ranges, a broad switching frequency range is required to achieve the desired voltage gain. This wide frequency variation complicates the design of magnetic components, causes loss of soft-switching characteristics, and deteriorates electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance. To address these challenges, this paper presents a detailed analysis of the L-LCLC resonant converter. By controlling the connection/disconnection of additional inductors and capacitors through switching devices, the topology achieves structural reconfiguration to enhance the voltage gain range. Optimal mode transition points are selected to ensure stable operation during mode transitions, thereby reducing design complexity, minimizing transition losses, and suppressing voltage/current stress. The parameter design methodology for the additional reactive components is systematically developed. The converter’s performance is validated with Simulink, and the experimental prototype is established with 100 W. Both simulation and experimental results confirm that the L-LCLC resonant converter achieves a wide voltage gain range within a narrow frequency band while maintaining stable mode transitions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability of Power Electronics Devices and Converter Systems)
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17 pages, 4761 KiB  
Article
Research on Power Conversion and Control Technology of Ocean Buoy Tidal Energy Power Supply System
by Changpo Song, Fengyong Sun and Fan Yang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061129 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 408
Abstract
This paper proposes a Boost + LLC converter-based power controller for ocean buoy tidal energy systems. To optimize output power across a wide input voltage range (40–120 V) and achieve effective power tracking control, we introduce two key innovations as follows: (1) a [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a Boost + LLC converter-based power controller for ocean buoy tidal energy systems. To optimize output power across a wide input voltage range (40–120 V) and achieve effective power tracking control, we introduce two key innovations as follows: (1) a variable-mode inverter hybrid control strategy, combining smooth-mode switching with inverter control to enable wide gain range regulation. (2) An improved Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm, enhanced by integrating a PSO-based elite wolf search strategy preventing local optima and maximizing power capture. Saber and Matlab simulations demonstrate that the proposed approach yields faster power tracking response and increases output power by 5–10% compared to traditional methods. The combined controller and improved GWO algorithm provide a stable and efficient solution for small-scale ocean energy systems, offering practical insights for power regulation in other marine energy sources like wave, wind, and solar. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
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22 pages, 21215 KiB  
Article
High-Performance Two-Stage DC/DC Converter Based on LADRC-PI Hybrid Control for PEM Electrolyzer Hydrogen Production
by Qingshuai Yu, Zhenao Sun, Yetong Han, Tuanlong Zhang, Rongxing Zhang and Muhua Lin
Micromachines 2025, 16(6), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16060665 - 31 May 2025
Viewed by 583
Abstract
While DC/DC converters for water electrolysis systems have been widely investigated, they inherently face a critical compromise between wide voltage regulation capabilities and dynamic response characteristics. This study is based on a two-stage hybrid topology (TSIB-TPLLC) that synergistically combines a two-phase interleaved buck [...] Read more.
While DC/DC converters for water electrolysis systems have been widely investigated, they inherently face a critical compromise between wide voltage regulation capabilities and dynamic response characteristics. This study is based on a two-stage hybrid topology (TSIB-TPLLC) that synergistically combines a two-phase interleaved buck converter with a three-phase LLC resonant converter to resolve this challenge. The first-stage interleaved buck converter enables wide-range voltage regulation while reducing input current ripple and minimizing intermediate bus capacitance through phase-interleaved operation. The subsequent three-phase LLC stage operates at a fixed resonant frequency, achieving inherent output current ripple suppression through multi-phase cancellation while maintaining high conversion efficiency. A dual-loop control architecture incorporating linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) with PI compensation is developed to improve transient response compared to conventional PI-based methods. Finally, a 1.2 kW experimental prototype with an input voltage of 250 V and an output voltage of 24 V demonstrates the converter’s operational feasibility and enhanced steady-state/transient performance, confirming its suitability for hydrogen production applications. Full article
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25 pages, 4440 KiB  
Article
PWM–PFM Hybrid Control of Three-Port LLC Resonant Converter for DC Microgrids
by Yi Zhang, Xiangjie Liu, Jiamian Wang, Baojiang Wu, Feilong Liu and Junfeng Xie
Energies 2025, 18(10), 2615; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102615 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 539
Abstract
This article proposes a high-efficiency isolated three-port resonant converter for DC microgrids, combining a dual active bridge (DAB)–LLC topology with hybrid Pulse Width Modulat-Pulse Frequency Modulation (PWM-PFM) phase shift control. Specifically, the integration of a dual active bridge and LLC resonant structure with [...] Read more.
This article proposes a high-efficiency isolated three-port resonant converter for DC microgrids, combining a dual active bridge (DAB)–LLC topology with hybrid Pulse Width Modulat-Pulse Frequency Modulation (PWM-PFM) phase shift control. Specifically, the integration of a dual active bridge and LLC resonant structure with interleaved buck/boost stages eliminates cascaded conversion losses. Energy flows bidirectionally between ports via zero-voltage switching, achieving a 97.2% efficiency across 150–300 V input ranges, which is a 15% improvement over conventional cascaded designs. Also, an improved PWM-PFM shift control scheme dynamically allocates power between ports without altering switching frequency. By decoupling power regulation and leveraging resonant tank optimization, this strategy reduces control complexity while maintaining a ±2.5% voltage ripple under 20% load transients. Additionally, a switch-controlled capacitor network and frequency tuning enable resonant parameter adjustment, achieving a 1:2 voltage gain range without auxiliary circuits. It reduces cost penalties compared to dual-transformer solutions, making the topology viable for heterogeneous DC microgrids. Based on a detailed theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed concept. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
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15 pages, 4463 KiB  
Article
Norfloxacin Derivative with Carbazole at C-7 FQB-1 Induces Cytotoxic, Antiproliferative, and Antitumor Effects in an Experimental Lung Carcinoma Model
by Alondra Bocanegra-Zapata, Hiram Hernández-López, Socorro Leyva-Ramos, Rodolfo Daniel Cervantes-Villagrana, Marisol Galván-Valencia, L. Angel Veyna-Hurtado, Norma Guadalupe Ramírez Tovar, Damaris Albores-García, Juan Armando Flores de la Torre and Alberto Rafael Cervantes-Villagrana
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(5), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050664 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 4191
Abstract
Background: Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), lung cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among both men and women. Despite the various pharmacological and biological treatments available for lung cancer, [...] Read more.
Background: Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), lung cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among both men and women. Despite the various pharmacological and biological treatments available for lung cancer, their effectiveness has often fallen short, and the side effects can be severe. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to identify and develop novel compounds with enhanced anti-tumor efficacy and improved safety profiles. Research has shown that fluoroquinolone derivatives exhibit a broad cytotoxic spectrum comparable to other drugs used in clinical chemotherapy. Objective: The aim of this work was to synthesize and evaluate the cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumor effects of FQB-1, a novel fluoroquinolone derivative. Results: In silico molecular docking analysis demonstrated a strong interaction between FQB-1 and human topoisomerase, with a binding affinity score of –9.8 kcal/mol. In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative assays were conducted using the Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cell line. FQB-1 was tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100.0, and 150.0 µg/mL. Significant cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects were observed at concentrations of 50–150 µg/mL after 24 h of treatment. To evaluate FQB-1′s efficacy in vivo, a syngeneic tumor model was established in C57BL/6 mice. Treatment with FQB-1 (100 mg/kg) resulted in a marked reduction in tumor volume compared to the untreated control group. Histopathological analysis of tumor tissues from treated animals revealed a decrease in mitotic index and an increase in necrotic regions, indicating compromised tumor viability. Conclusions: FQB-1 exhibits cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects and can reduce tumor growth while compromising tumor viability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluoroquinolones)
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10 pages, 661 KiB  
Article
Effect of a Living–Learning Community on Nursing Student Outcomes—A Prospective Cohort Study
by Mary Bennett, Melissa Travelsted, Vickie Shoumake and Matthew Atkinson
Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(5), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15050144 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 481
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Prior studies have shown that most students seeking entry into a nursing program (also known as pre-nursing students) do not make it into the nursing profession, mostly due to failing one or more science courses in their first year of college. These [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Prior studies have shown that most students seeking entry into a nursing program (also known as pre-nursing students) do not make it into the nursing profession, mostly due to failing one or more science courses in their first year of college. These students give up on nursing, dropping out of college or changing to a less challenging major. Objectives: We aimed to determine the effect of a living learning community (LLC) on the retention and success of students seeking entry into a Baccalaureate Science Nursing (BSN) program. Methods: The aim of this descriptive, prospective cohort project was to improve student retention and success by creating a living–learning community (LLC) for first-year students preparing to apply to a BSN program. The effectiveness of this intervention was determined by comparing retention and success for those in the LLC with those who were not in the LLC over a period of 4 years. Results: Fewer students in the LLC dropped out of or failed college (21% vs. 33%), fewer changed majors (24% vs. 27%), and more were ultimately admitted to the BSN program (42% vs. 36%) during their 3rd year of college. Of those not admitted within the study’s timeframe, there were more students still preparing to apply to a BSN program than those not in the LLC (13% vs. 3%). Regarding minority outcomes, fewer LLC underrepresented minority (URM) students dropped out of college or failed (29% vs. 43%), but more of them changed majors and remained in college, working towards a college degree in another field of study (43% vs. 29%). There was no apparent effect of participation in the LLC program on minority student nursing program admission success. An equal percentage (29%) of minority students from the LLC group and the non-LLC group were admitted to the BSN program during this study. Conclusions: The limitations affecting this study include the prohibition of large face-to-face gatherings during the initial part of this study and the lingering effects of the pandemic and infection control efforts on student learning outcomes. As reported in prior research, first-year nursing students have a high risk of failing or dropping out of college. However, the students who were able to participate in the LLC demonstrated better student outcomes than those who did not, resulting in more students who were able to move towards their goal of becoming a nurse. Full article
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14 pages, 7854 KiB  
Article
Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple
by Roland Unruh, Joachim Böcker and Frank Schafmeister
Electronics 2025, 14(8), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517 - 9 Apr 2025
Viewed by 711
Abstract
The LLC converter achieves the highest efficiency in resonant operation. Conventionally, the input DC-link voltage is controlled to operate the LLC converter at resonance for the given operating point. However, the DC-link capacitor voltage shows a low-frequency voltage ripple (typically the second harmonic [...] Read more.
The LLC converter achieves the highest efficiency in resonant operation. Conventionally, the input DC-link voltage is controlled to operate the LLC converter at resonance for the given operating point. However, the DC-link capacitor voltage shows a low-frequency voltage ripple (typically the second harmonic of grid frequency) in cascaded converters so that the LLC has to adapt its switching frequency within the grid period. Conventionally, the LLC converter operates 50% of the time above the resonant frequency of 40 kHz and 50% below resonance. Both operating conditions cause additional losses. However, experimental measurements indicate that the below-resonance operation causes significantly higher losses than above-resonance operation due to much higher primary and secondary transformer currents. It is better to increase the DC-link voltage by 30% of the peak-to-peak low-frequency voltage ripple to mostly avoid below-resonance operation (i.e., from 650 V to 680 V in this case). With the proposed control, the LLC converter operates about 75% of time over resonance and only 25% of time below resonance. The overall efficiency increases from 97.66% to 97.7% for the average operating point with an 80% load current. This corresponds to a 2% total loss reduction. Finally, the peak resonance capacitor voltage decreases from 910 V to 790 V (−13%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies in Power Converters, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 17437 KiB  
Article
A Parallel Dual LLC Resonant Converter with Wide Output Voltage Range for Energy System Applications
by Chih-Chiang Hua, Jian-Bin Lai and Wei-Cheng Hung
Energies 2025, 18(7), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071635 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 606
Abstract
This paper proposes a half-bridge parallel dual LLC resonant converter with wide output voltage range. The proposed converter uses a conventional parallel double half-bridge LLC resonant converter. On the primary side of the converter, only one of the two half bridges is used [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a half-bridge parallel dual LLC resonant converter with wide output voltage range. The proposed converter uses a conventional parallel double half-bridge LLC resonant converter. On the primary side of the converter, only one of the two half bridges is used to control the two resonant loops. Due to the resonance of the converter, the active switches can achieve ZVS (zero-voltage switching), and the rectifier diode can also achieve ZCS (zero-current switching), and thus the switching loss is reduced. The current stress can be reduced and power can be distributed on both of the primary side and/or the secondary side. A voltage regulation circuit is designed on the secondary side to achieve the function of wide output voltage. The operation and analysis of the proposed converter are described in detail. The experiments were carried out on a circuit prototype, which is a converter with DC input voltage of 384 V and output voltage of 24–40 V and operating at a switching frequency of 107 kHz. The feasibility and performance of the proposed converter were verified by simulation and experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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32 pages, 6147 KiB  
Article
Optimized Real-Time Energy Management and Neural Network-Based Control for Photovoltaic-Integrated Hybrid Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems
by Ruben Rafael Boros, Marcell Jobbágy and István Bodnár
Energies 2025, 18(6), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061321 - 7 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 799
Abstract
The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems and the need for reliable backup power solutions have led to the development of hybrid uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. These systems integrate PV energy storage with battery backup and grid power to optimize real-time energy [...] Read more.
The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems and the need for reliable backup power solutions have led to the development of hybrid uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. These systems integrate PV energy storage with battery backup and grid power to optimize real-time energy management. This paper proposes an advanced energy management strategy and an artificial neural network (ANN)-based control method for PV-integrated hybrid UPS systems. The proposed strategy dynamically determines the optimal power-sharing ratio between battery storage and the grid based on real-time economic parameters, load demand, and battery state of charge (SoC). A centralized ANN-based controller ensures precise control of the LLC converter and rectifier, achieving stable and efficient power distribution. Additionally, a genetic algorithm is implemented to optimize the power sharing ratio, minimizing the LCOE under varying load and electricity pricing conditions. The proposed approach is validated through simulations, demonstrating significant improvements in cost-effectiveness, system stability, and dynamic adaptability compared to conventional control methods. These findings suggest that integrating ANN-based control with optimized energy management can enhance the efficiency and sustainability of hybrid UPS systems, particularly in fluctuating energy markets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
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17 pages, 5705 KiB  
Article
A Multifaceted Computational Approach to Identify PAD4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
by Mansour S. Alturki, Mohamed S. Gomaa, Nada Tawfeeq, Abdulaziz H. Al Khzem, Mohsina B. Shaik, Murtadha Alshaikh Jafar, Mohammad Alsamen, Hasan Al Nahab, Mohammad Al-Eid, Alhassan Almutawah, Thankhoe A. Rants’o, Khaled A. G. Ayil and Mohammed Almaghrabi
Metabolites 2025, 15(3), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15030156 - 25 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1298
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Neutrophil cells’ lysis forms the extracellular traps (NETs) to counter the foreign body during insults to the body. Peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) participates in this process and is then released into the extracellular fluid with the lysed cell components. In some diseases, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Neutrophil cells’ lysis forms the extracellular traps (NETs) to counter the foreign body during insults to the body. Peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) participates in this process and is then released into the extracellular fluid with the lysed cell components. In some diseases, patients with abnormal function of PADs, especially PAD 4, tend to form autoantibodies against the abnormal citrullinated proteins that are the result of PAD activity on arginine side chains. Those antibodies, which are highly distinct in RA, are distinctly anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). This study used an in-silico drug repurposing approach of FDA-approved medications to identify potential alternative medications that can inhibit this process and address solutions to the current limitations of existing therapies. Methods: We utilized Maestro Schrödinger as a computational tool for preparing and docking simulations on the PAD 4 enzyme crystal structure that is retrieved from RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 4X8G) while the docked FDA-approved medications are obtained from the Zinc 15 database. The protein was bound to GSK 199—an investigational compound—as a positive control for the docked molecules. Preparation of the protein was performed by Schrödinger Protein Preparation Wizard tool. Binding pocket determination was performed by Glide software (Schrödinger Release 2021–3:Schrödinger, LLC., New York, NY, USA, 2021). and validation of molecular docking was carried out through the redocking of GSK 199 and superimposition. After that, standard and induced fit docking were performed. Results/Conclusions: Among the four obtained hits Pemetrexed, Leucovorin, Chlordiazepoxide, and Ioversol, which showed the highest XP scores providing favorable binding interactions. The induced-fit docking (IFD) results displayed the strong binding affinities of Ioversol, Pemetrexed, Leucovorin, Chlordiazepoxide in the order IFD values −11.617, −10.599, −10.521, −9.988, respectively. This research investigates Pemetrexed, Leucovorin, Chlordiazepoxide, and Ioversol as potential repurposing agents in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as they are identified as PAD4 inhibitors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advances in Metabolomics)
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21 pages, 2535 KiB  
Article
A Bidirectional Resonant Converter Based on Partial Power Processing
by Junfeng Liu, Zhouzhou Wu and Qinglin Zhao
Electronics 2025, 14(5), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14050910 - 25 Feb 2025
Viewed by 806
Abstract
This article proposes a bidirectional half-bridge resonant converter based on partial power regulation. The converter adopts an LLC converter as a DC-DC transformer (LLC-DCX) in the main power circuit and works in the open loop at the resonant frequency to give full play [...] Read more.
This article proposes a bidirectional half-bridge resonant converter based on partial power regulation. The converter adopts an LLC converter as a DC-DC transformer (LLC-DCX) in the main power circuit and works in the open loop at the resonant frequency to give full play to the performance advantages of the LLC resonant converter. The partial power regulation circuit incorporates a synchronous Buck converter, enabling forward and backward power transmission by controlling the power flow direction. The converter achieves soft switching in both forward and backward directions, thereby reducing switching losses and enhancing conversion efficiency. Compared with the LLC-DCX converter, this converter can achieve wide voltage gain regulation while having high efficiency, which makes it suitable for charge–discharge applications between energy storage systems and DC Buses. In order to verify the performance of the proposed converter, a 1 kW prototype was constructed, maintaining a constant primary voltage of 400 V and a secondary voltage range of 350 V to 450 V. Experimental results indicate that the prototype achieves peak efficiencies of 97.74% in forward operation and 96.92% in backward operation, thoroughly demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed converter. Full article
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15 pages, 4481 KiB  
Article
In Situ Tumor Vaccination Using Lipid Nanoparticles to Deliver Interferon-β mRNA Cargo
by Kenji Kimura, Aidan Aicher, Emma Niemeyer, Phurin Areesawangkit, Caitlin Tilsed, Karen P. Fong, Tyler E. Papp, Steven M. Albelda, Hamideh Parhiz and Jarrod D. Predina
Vaccines 2025, 13(2), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020178 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1913
Abstract
Background: In situ cancer vaccination is a therapeutic approach that involves stimulating the immune system in order to generate a polyclonal, anti-tumor response against an array of tumor neoantigens. Traditionally, in situ vaccination approaches have utilized adenoviral vectors to deliver immune-stimulating genes directly [...] Read more.
Background: In situ cancer vaccination is a therapeutic approach that involves stimulating the immune system in order to generate a polyclonal, anti-tumor response against an array of tumor neoantigens. Traditionally, in situ vaccination approaches have utilized adenoviral vectors to deliver immune-stimulating genes directly to the tumor microenvironment. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated delivery methods offer several advantages over adenoviral delivery approaches, including increased safety, repeated administration potential, and enhanced tumor microenvironment activation. Methods: To explore in situ vaccination using LNPs, we evaluated LNP-mediated delivery of a reporter gene, mCherry, and an immune-stimulating gene, IFNβ, in several in vitro and in vivo models of lung cancer. Results: In vitro experiments demonstrated successful transfection of murine cancer cell lines with LNPs carrying both mCherry and IFN-β mRNA, resulting in high expression levels and IFNβ production. In vivo studies using LLC.ova flank tumors showed that intratumoral injection of IFNβ-mRNA LNPs led to significant IFNβ production within the tumor microenvironment, with minimal systemic exposure. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by injecting established LLC.ova flank tumors with IFNβ-mRNA LNPs bi-weekly for two weeks. Treated tumors showed significant growth inhibition compared to controls. Flow cytometric analysis of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes revealed that tumors injected with IFNβ-mRNA LNPs were associated with an increased CD8:CD4 T-cell ratio among lymphocytes, more CD69-expressing CD8 T-cells, and an increased presence of M1 macrophages. Efficacy and an abscopal effect were confirmed in a squamous cell carcinoma model, MOC1. No toxicity was observed. Conclusions: These findings show that intratumoral LNP delivery of immune-stimulating mRNA transcripts, such as IFNβ, can effectively stimulate local anti-tumor immune responses and warrants further investigation as a potential immunotherapeutic approach for cancer. Full article
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20 pages, 5287 KiB  
Article
Research on NOx Emissions Testing and Optimization Strategies for Diesel Engines Under Low-Load Cycles
by Fengbin Wang, Jianfu Zhao, Tengteng Li, Peng Guan, Shuangxi Liu, Haiqiao Wei and Lei Zhou
Atmosphere 2025, 16(2), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16020190 - 7 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1539
Abstract
Under low-load cycles (LLCs), the issue of high NOx emissions from diesel engines is attracting widespread attention. Through a combination of experimental and simulation approaches, the NOx emission behavior under LLC conditions was investigated. Furthermore, the optimization strategies for reducing NOx emissions was [...] Read more.
Under low-load cycles (LLCs), the issue of high NOx emissions from diesel engines is attracting widespread attention. Through a combination of experimental and simulation approaches, the NOx emission behavior under LLC conditions was investigated. Furthermore, the optimization strategies for reducing NOx emissions was studied based on a dual selective catalytic reduction (SCR) after-treatment system. The results indicate that emissions at load rates below 30% during LLCs account for more than 67.5% of the total cycle emissions, particularly under idling and start-stop conditions. Moreover, it was found that NOx emissions decrease significantly by using a pre-positioned dual SCR after-treatment system. And, the closer the SCR is to the engine, the higher the NOx conversion efficiency becomes. As the SCR’s position is adjusted, the rate of NOx removal stabilizes, achieving a maximum reduction in NOx concentration of up to 60.1%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution Control)
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16 pages, 5232 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Static Ammonia Mixer in Denox Unit of Flue Gas Purification Plant
by Anton L. Esipovich, Andrey V. Vorotyntsev, Andrey A. Roslyakov, Dmitry E. Sykhanov, Olga A. Demchenko, Anton V. Stepykin and Konstantin K. Shirshin
Energies 2025, 18(2), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020295 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 665
Abstract
The modeling of a mixer used for mixing ammonia and flue gasses is considered. Simulations were performed using Flow Vision 3.14 (TESIS LLC). As a result of the simulation, the distribution of concentrations along the mixer length was obtained at 50%, 65%, 85%, [...] Read more.
The modeling of a mixer used for mixing ammonia and flue gasses is considered. Simulations were performed using Flow Vision 3.14 (TESIS LLC). As a result of the simulation, the distribution of concentrations along the mixer length was obtained at 50%, 65%, 85%, and full flue gas loading. It was found that operations at 100% and 85% gas loads are accompanied by an acceptable distribution of ammonia in the mixer volume (Cov = 0.05). The development and creation of an experimental model in real production was carried out according to the results of the numerical simulation. The simulation results were compared with experimental data on the speed and concentration of ammonia in the control section. The discrepancy, in general, did not exceed 15%. The developed mixer corresponds to modern developments in terms of mixing quality but is simpler in design and more compact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section J1: Heat and Mass Transfer)
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34 pages, 2061 KiB  
Review
Towards Energy Efficiency: Innovations in High-Frequency Converters for Renewable Energy Systems and Electric Vehicles
by Paul Arévalo, Danny Ochoa-Correa and Edisson Villa-Ávila
Vehicles 2025, 7(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7010001 - 30 Dec 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2435
Abstract
This study reviews advancements in high-frequency converters for renewable energy systems and electric vehicles, emphasizing their role in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability. Using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, 73 high-quality studies from 2014 to 2024 were synthesized to evaluate innovative designs, advanced materials, [...] Read more.
This study reviews advancements in high-frequency converters for renewable energy systems and electric vehicles, emphasizing their role in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability. Using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, 73 high-quality studies from 2014 to 2024 were synthesized to evaluate innovative designs, advanced materials, control strategies, and future opportunities. Key findings reveal significant progress in converter topologies, such as dual active bridge and LLC resonant designs, which enhance efficiency and scalability through soft-switching. Wide-bandgap semiconductors, including silicon carbide and gallium nitride, have driven improvements in power density, thermal management, and compactness. Advanced control strategies, including adaptive and AI-driven methods, enhance stability and efficiency in microgrids and vehicle-to-grid systems. Applications in photovoltaic and wind energy systems demonstrate the converters’ impact on improving energy conversion and system reliability. Future opportunities focus on hybrid and multifunctional designs that integrate renewable energy, storage, and electric mobility with intelligent control technologies like digital twins and AI. These innovations highlight the transformative potential of high-frequency converters in addressing global energy challenges driving sustainable energy and transportation solutions. This review offers critical insights into current advancements and pathways for further research and development in this field. Full article
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