Central nervous system (CNS) diseases threaten the health of people all over the world. However, due to the structural and functional particularities of the brain and spinal cord, CNS-targeted drug development is rather challenging. Exosomes are smal...
Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) conferred by brain barriers is a major obstacle in the development of effective neurotherapeutics. In this review, a classification of current approaches of clinical or investigational importance for...
The treatment of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been challenging, despite the rapid development of several novel treatment approaches. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is one of the major issues in the treatment of CNS diseases,...
Intranasal drug delivery is a promising approach for the delivery of drugs to the CNS, but too heterogenous, unprecise delivery methods without standardization decrease the quality of many studies in rodents. Thus, the lack of a precise and region-sp...
Nucleic acid-based therapies have demonstrated great potential for the treatment of monogenetic diseases, including neurologic disorders. To date, regulatory approval has been received for a dozen antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs); however, these che...
Nanomedicine is currently focused on the design and development of nanocarriers that enhance drug delivery to the brain to address unmet clinical needs for treating neuropsychiatric disorders and neurological diseases. Polymer and lipid-based drug ca...
While the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) is essential for the protection and function of the Central Nervous System (CNS), it also represents a challenge for drug delivery in the treatment of CNS disorders due to its limited permeability and high ex...
The blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) tightly regulates molecular exchanges between the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), creating challenges for effective central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery. This review assesses intrat...
Drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a challenge in neuro-oncology. Despite decades of research in this field, no consensus has emerged as to the best approach to tackle this physiological limitation. Moreover, the relevance of d...
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major hurdle for the development of systemically delivered drugs against diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Because of this barrier there is still a huge unmet need for the treatment of these diseases, de...
The era of the aging society has arrived, and this is accompanied by an increase in the absolute numbers of patients with neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Such neurological disorders a...
The greatest challenges for therapeutic efficacy of many macromolecular drugs that act on intracellular are delivery to key organs and tissues and delivery into cells and subcellular compartments. Transport of drugs into critical cells associated wit...
This review aims to address the significant challenges of treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, strokes, spinal cord injuries, and brain tumors. These disorders are difficult to manage due to the complexi...
Over the past decades, peptides and proteins have been increasingly important in the treatment of various human diseases and conditions owing to their specificity, potency, and minimized off-target toxicity. However, the existence of the practically...
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant and aggressive form of glioma and is associated with a poor survival rate. Latest generation Tumour Necrosis Factor Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-based therapeutics potently induce apoptosis in can...
Treatment of certain central nervous system disorders, including different types of cerebral malignancies, is limited by traditional oral or systemic administrations of therapeutic drugs due to possible serious side effects and/or lack of the brain p...
Background/Objectives: Intrathecal drug delivery is essential for treating CNS disorders, but the safety of commonly used excipients such as citric acid/sodium citrate (SC) remains unclear. This study aims to systematically evaluate the potential neu...
Background/Objectives: Oral administration remains the most widely used route for drug delivery but is unsuitable for many central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics due to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism and the restrictive blood–brain...
The blood brain barrier (BBB) maintains the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) and protects the brain from toxic substances present in the circulating blood. However, the impermeability of the BBB to drugs is a hurdle for CNS drug develo...
The nasal route represents a promising non-invasive technique for the direct delivery of nucleic acids to the central nervous system (CNS) disorders, effectively bypassing the blood–brain barrier. This route offers several advantages, including...
The anatomical structure of the brain at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) creates a limitation for the movement of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). Drug delivery facilitated by magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENs) is a relatively new non-in...
Nanoparticles with oligonucleotides bound to the outside or incorporated into the matrix can be used for gene editing or to modulate gene expression in the CNS. These nanocarriers are usually optimised for transfection of neurons or glia. They can al...
Neurotropic viruses severely damage the central nervous system (CNS) and human health. Common neurotropic viruses include rabies virus (RABV), Zika virus, and poliovirus. When treating neurotropic virus infection, obstruction of the blood–brain...
GM1-gangliosidosis is a catastrophic, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal β-galactosidase (β-Gal). The primary substrate of the enzyme is GM1-ganglioside (GM1), a sialylated glycosphingolipid abun...
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as psychiatric disorders, neurodegeneration, chronic pain, stroke, brain tumor, spinal cord injury, and many other CNS diseases, would hugely benefit from specific and potent peptide pharmaceuticals and th...
Peptide therapeutics offer numerous advantages in the treatment of diseases and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). However, they are not without limitations, especially in terms of their pharmacokinetics where their metabolic lability and...
In recent years, there have been a growing number of small and large molecules that could be used to treat diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Nose-to-brain delivery can be a potential option for the direct transport of molecules from the n...
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) acts as a barrier to prevent the central nervous system (CNS) from damage by substances that originate from the blood circulation. The BBB limits drug penetration into the brain and is one of the major clinical obs...
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) bear a lot of weight in public health. By studying the properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its fundamental interactions with the central nervous system (CNS), it is possible to improve the understanding of...
Sino-nasal disease is appropriately treated with topical treatment, where the nasal mucosa acts as a barrier to systemic absorption. Non-invasive nasal delivery of drugs has produced some small molecule products with good bioavailability. With the re...
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders encompass a vast spectrum of pathological conditions and represent a growing concern worldwide. Despite the high social and clinical interest in trying to solve these pathologies, there are many challenges to br...
The blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier are major obstacles in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery, since they block most molecules from entering the brain. Alternative drug delivery routes like intraparenchymal or in...
Drug delivery is a well-established method for transporting anticancer drugs to cancerous tumors while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Carbon nanocapsules (CNs) and boron nitride nanocapsules (BNNs) are promising nanocarriers capabl...
Ischemic stroke is a primary origin of morbidity and mortality in the United States and around the world. Indeed, several research projects have attempted to discover new drugs or repurpose existing therapeutics to advance stroke pharmacotherapy. Man...
The complexity and organization of the central nervous system (CNS) is widely modulated by the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which both act as biochemical, dynamic obstacles i...
Crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) remains a central obstacle in central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics. Hirudin, a 65-amino acid, disulfide-stabilized, direct thrombin inhibitor with a long history in Traditional Chinese Medicine, has s...
Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders has always been a significant challenge. The nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the penetration of therapeutic molecules to the brain after oral or pa...
Thanks to the recent advances in the development of chemotherapeutics, the morbidity and mortality of many cancers has decreased significantly. However, compared to oncology in general, the field of neuro-oncology has lagged behind. While new molecul...
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is critical in preventing brain access to substrate drugs and effluxing amyloid beta (Aβ), a contributor to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Strategies to regulate P-gp expression...
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are one of the top causes of death worldwide. As there is a difficulty of drug penetration into the brain due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), many CNS drugs treatments fail in clinical trials. Hence, there is a...
Engineered exosomes have emerged as transformative drug carriers, uniquely equipped to overcome biological barriers in central nervous system (CNS) disorders and cancer therapy. These natural extracellular vesicles, derived from cell membranes, offer...
The complement system is a central component of innate immunity with established roles in host defense and emerging functions in neurodevelopment, synaptic remodeling, and neuroimmune communication within the central nervous system (CNS). In parallel...
Glioblastoma is known as the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, and it is still largely not curable, with a median survival of approximately 15 months when standard multimodal therapy is applied. The standard treatment nowadays is maximal...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 24 million people worldwide and represents an immense medical, social and economic burden. While a vast array of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API)...
Lung cancer in never-smokers (LCINS) represents a distinct clinical entity driven by dominant oncogenic alterations and characterized by a low tumor mutational burden. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) achieve high initial response rates, th...
Drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles have emerged as promising approaches for overcoming the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a major obstacle to treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). There are several reasons why convention...
Background/Objectives. VHHs (Nanobodies®) are camelid single-domain antibody fragments with broad applicability in central nervous system (CNS) research, including blood–brain barrier transport, modulation of pathological proteins and molec...
Intranasal administration is a promising drug delivery route enabling precise and rapid central nervous system targeting. In our previous work, twelve hybrid colloidal dispersions were developed, consisting of synthetic poly(ethylene-oxide)-b-poly(&e...
Background/Objectives: The blood–brain barrier (BBB) presents a major challenge for delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS) due to its highly selective permeability. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), the...
The presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB) and/or blood–brain–tumor barriers (BBTB) is one of the main obstacles to effectively deliver therapeutics to our central nervous system (CNS); hence, the outcomes following treatment of mali...
of 10