Search Results (1,089)

Amyloidosis encompasses a spectrum of diseases in which insoluble protein aggregates are deposited in various parts of the body, including the brain, giving rise to Alzheimer’s disease, prion disease, and Parkinson’s disease, and also being a manifestation of Type II diabetes. The soluble protein gets aggregated as insoluble plaques by an unknown phenomenon, leading to the disease. If an agent is developed that can dissociate or disintegrate these plaques, it can be proposed as a lead molecule for amyloid dissociation. In the present study, we have taken the aqueous extract of a herb, Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis), and synthesized zinc oxide nanoflowers (ZnO-NFs-Skp). The plant extract was characterized using phytochemical analysis, and the ZnO-NFs-Skp were characterized using various photophysical tools like dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, XRD, FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro cytotoxicity of the ZnO-NFs-Skp was assessed in the PC12 cell line using an MTT assay and a fluorescent dual-staining assay. The effect of ZnO-NFs-Skp on zebrafish embryos was evaluated for in vivo biocompatibility. Finally, the amyloid degradation of the ZnO-NFs, after incubation with preformed insulin amyloids, the model amyloid protein used for the amyloid study, was evaluated at different time intervals using the Thioflavin T fluorescence assay. The results indicated that the Shankhapushpi extract had alkaloids, coumarins, and glycosides. The hydrodynamic diameter of ZnO-NF-Skp was found to be 181 nm, and the zeta potential was −17.7 mV. SEM imaging showed a carnation flower-like morphology with a petal thickness of 30 ± 5 nm. The ZnO-NFs-Skp did not induce any toxicity up to a dose of 160 μg/mL, both in vitro and in vivo. The amyloid degradation study revealed 38% degradation of the IA, 24 h after incubation at 37 °C. SEM analysis also evidenced the degradation of IA. Compared to ZnO nanoparticles (18%), ZnO-NFs-Skp could degrade almost double (35%) the amount of IA after 12 h incubation, as shown by the ThT assay. Overall, the data suggested that Shankhapushpi-mediated ZnO-NFs (ZnO-NFs-Skp) are biocompatible and have a good capacity to degrade amyloids. In the future, amyloid degradation using Aβ-42 and the prion protein needs to be investigated. Full article

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a global cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality, and its complex pathological mechanism poses great challenges to clinical prevention and treatment. Paeoniflorin (PA), a monoterpene glycoside active ingredient from Ranunculaceae plants, has shown potential in cardiovascular protection, but its specific anti-CHD molecular targets and systematic regulatory networks remain unclear. In this study, a mouse model of CHD was established, and a multi-omics strategy combining label-free quantitative proteomics and metabolomics was adopted to explore the mechanism of PA in treating CHD. The results showed that PA significantly improved cardiac function, alleviated myocardial pathological injury and fibrosis, and regulated lipid metabolism in CHD model mice, with the high-dose group showing the optimal effect. Proteomic analysis identified 51 key differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) reversed by PA, which were mainly enriched in complement and coagulation cascades, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation pathways, with the C3-Cfd-C3aR signaling axis as the core hub. Further verification confirmed that PA could downregulate the expression of C3, Cfd, C3aR, and their downstream molecule BTK, thereby inhibiting myocardial inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In addition, PA downregulated the expression of platelet activation markers ITGA2B/ITGB3. Metabolomic analysis revealed that PA reversed 57 abnormal metabolites in CHD mice, which were enriched in GABAergic synapse, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling and other pathways. Molecular docking confirmed that PA could stably bind to C3, Cfd, C3aR, BTK, and ITGA2B/ITGB3 with strong binding activity. In conclusion, PA exerts anti-CHD effects through a multi-target and multi-pathway synergism, mainly by targeting the C3-Cfd-C3aR axis to inhibit inflammation, apoptosis and platelet activation, and regulating metabolic disorders. This study provides experimental evidence and theoretical support for the clinical application of PA as a multi-target therapeutic drug for CHD. Full article

Cardiac glycosides from Periplocae Cortex are bioactive constituents, but isolating and structurally confirming their trace in vivo metabolites remains challenging because authentic standards are often unavailable. We developed a steroid-core fragment-guided strategy based on the diagnostic ion at m/z 355.2270 that integrates metabolite screening, targeted purification, and structural characterization. Periplocin-related analytes were detected in rat urine and plasma after oral periplocin administration using HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Guided by the diagnostic ion, 13 L of rat urine was fractionated using macroporous resin, Sephadex LH-20, ODS chromatography, and preparative HPLC. Two trace metabolites were isolated and identified as gomphogenin (M1, 4 mg) and 17α-asclepioside (M2, 8 mg) by HR-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Periplocin, periplogenin, and periplocymarin were confirmed using reference standards. Structural comparison supported a putative transformation pathway involving deglycosylation and steroid-core modification. In a hypoxia/reoxygenation-injured H9c2 cell model, M1 and M2 increased cell viability at 50 μM, supporting further evaluation using complementary cellular endpoints. This diagnostic-ion-guided workflow enables the targeted isolation of trace cardenolide metabolites from biological matrices and provides reference compounds for future pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies. Full article

Oxidative stress contributes to retinal neurovascular injury through inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood–retinal barrier (BRB) disruption, microcirculatory impairment, and regulated cell death. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), a water-soluble quinochalcone C-glycoside derived from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), modulates oxidative and inflammatory signaling, apoptosis, mitochondrial injury, endothelial barrier dysfunction, and neurovascular damage in experimental ischemic, inflammatory, and metabolic disorders. This review critically evaluates the direct ocular evidence for HSYA in diabetic retinopathy and examines the systemic-to-ocular pharmacokinetic and delivery barriers that constrain its ophthalmic translation. Current ocular evidence is limited and concentrated mainly in DR models, in which HSYA attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, BRB disruption, and apoptosis, potentially through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Evidence in retinal photic injury is limited, whereas the proposed relevance of HSYA to retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury, glaucoma, and AMD remains largely hypothesis-generating. The principal translational challenge is whether HSYA can achieve pharmacologically relevant exposure in ocular target tissues. Future studies should integrate dose, plasma and ocular exposure, target engagement, retinal structure, local safety, and visual function in disease-specific models. Accordingly, evidence from non-DR models is discussed primarily to define mechanistic hypotheses and experimental priorities rather than to establish ophthalmic efficacy. Full article

The genus Epimedium L. comprises a group of perennial herbs widely distributed across East Asia, with five representative species that include Epimedium grandiflorum C. Morren, Epimedium brevicornu Maxim., Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim., Epimedium koreanum Nakai. and Epimedium pubescens Maxim. For centuries, these species have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for their aphrodisiac, anti-osteoporotic and estrogen-like properties in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and menopausal symptoms. The aim of this review is to present an extensive and updated synthesis of the phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic properties of these five species by examining the relationship between the phytochemical composition and their pharmacological properties. Phytochemical analyses indicate that Epimedium spp. are defined by their significant content of prenylated flavonol glycosides, including icariin, icaritin, icariside, baohuoside and epimedin A-C. Recent studies have confirmed that these compounds are responsible for the genus’ therapeutic potential. They possess a variety of effects, ranging from aphrodisiac and antioxidant properties to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, as well as neuroprotective, cardioprotective and anticancer benefits. Although preclinical findings are increasingly compelling, robust clinical evidence is still lacking for all five species. Taken together, the data summarized here position Epimedium spp. as a valuable source of bioactive prenylated flavonoids, while underscoring that standardized methodologies and rigorous clinical trials are essential to translate this potential into validated therapeutic applications. Full article

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding white mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit to extruded corn snacks on their polyphenol profile, antioxidant properties, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and the preservation of phenolic compounds in an in vitro digestion model. Mixtures of corn grits with 0, 10, 15 and 20% dried mulberry fruit were extruded at temperatures of 100, 120 and 140 °C, and then the total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ for DPPH) were determined. For selected samples (0%, 140—3E; 15% mulberry, 140—9E; mulberry—13E), further antioxidant tests (FRAP, CUPRAC, Fe²⁺ chelation) were performed, the phenolic compound profile (UHPLC) and AChE inhibition were assessed, and a two-step in vitro digestion was conducted. The addition of mulberry significantly increased TPC- and free-radical-scavenging capacity compared to the control sample, with snacks containing 15% mulberry extruded at 140 °C showing approximately a 3.5-fold higher TPC than the control, while dried mulberry fruit itself exhibited about a five-fold higher TPC than this enriched snack. Among the snacks, the most favorable DPPH-radical-scavenging effect was obtained for the variant with 20% mulberry at 120 °C (IC₅₀ = 0.176 mg/mL), whereas the mulberry fruit extract reached an IC₅₀ of 0.0926 mg/mL. In a two-step in vitro digestion model, the mulberry-enriched snack with 15% fruit retained 69.3% of its initial TPC after the gastric phase and 33.3% after the intestinal phase, compared with 55.0% and 20.0%, respectively, for the control snack, confirming a partial but meaningful preservation of phenolic compounds under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. UHPLC analysis confirmed that mulberry and the enriched snacks are a rich source of chlorogenic acids and their isomers, as well as quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, which largely survived the two-step in vitro digestion, despite an observed decrease in TPC after the gastric stage and a further reduction after the intestinal stage. At the same time, mulberry extract and mulberry-enriched snacks exhibited high antioxidant activity in all tests conducted and in vitro AChE inhibitory activity, suggesting that Morus alba L. fruit has the potential to be used as a natural functional ingredient in the production of gluten-free snacks with antioxidant and potentially neuroprotective properties. Full article

Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze is a medicinal and aromatic species of the Lamiaceae family, rich in phenolic compounds; however, studies regarding its in vitro culture, growth regulation properties and secondary metabolism remain limited. The present study investigated the effects of three adenine-type cytokinins: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), meta-topolin (m-TOP), and BAP riboside (r-BAP), applied at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 mg L⁻¹, on shoot proliferation, biomass accumulation, phenolic profile, and antioxidant activity in C. nepeta shoot cultures. The phenolic constituents of hydromethanolic shoot extracts were subjected to qualitative profiling using UHPLC–DAD–ESI–MS, while antioxidant potential was evaluated using spectrophotometric assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP). All tested cytokinins stimulated shoot proliferation and biomass growth compared with the control; of these, m-TOP demonstrated the most pronounced positive effect, characterized by high multiplication rate and improved shoot morphology. UHPLC–DAD–ESI–MS analysis revealed the presence of numerous caffeic acid derivatives including rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acids, salvianolic acid derivatives, and flavonoid glycosides; their accumulation was strongly influenced by cytokinin type and concentration. Notably, rosmarinic acid, the dominant phenolic constituent in the treated shoots, reached 23.28 mg g⁻¹ DW under m-TOP treatment, i.e., an approximate 20-fold increase compared with the control. The extracts from shoots cultured on cytokinin-supplemented media exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity, which correlated with increased phenolic content. These relationships were confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). Hence, C. nepeta shoot cultures represent an efficient in vitro system for biomass production and phenolic compound biosynthesis, and the selection of cytokinin type is a critical factor modulating both morphogenetic and metabolic responses. Full article

Background/Objectives: Rumex obtusifolius L. (Polygonaceae) has been traditionally used to treat various disorders, including hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. However, the phytochemical constituents of its roots and their potential protective effects against skeletal muscle atrophy remain poorly understood. This study aimed to isolate and characterize bioactive constituents from R. obtusifolius roots and evaluate their protective effects against dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. Methods: LC–MS-guided phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of R. obtusifolius roots, followed by successive column chromatography and HPLC purification, resulted in the isolation of four naphthalene-type glycosides. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, HR-ESIMS, and chemical transformation. The protective effects of compounds 1 and 4 against dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy were evaluated by assessing myotube morphology, myogenic and atrophy-related protein expression, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Results: A new naphthalene malonylglucoside, nepodin-8-O-β-D-(6′-O-malonyl)-glucopyranoside (1), together with three known glycosides (2–4), was identified. Among the isolated compounds, compound 1 significantly attenuated DEX-induced muscle atrophy in a concentration-dependent manner by increasing myotube diameter and improving myotube morphology. It restored the expression of the myogenic markers MyoD and myogenin while suppressing the atrophy-related proteins MuRF1 and MAFBX. Furthermore, compound 1 reversed DEX-induced suppression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, indicating recovery of anabolic signaling. Conclusions: This study reports a new naphthalene malonylglucoside (1) from R. obtusifolius roots and demonstrates that compound 1 protects against DEX-induced skeletal muscle atrophy through restoration of myogenic differentiation and activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. These findings suggest that compound 1 is a promising natural lead compound for the development of therapeutics targeting muscle wasting disorders. Full article

Ionic liquid-assisted extraction can improve the recovery of monoterpene glycosides from Radix Paeoniae Alba, whereas post-extraction purification and ionic-liquid-associated marker-level quality control remain necessary before further bioactivity evaluation. In this study, a macroporous resin-based purification process was developed for monoterpene glycoside-enriched extracts obtained by conventional reflux extraction and ionic liquid-assisted microwave–ultrasound extraction. Among the five tested resins, AB-8 resin showed the best adsorption performance and was selected for further process optimization. The optimized purification conditions were a loading concentration of 13 mg/mL, loading pH of 7, elution with 70% ethanol, loading volume of 6 BV and elution volume of 9 BV. After purification, the total quantified monoterpene glycoside content increased from 6.59% to 51.68% in the conventional extract and from 15.30% to 75.30% in the ionic liquid-assisted extract. The ionic-liquid-associated elemental marker content in the ionic liquid-assisted extract decreased from 5.593% to 0.072% after purification, corresponding to an approximately 98.7% reduction at the elemental-marker level. Stability evaluation indicated that Na₂SO₃, Fe³⁺, ascorbic acid, sucrose and light exposure affected the detected monoterpene glycoside content to different extents, whereas short-term heating within 20–80 °C caused only slight fluctuations. The purified extracts showed stronger DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power than the crude extracts. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, the purified extracts reduced NO production and downregulated the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS and COX-2, suggesting anti-inflammatory potential at the NO and gene-expression levels. AB-8 resin purification enriched the monitored monoterpene glycosides, reduced the selected ionic-liquid-associated elemental marker, and generated purified fractions suitable for subsequent stability and bioactivity evaluation. Full article

Cronartium ribicola is a globally distributed fungal pathogen that infects Pinus armandii Franch., causing widespread tree mortality. In this study, we report a chromosomal-level genome assembly of C. ribicola LQ (262.51 Mb, N50 = 15.4 Mb, GC content = 38.4%) using integrated Illumina short-read, PacBio long-read, and Hi-C sequencing technologies. Ultimately, a total of 94.83% of the assembled sequences were anchored onto 17 pseudo-chromosomes. Genome annotation predicted 10,222 protein-coding genes, and repetitive sequences accounted for 91.67% of the genome. Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog (BUSCO) analysis demonstrated 94.03% genome completeness, with functional annotations covering 88.32% of the genes. A total of 352 carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) genes, predominantly glycoside hydrolases (45.17%), and 8 secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters were identified, indicating strong host tissue degradation capability and diverse virulence factors. Overall, this study provides valuable genomic resources for dissecting the pathogenicity, host interaction mechanisms, and resistance gene discovery of C. ribicola and establishes a foundation for developing virulence-targeted disease control strategies. Full article

Thai shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) is rich in quercetin glycosides, which can be enzymatically hydrolyzed into aglycone forms with potentially higher bioavailability. However, whether this structural modification enhances metabolic efficacy in vivo remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the metabolic and histopathological effects of enzymatic (ESE) and non-enzymatic (NES) Thai shallot extracts in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed HFD for 12 weeks to induce obesity, followed by a 12-week treatment with NES or ESE (1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day). Metabolic parameters, lipid profiles, oxidative stress markers, hepatic enzyme activities, and histopathological changes were evaluated. Enzymatic hydrolysis significantly increased the proportion of quercetin aglycone without altering total quercetin content. Both NES and ESE improved fasting glucose, insulin resistance, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress markers compared with HFD controls. Histological examination showed attenuation of hepatic steatosis and preservation of tissue architecture in treated groups. However, no consistent superiority of ESE over NES was observed across metabolic or histopathological outcomes. Despite substantial modification of flavonoid composition, enzymatic processing did not enhance the measured metabolic efficacy of Thai shallot extract under the conditions tested. Because circulating quercetin and metabolite levels were not assessed, this finding should be interpreted as comparable metabolic efficacy rather than evidence of equivalent bioavailability. These findings suggest that factors beyond aglycone content may play a key role in determining biological activity, with implications for the development and cost-effectiveness of functional food products. Full article

Background: Buddleja globosa Hope (matico) is a Chilean medicinal plant traditionally used in Mapuche and Aymara ethnomedicine. However, no systematic synthesis of its phytochemical composition and pharmacological evidence has been previously reported. Methods: A PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Springer Nature databases from inception to March 2026. Studies reporting phytochemical characterization and/or biological activities of B. globosa were included. Methodological quality was assessed using an adapted five-criterion tool for non-clinical studies. The protocol was registered in OSF. Results: Fourteen studies (1989–2026), mainly from Chilean research groups, identified 27 bioactive compounds across leaves, roots, and flowers. These included phenylethanoid glycosides (e.g., verbascoside/acteoside, echinacoside, forsitoside B, and linarin), flavonoids (luteolin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, myricetin, catechin, and epicatechin), pentacyclic triterpenes (α/β-amyrins and β-sitosterol), iridoid glycosides, and clerodane diterpenoids (buddledines A–C), as well as four newly reported phenylethanoids. Antioxidant activity was the most frequently evaluated endpoint (11/14 studies), mainly mediated through hydrogen atom transfer and single-electron transfer mechanisms linked to caffeoyl and flavonoid structures. Anti-inflammatory effects (five studies) involved COX and 5-LOX inhibition and reduced PGE₂ production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Additional reported activities included antihepatotoxic, antiplatelet, wound-healing, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. Conclusions:B. globosa exhibits a coherent phytochemical profile supporting strong preclinical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The main limitation for clinical translation is the low oral bioavailability of phenylethanoid glycosides. Nanoformulation strategies, investigation of colonic metabolites, and topical delivery systems represent promising approaches to bridge the preclinical-to-clinical gap. Full article

Lead (Pb) induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and hepatorenal injury. We evaluated whether fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed powder (200 mg/kg) protects against subchronic Pb-acetate exposure in male albino mice. Sixty mice were randomized to six groups (n = 10): control (G1), fenugreek-only (G2), Pb 150 mg/kg (G3), and three co-exposure groups receiving fenugreek with Pb at 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg (G4–G6), gavaged daily for 8 weeks. LC–DAD–ESI–MS/MS of the seed batch tentatively identified 32 metabolites, dominated by flavonoid C-glycosides, luteolin dihydrogalloyl-glucosyl-pentosyl glucoside (15.90%), vicenin-3 (14.46%), vicenin-2 (9.66%), vicenin-1 (8.80%), kaempferol 7-O-rhamnosyl-glucoside (8.71%), with additional acylated phenolic conjugates. Pb exposure (G3) significantly reduced growth and intake, elevated serum ALT, AST, ALP, urea, and creatinine, raised blood Pb, and produced hepatic necrosis, vacuolation, and inflammation. Molecularly, Pb upregulated Nrf2, HO-1, SCD-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 and suppressed SOD-3. Fenugreek co-treatment attenuated all these changes across the three Pb doses, with greatest effect at the lowest Pb load (G4). Notably, fenugreek co-treatment reduced rather than further increased Nrf2 and HO-1 expression relative to Pb alone, a pattern most consistent with lowering the upstream oxidative stimulus rather than direct induction of these pathways. The seed’s polyphenolic profile—rich in vicenin-type C-glycosides and luteolin and kaempferol derivatives—offers a plausible chemical basis for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and modest Pb-lowering effects observed; however, because whole seed powder was administered and metabolite identifications are tentative, these structure–activity relationships are presented as hypotheses for future bioactivity-guided fractionation rather than as demonstrated mechanisms. These preclinical findings support further investigation of fenugreek as a candidate dietary adjunct against environmental Pb exposure, contingent on protein-level validation, pharmacokinetic characterization, benchmarking against a standard chelator, and bioactivity-guided fractionation. Full article

Phytochemical studies performed on the aerial parts of Teucrium davaeanum Coss. resulted in the isolation of an iridoid diglycoside, teucardoside; two phenylethanoid triglycosides, poliumoside and 3-O-methyl-poliumoside; a flavon C-diglycoside, vicenin-2 (apigenin-6,8-di-C-glycoside); and a newly described bisdesmosidic oleanane-type triterpene saponin, davaeanoside. Structure elucidations of all isolated metabolites are based on extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical derivatizations. The extract and isolated compounds (1–5) were tested for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. IC50 values were measured for all extracts and compounds and compared against acarbose. Results revealed weak or moderate α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity at the tested concentrations of the isolated compounds, especially compound 5. However, these findings do not exclude antidiabetic activity mediated by other mechanisms such as modulation of insulin signaling, enhancement of glucose uptake, or antioxidant effects. Further studies are warranted to explore these potential pathways. In addition, the essential oils of T. davaeanum and T. zanonii were obtained by hydrodistillation and simultaneously analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The major compounds of T. davaeanum essential oil were germacrene D (31.4%) and bicyclogermacrene (15.9%); the main compounds of T. zanonii were β-pinene (19.5%), α-muurolene (13.4%), oxo-7,8-dihydro-β-ionol (9.2%), and α-pinene (6.9%). Full article

In Chile, Eucalyptus globulus stands out as a significant forest species, yielding around 2 million tonnes of bark; this by-product is a valuable source of phenolic compounds. This research evaluated the valorization of E. globulus bark using alkali-assisted extraction (AAE) and obtained extracts intended to protect the wood against fungal degradation and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The chemical and thermal properties of the extracts were characterized using total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity, FTIR spectroscopy, LC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, and thermal analyses (TGA and DSC). Pine wood samples were impregnated using the Bethel process, and their absorption, retention, leaching, UV resistance, gloss, and antifungal efficacy were evaluated. The AAE showed an extraction yield of 8.79%, almost double that of aqueous extraction, with a phenolic content of 970 mg GAE/100 g dry bark and good antioxidant capacity. The MS/MS analysis tentatively identified low-molecular-weight organic acids, phenolic acids, a hydrolyzable tannin derivative, ellagic acid, methylated flavonol glycosides, and an iridoid non-phenolic metabolite. Thermal analysis indicated greater stability of the alkaline extracts, with a mass loss of less than 10% up to 200 °C, and significant degradation between 220 and 300 °C. Leaching tests showed a lower release of polyphenols from alkali-treated wood, indicating reduced mobility and/or greater retention of the extractives within the wood structure. Biological assays demonstrated effective inhibition of stain fungi and strong resistance to brown rot. Furthermore, UV aging tests showed less color change (Delta E*) and greater resistance to surface degradation. These results demonstrate the potential of alkaline extracts from E. globulus bark as sustainable additives for wood protection. Full article