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15 pages, 2248 KiB  
Article
Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease Model Mice and Wild-Type Mice
by Zhe Zhao, Xingqing Wu, Wenfeng Liu, Lan Zheng and Changfa Tang
Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081765 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 247
Abstract
There is a growing body of research showing that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is related to enteric dysbacteriosis. Exercise can be effective in alleviating AD, but the effects that exercise has on the gut microbiota in AD patients needs to be further studied. Through [...] Read more.
There is a growing body of research showing that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is related to enteric dysbacteriosis. Exercise can be effective in alleviating AD, but the effects that exercise has on the gut microbiota in AD patients needs to be further studied. Through this study, we aimed to investigate the differences in the diversity of gut microorganisms between AD model mice and wild-type mice and the effect that treadmill exercise has on the composition of the gut microbiota in both types of mice. C57BL/6 wild-type mice were randomly divided into a sedentary control group (WTC) and an exercise group (WTE); APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were also randomly divided into a sedentary control group (ADC) and an exercise group (ADE). After the control group remained sedentary for 12 weeks and a 12-week treadmill exercise intervention was adopted for the exercise group, the rectal contents were collected so that they could undergo V3-V4 16S rDNA sequencing, and a comparative analysis of the microbial composition and diversity was also performed. The alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in AD mice was lower than that in wild-type mice, but exercise increased the gut microbial diversity in both types of mice. At the phylum level, the dominant microorganisms in all four groups of mice were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. There was an increase in the Bacteroidetes phylum in AD mice. Treadmill exercise reduced the abundance of Bacteroidetes in both groups of mice, whereas the abundance of Firmicutes increased. At the genus level, Muribaculaceae, the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Alloprevotella, and Alistipes were in relatively high abundance. Muribaculaceae and Alloprevotella were in greater abundance in AD mice than in wild-type mice, but both decreased after treadmill exercise. Through performing linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), we found that the dominant strains in AD mice were Campilobacterota, Helicobacteraceae, Escherichia–Shigella, and other malignant bacteria, whereas exercise resulted in an increase in probiotics among the dominant strains in both types of mice. Although gut microbial diversity decreases and malignant bacteria increase in AD mice, treadmill exercise can increase gut microbial diversity and lead to the development of dominant strains of probiotics in both types of mice. These findings provide a basis for applying exercise as a treatment for AD. Full article
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24 pages, 5913 KiB  
Article
Supplementation with Standardized Green/Black or White Tea Extracts Attenuates Hypertension and Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Myocardial Damage in Mice Infused with Angiotensin II
by Mario de la Fuente-Muñoz, Marta Román-Carmena, Sara Amor, María C. Iglesias-de la Cruz, Patricia Martorell, Sonia Guilera-Bermell, Reme García Bou, Antonio M. Inarejos-García, Ángel L. García-Villalón and Miriam Granado
Antioxidants 2025, 14(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14010047 - 3 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1639
Abstract
Arterial hypertension has a high prevalence in the population and is considered both a cardiovascular disease and an important risk factor for the development of other cardiovascular diseases. Tea consumption shows antihypertensive effects due to its composition in terms of bioactive substances such [...] Read more.
Arterial hypertension has a high prevalence in the population and is considered both a cardiovascular disease and an important risk factor for the development of other cardiovascular diseases. Tea consumption shows antihypertensive effects due to its composition in terms of bioactive substances such as flavan-3-ols and xanthines. The aim of this study was to assess the possible beneficial effects of two tea extracts, one of white tea (ADM® White Tea; WTE) and another one composed of a mixture of black tea and green tea (ADM® Tea Complex; CTE), on the cardiovascular alterations induced by angiotensin II (AngII) infusion in mice. For this purpose, four groups of C57BL/6J male mice were used: (1) mice fed on a standard diet for 8 weeks and infused with saline for the last 4 weeks (controls); (2) mice fed on a standard diet for 8 weeks and infused with AngII for the last 4 weeks (AngII); (3) mice fed on a standard diet supplemented with 1.6% WTE and infused with AngII for the last 4 weeks (AngII + WTE); (4) mice fed on a standard diet supplemented with 1.6% TC and infused with AngII for the last 4 weeks (AngII + CTE). Both tea extracts exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in arterial tissue and reduced AngII-induced endothelial dysfunction in aorta segments. Moreover, supplementation with WTE or CTE reduced the Ang-II-induced overexpression of AT1R and increased AngII-induced downregulation of AT2R in arterial tissue. However, only supplementation with CTE significantly increased the circulating levels of angiotensin 1-7 and reduced systolic blood pressure. In the heart, supplementation with both tea extracts attenuated AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy and reduced ischemia-reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in myocardial tissue. In conclusion, supplementation with WTE or CTE attenuates AngII-induced cardiovascular damage through their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects. In addition, supplementation with CTE also exerts antihypertensive effects, and so it may constitute an avenue through which to support cardiovascular health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)
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19 pages, 2537 KiB  
Article
Energy Efficiency Analysis of Waste-to-Energy Plants in Poland
by Marian Banaś, Tadeusz Pająk, Jakub Bator, Wojciech Wróbel and Józef Ciuła
Energies 2024, 17(10), 2390; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102390 - 16 May 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3116
Abstract
The issue of enhancing energy recovery efficiency is a key concern within the European Union’s climate protection efforts. In particular, it applies to all processes and plants for the harvesting, gathering, and conversion of energy. The abandonment of fossil fuels in favour of [...] Read more.
The issue of enhancing energy recovery efficiency is a key concern within the European Union’s climate protection efforts. In particular, it applies to all processes and plants for the harvesting, gathering, and conversion of energy. The abandonment of fossil fuels in favour of alternative energy sources, and the increasing of energy efficiency and its recovery, is now a widely accepted direction of energy development. This study focuses on facilities that recover and process energy from municipal waste left after recycling processes, known as waste-to-energy (WtE) plants. These plants’ energy recovery efficiency is governed by the R1 Formula in EU countries. This report is based on an analysis of four years of operational data from selected Polish municipal waste incinerators, supplemented by a discussion of various studies on energy recovery efficiency. The primary objective of this report is to evaluate the effectiveness of these plants in contributing to sustainable waste management and energy recovery. The main effect of the developed report is the set of results of the energy recovery efficiency factor values, determined based on the R1 formula valid in the EU legislation, tabulated and graphically illustrated, and calculated for five selected Polish waste-to-energy plants. The presented results, with their graphical interpretation, discussion, and conclusions, provide insights into several factors influencing the value of the R1 efficiency factor. They can be a valuable contribution to operators of waste-to-energy plants, especially those operating in countries outside the EU. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Energy Efficiency and Environmental Issues)
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17 pages, 2531 KiB  
Article
Prediction and Feed-In Tariffs of Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Beijing: Based on a GRA-BiLSTM Model
by Xia Zhang and Bingchun Liu
Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3579; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093579 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2304
Abstract
To cope with the increasing energy demand of people and solve the problem of a “Garbage Siege”, most cities have begun to adopt waste power generation (WTE). Compared to other WTE technologies, incineration has proven to be the most efficient technology for municipal [...] Read more.
To cope with the increasing energy demand of people and solve the problem of a “Garbage Siege”, most cities have begun to adopt waste power generation (WTE). Compared to other WTE technologies, incineration has proven to be the most efficient technology for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment. Therefore, to further explore the economic feasibility of MSW incineration plant construction, this study established a multi-factor prediction of MSW generation based on the GRA-BiLSTM model. By fully considering the relationship between the change in feed-in tariff (FIT) and the building of an incineration plant in Beijing, the economic feasibility of building an incineration plant is discussed based on the three scenarios set. The experimental results showed that (1) the combined model based on the GRA-BiLSTM showed good applicability for predicting MSW generation in Beijing, with MAE, MAPE, RMSE, and R2 values of 12.47, 5.97%, 18.5580, and 0.8950, respectively. (2) Based on the three scenarios set, the incineration power generation of Beijing MSW will show varying degrees of growth in 2022–2035. In order to meet future development, Beijing needs to build seven new incinerators, and the incineration rate should reach 100%. (3) According to setting different feed-in tariffs, based on the economic feasibility analysis, it is found that the feed-in tariff of MSW incineration for power generation in Beijing should be no less than $0.522/kWh. The government should encourage the construction of incineration plants and give policy support to enterprises that build incineration plants. Full article
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18 pages, 1957 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Methods for Predicting Energy Recovery from Waste
by Monika Kulisz, Justyna Kujawska, Michał Cioch, Wojciech Cel and Jakub Pizoń
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2997; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072997 - 3 Apr 2024
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2849
Abstract
In the context of escalating energy demands and the quest for sustainable waste management solutions, this paper evaluates the efficacy of three machine learning methods—ElasticNet, Decision Trees, and Neural Networks—in predicting energy recovery from municipal waste across the European Union. As renewable energy [...] Read more.
In the context of escalating energy demands and the quest for sustainable waste management solutions, this paper evaluates the efficacy of three machine learning methods—ElasticNet, Decision Trees, and Neural Networks—in predicting energy recovery from municipal waste across the European Union. As renewable energy sources increasingly dominate the energy production landscape, the integration of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) processes presents a dual advantage: enhancing waste management and contributing to the renewable energy mix. This study leverages a dataset incorporating economic and environmental indicators from 25 European countries, spanning 2013–2020, to compare the predictive capabilities of the three machine learning models. The analysis reveals that Neural Networks, with their intricate pattern recognition capabilities, outperform ElasticNet and Decision Trees in predicting energy recovery metrics, as evidenced by superior performance in key statistical indicators such as R-value, Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The comparative analysis not only demonstrates the effectiveness of each method but also suggests Neural Networks as a pivotal tool for informed decision-making in waste management and energy policy formulation. Through this investigation, the paper contributes to the sustainable energy and waste management discourse, emphasizing the critical intersection of advanced technologies, policy considerations, and environmental stewardship in addressing contemporary energy challenges. Full article
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18 pages, 2832 KiB  
Review
Energy Recovery from Residual Municipal Solid Waste: State of the Art and Perspectives within the Challenge to Climate Change
by Lidia Lombardi and Marco J. Castaldi
Energies 2024, 17(2), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020395 - 12 Jan 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3425
Abstract
Among the technologies for the recovery of energy from waste, in particular residual municipal solid waste (rMSW), combustion is the most widely used thermo-chemical treatment process associated with thermal and electric power production by a steam cycle, named, shortly, Waste to Energy (WtE). [...] Read more.
Among the technologies for the recovery of energy from waste, in particular residual municipal solid waste (rMSW), combustion is the most widely used thermo-chemical treatment process associated with thermal and electric power production by a steam cycle, named, shortly, Waste to Energy (WtE). Today, more than 500 WtE plants in the EU, about 400 in China and 76 in the USA are in operation, based on efficient technologies and advanced air pollution control systems. Energy recovery can be accomplished also by means of gasification; however, the presence of impurities together with the atmospheric pressure, at which syngas is normally produced, impose the feeding of syngas to a conventional steam cycle, leading to generally lower performances than WtE. The energy recovered by WtE offsets traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels and related emissions, providing savings in term of climate change. However, the savings obtainable by replacing electricity and/or heat will diminish as the energy systems will hopefully become increasingly renewable. Over this medium–long-term horizon, one possibility is to capture the CO2 from WtE flue gases and to store/use it. From the life cycle assessment perspective, it has been calculated that the introduction of CO2 capture and storage in WtE, despite energy penalties, is able to reduce the impact on climate change. The alternative approach, proposed to contain the emissions of greenhouse gases in the thermal treatment of waste, is using the carbon contained in it to produce commonly used chemical compounds (waste to chemicals). The benefits, in terms of reductions of greenhouse gases, are expected from the possibility of obtaining chemicals that can replace their analogue normally produced from fossil sources. To date, only one WtC demonstration plant is operating by being fed by rMSW-derived waste, and some similar initiatives are planned, but still adequate assurances in terms of robust knowledge of the involved complex processes, above all, if applied to highly inhomogeneous feed streams such as those obtained from rMSW, are not available. Once the several initiatives come to completion, it will enable waste management professionals to assess performance and to begin to consider such a facility in their planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Waste-to-Energy)
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14 pages, 4369 KiB  
Article
Polynomial Regression Model Utilization to Determine Potential Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Calories in Indonesia
by Luqman Luqman, Sarifuddin Madenda and Prihandoko Prihandoko
Energies 2023, 16(20), 7200; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207200 - 22 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2009
Abstract
Waste-to-energy (WTE) is one of the Indonesian government’s programs aiming to meet the target of achieving a new and renewable energy (NRE) mix, as well as one of the solutions proposed to overcome the problem of waste. One of the products of WTE [...] Read more.
Waste-to-energy (WTE) is one of the Indonesian government’s programs aiming to meet the target of achieving a new and renewable energy (NRE) mix, as well as one of the solutions proposed to overcome the problem of waste. One of the products of WTE is energy derived from raw material waste (refuse-derived fuel/RDF). Using the formula y = 0.00003 x5 − 0.0069 x4 + 0.6298 x3 − 24.3245 x2 + 432.8401 x + 55.7448 with R2 = 0.9963, which was obtained by comparing a scatter plot diagram from the RDF calorie test dataset produced through a bio-drying process, the potential RDF calories produced using the waste composition dataset taken from each region in Indonesia can be calculated. The results of the calculations using the determined equations produce a list of provinces with RDF calorie potential, ordered from the largest to the smallest, using which the government can determine which areas are the main priority for processing waste into energy. Thus, through this method, the target of 5.1% renewable energy sourced from waste can be achieved by 2025. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass and Biofuel for Renewable Energy)
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16 pages, 2020 KiB  
Article
Promoting the Circular Economy on an Island: Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Local Organic Substrates as a Possible Renewable Energy Source
by Juana Fernández-Rodríguez, Mónica Di Berardino and Santino Di Berardino
Microorganisms 2023, 11(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020285 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2328
Abstract
The local waste co-digestion is an interesting option to tackle in reduced and isolated areas like the islands. The islands have limited territory and scarce fuel production. Moreover, organic waste can create serious environmental problems in soil, water and air. Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) [...] Read more.
The local waste co-digestion is an interesting option to tackle in reduced and isolated areas like the islands. The islands have limited territory and scarce fuel production. Moreover, organic waste can create serious environmental problems in soil, water and air. Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) is a technology fulfilling the concept of waste-to-energy (WtE) based on local resources. The valorisation of organic waste through AcoD on an island would prevent environmental impacts, while being a source of renewable energy. In this study, cow manure (outdoor and indoor), pig slurry, bird manure, kitchen waste, sewage sludge and oily lacteous waste produced on Island Terceira (Portugal) were tested in mesophilic −35 °C- Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) co-digestion assays. The goals were to analyse the recalcitrant and high potential produced waste and to estimate the energetic supply source on the island. The cow manure and pig slurry were used as inocula and specific methanogenic activities (SMAs) were carried out. The results showed that both substrates have a significant methanogenic activity–SMA 0.11 g-COD/(g-VSS.d) and 0.085 g-COD/(g-VSS.d), respectively. All the studied combinations were feasible in AcoD, showing TS removals in the range of 19–37%; COD removals in the range 67–78% and specific methane yields from 0.14 to 0.22 L/gCOD removed, but some differences were found. The modified Gompertz model fitted the AcoD assays (R2 0.982–0.998). The maximum biogas production rate, Rmax. was highest in the AcoD of Cow+Pig+Oily and in the Cow+Pig+Sludge with 0.017 and 0.014 L/g-VSadded.day, respectively, and the lowest in Cow+Pig+Bird with 0.010 L/g-VSadded. In our AcoD studies, the bird manure limited the performance of the process, since it was recalcitrant to anaerobic degradation. On the other hand, the oily lacteous waste showed a great potential in the anaerobic digestion. The estimated biogas production, from the best-studied condition, could cover the 11.4% of the energy supply of the inhabitants. These preliminary results would prevent the environmental impact of organic waste on the island and promote the use of local waste in a circular economy scenario. Full article
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10 pages, 1009 KiB  
Communication
A New Approach for Quantifying Purpurogallin in Brewed Beverages Using LC-MS in Combination with Solid Phase Extraction
by Yu-Chen Liao, Taejo Kim, Juan L. Silva and Bang-Yuan Chen
Foods 2022, 11(10), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101429 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2482
Abstract
Purpurogallin (PPG) is a phenolic compound known for its high antioxidant properties in plant-based food materials. However, there is no easy and reliable method for direct determination of PPG in brewed beverages owing to its hydrophobicity, which makes it hard to separate from [...] Read more.
Purpurogallin (PPG) is a phenolic compound known for its high antioxidant properties in plant-based food materials. However, there is no easy and reliable method for direct determination of PPG in brewed beverages owing to its hydrophobicity, which makes it hard to separate from the background hydrophobic components. Therefore, a method employing solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed for detection and quantification of PPG in brewed beverages, and PPG content was quantified in commercial coffee, cocoa, and tea samples. The limits of detection and quantification were 71.8 and 155.6 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. The recovery with SPE was 26.6%. When combined with acetonitrile extraction (ANE), the recovery was 6.8%, higher than 2.6% with water extraction (WTE). Test tube extractions were better than moka pot brewing (MPB) for PPG quantification. Total PPG content of ground coffees prepared by ANE, WTE, and MPB ranged between 635 and 770, 455 and 630, and 85 and 135 ng/g dw, respectively. PPG was detected in two English breakfast tea samples (335–360 ng/g dw) using WTE, but not in cocoa samples. ANE showed higher (p < 0.05) PPG levels, but WTE (r = 0.55, p < 0.01) correlated better with MPB than ANE (r = 0.43, p < 0.01). The result indicated that WTE is the best method to determine PPG in brewed beverages. This work demonstrated that PPG was significant in brewed coffee, and our pioneer study in developing the method for beverage sample preparation and LC-MS analysis has made possible industrial applications and provided new perspectives for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Engineering and Technology)
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10 pages, 672 KiB  
Article
A Techno-Economic Evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Conversion to Energy in Indonesia
by Muhammad Mufti Azis, Jonas Kristanto and Chandra Wahyu Purnomo
Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7232; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137232 - 28 Jun 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8097
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) processing is still problematic in Indonesia. From the hierarchy of waste management, it is clear that energy recovery from waste could be an option after prevention and the 5R (rethink, refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle) processes. The Presidential Regulation No [...] Read more.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) processing is still problematic in Indonesia. From the hierarchy of waste management, it is clear that energy recovery from waste could be an option after prevention and the 5R (rethink, refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle) processes. The Presidential Regulation No 35/2018 mandated the acceleration of waste-to-energy (WtE) plant adoption in Indonesia. The present study aimed to demonstrate a techno-economic evaluation of a commercial WtE plant in Indonesia by processing 1000 tons of waste/day to produce ca. 19.7 MW of electricity. The WtE electricity price is set at USD 13.35 cent/kWh, which is already higher than the average household price at USD 9.76 cent/kWh. The capital investment is estimated at USD 102.2 million. The annual operational cost is estimated at USD 12.1 million and the annual revenue at USD 41.6 million. At this value, the internal rate of return (IRR) for the WtE plant is 25.32% with a payout time (PoT) of 3.47 years. In addition, this study also takes into account electricity price sales, tipping fee, and pretreatment cost of waste. The result of a sensitivity analysis showed that the electricity price was the most sensitive factor. This study reveals that it is important to maintain a regulated electricity price to ensure the sustainability of the WtE plant in Indonesia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Management for Sustainable Development)
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18 pages, 3647 KiB  
Article
Deploying Municipal Solid Waste Management 3R-WTE Framework in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Future
by Laith A. Hadidi, Ahmed Ghaithan, Awsan Mohammed and Khalaf Al-Ofi
Sustainability 2020, 12(14), 5711; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145711 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 8294
Abstract
The need for resilience and an agile waste management system in Saudi Arabia is vital to control safely the rapid growth of its municipal solid waste (MSW) with minimal environment toll. Similarly, the domestic energy production in Saudi Arabia is thriving and putting [...] Read more.
The need for resilience and an agile waste management system in Saudi Arabia is vital to control safely the rapid growth of its municipal solid waste (MSW) with minimal environment toll. Similarly, the domestic energy production in Saudi Arabia is thriving and putting a tremendous pressure on its huge reserves of fossil oil. Waste to energy (WTE) plants provides a golden opportunity for Saudi Arabia; however, both challenges (MSW mitigation and energy production) are usually looked at in isolation. This paper at first explores the potential of expanding the WTE energy production in the eastern province in Saudi Arabia under two scenarios (complete mass burn with and without recycling). Secondly, this study analyzes the effect of 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) practices implementation in a residential camp (11,000 population) to influence the behavior of the camp’s citizens to reduce their average waste (kg/capita). The results of the 3R-WTE framework show a potential may reach 254 Megawatt (MW) of electricity by year 2030. The 3R system implementation in the camp reduced MSW production from 5,625 tons to 3000 tons of household waste every year, which is considered lower than what the surrounding communities to be produced in the same area. Full article
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13 pages, 211 KiB  
Article
Combined Heat and Power from Municipal Solid Waste: Current Status and Issues in South Korea
by Changkook Ryu and Donghoon Shin
Energies 2013, 6(1), 45-57; https://doi.org/10.3390/en6010045 - 27 Dec 2012
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 11152
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important energy resource for combined heat and power (CHP) production. This study summarized an overview of CHP by MSW to energy (WtE) plants in South Korea and discussed the issues related to energy efficiency improvement. Given the [...] Read more.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important energy resource for combined heat and power (CHP) production. This study summarized an overview of CHP by MSW to energy (WtE) plants in South Korea and discussed the issues related to energy efficiency improvement. Given the dominant housing culture of apartment living in South Korea, the primary energy output of WtE plants has been for district heating. In 2010, approximately half of the 51 large WtE plants were CHP, while the rest produced heat. Power generation in the WtE CHP plants was estimated to be only 3.65% of the thermal input, while heat production was 60.79%. The R1 efficiency when compared to that in Europe was similar for the CHP plants and higher for heat-only plants. Improving power generation efficiency is required for new power plants producing steam at pressures higher than the current level of 20–30 bar. Over ten of the existing plants needed to increase their energy efficiency by installing new equipment such as steam turbines for excess steam. Finally, transboundary centralization of WtE plants between neighboring local authorities is essential for heat utilization since many existing small-scale plants (<50 t/day capacity) do not recover heat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combined Heat and Power – Strategy and Practice)
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