Search Results (3,245)

A comprehensive investigation is presented for cyclohexene, C₆H₁₀, via the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectrum in the photon energy range 4.0–10.8 eV (310–115 nm). Quantum chemical calculations (Density Functional Theory (DFT), Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) and Equation of Motion Coupled-Cluster Single and Doubles (EOM-CCSD)) are combined with experiments in order to provide the most accurate and up-to-date information about the electronic state spectroscopy of cyclohexene. The spectrum reveals several new features not previously reported in the literature, with special attention to the different Rydberg series converging to (11b)⁻¹  ${\tilde{X}}^{2}B$, (10b)⁻¹  ${\tilde{A}}^{2}B$, (12a)⁻¹ ${\tilde{B}}^{2}A$, (11a)⁻¹ ${\tilde{C}}^{2}A$, and (9b)⁻¹ ${\tilde{D}}^{2}B$ ionic electronic states of cyclohexene. We also provide absolute cross-section values from high-resolution VUV photoabsorption measurements, with photolysis lifetimes in the Earth’s atmosphere from 0 to 50 km altitude being obtained, showing that solar photolysis is not an important sink mechanism at altitudes lower than 22 km, relative to ^●OH radical reactions. Full article

The large-scale resource utilization of limestone powder generated from mining operations and steel slag waste discharged from the metallurgical industry is of vital importance. The effects of limestone powder or steel slag powder on the properties of cement-based materials at an extremely low water/binder (w/b) ratio of 0.16 under standard curing and early high-temperature curing at 60 °C for 3 d were comparatively studied through measuring the compressive strength, hydration degree and microstructure. The results show that limestone powder promotes the early strength development of concrete at an extremely low w/b ratio better than steel slag powder does under standard curing conditions, but steel slag powder promotes the late strength growth better. For concrete containing 10% and 20% steel slag powder, the compressive strength increased by 20.4 and 33.7 MPa, respectively, from 3 to 7 d, and the difference in their compressive strengths was only 0.4 MPa at 90 d. The limestone powder promotes strength more significantly under early high-temperature curing conditions; however, when the dosage reaches 30%, the long-term strength of the concrete containing steel slag powder is marginally greater compared to the concrete containing limestone powder. At 90 d under early high-temperature curing, the chemically bound water contents of the pastes containing limestone powder ranged from 9.05% to 10.53%, compared with 10.64% to 11.85% for the pastes containing steel slag powder. The diffraction peak intensity of ettringite is stronger in the paste with limestone powder due to the stabilizing effect of limestone powder on ettringite. The diffraction peak intensity of Ca(OH)₂ is stronger in the paste with steel slag powder, which exhibits a higher hydration degree and generates more hydration products. The pore structure of the sample containing steel slag powder improves, and the microstructure becomes denser at high temperatures. Full article

Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a promising alternative for signal detection in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems, achieving a performance close to the optimal maximum likelihood (ML) criterion. However, implementing DL algorithms for MIMO signal detection still demands a high computational cost. Recently, a DL-based architecture with reduced complexity was proposed for MIMO signal detection. More specifically, a preprocessing stage was added to label the input signals, resulting in a more efficient detection scheme. However, even with this reduction in complexity, the proposed detection schemes remain computationally demanding, and this cost grows sharply as the system scales to higher-order modulations and/or large antenna arrays. To further reduce the complexity of these schemes, this paper proposes a graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated procedure for DL-based MIMO signal detection. The algorithm is accelerated by using two strategies in a CUDA-enabled PyTorch implementation. First, we optimize the training, which tightens the bit error rate (BER) gap from 1.00 dB to approximately 0.20 dB for the One-Hot (OH) labeling and from 2.00 dB to approximately 0.90 dB for the One-Hot-per-Antenna (OHA) labeling. Additionally, we optimize the Monte Carlo simulation using seven strategies, reducing the end-to-end evaluation time by 34.7% on an NVIDIA RTX 4090 GPU. These results aim to support future projects in evaluating DL-based MIMO systems using shorter computing windows. Full article

Background/Objectives: Abnormal nocturnal dipping (ND) in diabetes mellitus is linked to adverse outcomes. Its association with vitamin D (VD), cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains unclear. We aim to evaluate the association of VD status with ND loss as well as CAN in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) across different DKD stages. Methods: 83 T2DM patients were included in this cross-sectional study: 36 with early-stage DKD (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio [UACR] 30–299 mg/g; Group 1) as well as 47 with advanced-stage DKD (UACR ≥ 300 mg/g; Group 2). Results: Patients with advanced DKD exhibited higher CAN prevalence (72.70% vs. 52.80%; p < 0.05), lower 25(OH)D (26.90 ± 9.90 vs. 29.60 ± 8.00 ng/mL; p = 0.05), and lower systolic ND (0.82 ± 8.40 vs. 4.50 ± 7%; p < 0.05). Among patients with advanced DKD, lower 25(OH)D levels, classified according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) criteria (normal ≥ 20 ng/mL), were associated with reduced systolic ND (1.90 ± 7.80 vs. −5.60 ± 9.30%; p < 0.05), while the Endocrine Society criteria showed a progressive reduction in systolic ND across VD classification (insufficiency 20–29.9, deficiency <20, and sufficiency ≥30 ng/mL), (−5.60 ± 9.30 vs. −0.20 ± 7.30 vs. 3.30 ± 8%, respectively; p < 0.05). Patients with definite/severe CAN exhibited lower systolic ND (−4.38 ± 7.41 vs. 3.34 ± 8.00%; p < 0.01) than those with absent/early CAN. In addition, lower VD levels were associated with greater CAN severity according to both the Endocrine Society criteria (p < 0.01, r = 0.40), and the IOM criteria (p < 0.05, r = 0.30). In the regression model, VD remained an independent predictor of absence of diastolic ND (Rsqr = 0.393; p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest a potential link between vitamin D status, autonomic dysfunction, and ND in patients with T2DM and advanced DKD. Full article

Background/Objectives: Hypovitaminosis-D is a highly prevalent condition worldwide, associated with adverse skeletal and extra-skeletal outcomes. Increasing demand for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) testing points toward the need for simple tools to identify individuals at risk and optimize laboratory use. We aimed to develop and validate a clinical risk score for predicting hypovitaminosis-D based on easily assessable risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1408 adults aged ≥50 years (1286 women and 122 men) attending centers across Italy dedicated to osteoporosis and metabolic bone diseases. Demographic, clinical, lifestyle, and dietary data were collected through a standardized questionnaire. Overall, 1147 subjects (81.5%) were receiving cholecalciferol supplementation. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses identified predictors of 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL (primary outcome) and <30 ng/mL. Risk scores were derived from models and internally validated. Discriminative ability was assessed using ROC curves, and calibration was conducted by comparing predicted and observed probabilities. Results: The median age was 67 years, and 91.3% were female. Median 25(OH)D was 33.2 ng/mL; 9.8% had levels < 20 ng/mL. Independent predictors of hypovitaminosis-D (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL) included higher body mass index, residence in Northern Italy, reduced summer sun exposure, sunscreen use, cardiovascular disease, glucocorticoid use, absence of cholecalciferol supplementation, and no prior vitamin D use. The score (range 9–18) showed good discrimination (Area under the curve; AUC: 79.1%, 95% CI: 75.3–82.9) and calibration (r = 0.98, p < 0.001). A screening cut-off (10.3–10.7) ensured high sensitivity (87.0–92.7%), while 11.9–12.0 balanced sensitivity (~62%) and specificity (~80%). A second score for 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL showed moderate discrimination (AUC: 69.6%). Performance remained stable across seasons and in untreated subjects (AUC: 72.7%). Female predominance, widespread vitamin D use, and the absence of external validation or impact analyses limit generalizability. Conclusions: The proposed data-driven clinical risk score may help identify individuals at risk of vitamin D deficiency and support targeted screening strategies, potentially reducing unnecessary testing in routine clinical practice. Full article

Endothelial dysfunction has been reported in polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) and is associated with obesity. We hypothesised that circulating biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction would not differ between non-obese women with PMOS and age- and BMI-matched controls in the absence of major between-group differences in insulin resistance (IR), systemic inflammation or vitamin D status. Plasma concentrations of 20 endothelial-associated proteins were measured using Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamer (SOMAscan) technology in 29 non-obese women with PMOS and 29 age- and BMI-matched controls. Women with PMOS had higher Ferriman–Gallwey scores, free androgen index (FAI) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), whereas HOMA-IR, C-reactive protein (CRP), vitamin D metabolites and endothelial-associated biomarkers did not differ significantly between groups. Within the PMOS cohort, FAI was strongly positively associated with E-selectin (Pearson r = 0.718, p < 0.001, FDR-adjusted q = 0.027), and HOMA-IR was positively associated with ICAM-2 (r = 0.670, p = 0.001, q = 0.046). The FAI–E-selectin association remained robust in Spearman sensitivity analysis (ρ = 0.720, p < 0.001, q = 0.009), whereas the HOMA-IR–ICAM-2 association remained nominally significant (ρ = 0.579, p = 0.007) but not after FDR correction. A positive association between 24,25(OH)₂D₃ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) was observed using Pearson correlation (r = 0.648, p = 0.002, q = 0.042), but was not retained after FDR correction in Spearman sensitivity analysis. Thus, non-obese women with PMOS did not demonstrate a generalised alteration in circulating endothelial biomarkers compared with matched controls. Hyperandrogenism, in particular, was robustly associated with endothelial activation, whereas associations with IR were less consistent and vitamin D metabolites showed no robust relationship with the endothelial biomarker profile. Collectively, the findings suggest that variation in endothelial activation in non-obese PMOS is more closely associated with metabolic dysfunction and androgen excess than with circulating vitamin D status, while the cross-sectional design precludes inference regarding causality. Full article

Background/Objectives: Nutritional, inflammatory, and lifestyle-related characteristics may contribute to substantial biological heterogeneity among children with documented previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aimed to characterize an integrated nutritional-inflammatory profile and explore its relationships with biological and clinical features in a hospitalized pediatric cohort. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 260 children with documented previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were complemented by questionnaire-derived dietary and lifestyle information (n = 213). Analyses combined conventional statistics with correlation and multivariate techniques, including PCA and K-means clustering (n = 231) and exploratory Ridge regression (n = 188). Results: Suboptimal serum 25(OH)D concentrations (<30 ng/mL) were present in 55.8% of participants (95% CI [49.7%, 61.7%]), while 43.5% were overweight or obese (95% CI [37.6%, 49.5%]). BMI correlated with hemoglobin (ρ = 0.23) and CRP (ρ = 0.12), while 25(OH)D correlated with potassium (ρ = 0.22). Increasing daily device use was associated with progressively lower 25(OH)D concentrations (H = 24, p < 0.001, ε² = 0.11), with median values decreasing from 33 ng/mL at <1 h/day to 24 ng/mL at >4 h/day. PCA identified three complementary biological dimensions explaining 55.0% of the total variance, while K-means clustering identified three reproducible exploratory nutritional–inflammatory phenotypes differentiated by age, BMI, hematological and inflammatory characteristics, and selected lifestyle factors. Conclusions: The findings show multidimensional nutritional–inflammatory heterogeneity in children with documented previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The identified patterns and exploratory phenotypes provide an integrated framework for biological characterization and warrant validation in prospective multicenter cohorts. Full article

Vitamin D and its metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25-OH-D₃) are central to calcium homeostasis, maternal skeletal integrity, and sow reproductive efficiency. This study compared vitamin D₃ with an equivalent supranutritional dose of chemically or microbially produced 25-OH-D₃ from day 90 of gestation to weaning. A total of 100 Large White × Landrace sows were assigned to five treatments (n = 20): a basal control (25 µg/kg vitamin D₃), a VD₃ group (basal + 50 µg/kg vitamin D₃), and three 25-OH-D₃ groups (basal + 50 µg/kg 25-OH-D₃; QV1–QV3). Reproductive traits, colostrum composition, serum vitamin D-related indices, antioxidant and cytokine profiles, pre-weaning piglet growth, femoral mineral concentration, intestinal morphology, and barrier-related gene expression were assessed. Compared with the control, QV2 increased litter weight gain from birth to day 14 by 9.8%, piglet serum 25-OH-D₃ at weaning by 33.2%, and femoral calcium concentration by 14.4% (p < 0.05); litter and average piglet weights at weaning were unchanged. Maternal 25-OH-D₃ supplementation also altered the overall redox profile and several circulating inflammatory cytokines, increased jejunal and ileal villus height in the QV2 and QV3 groups, and upregulated selected tight-junction-related genes, including occludin and ZO-1, in a source- and intestinal-segment-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Responses were source-dependent, and QV2 showed the strongest effects for selected endpoints; the data do not support class-wide superiority of biosynthesized preparations. Full article

The aim of this work was to synthesize previously unknown thieno[2,3-b]pyridines bearing a β-ketoamide moiety, to study their structure, and to evaluate their agrochemical potential as 2,4-D herbicide safeners. A series of 3-(3-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-yl)-3-oxo-N-phenylpropanamides were prepared via S-alkylation of readily available 2-thioxonicotinonitriles or 3-cyanopyridine-2-thiolates with γ-bromoacetoacetanilide, followed by base-promoted Thorpe–Ziegler cyclization. The structure of 4-[(3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)thio]-3-oxo-N-phenylbutanamide was unambiguously established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Quantum chemical calculations (B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311+G(2d,p)) revealed that the ketone form is significantly more stable than the enol tautomer with a calculated equilibrium constant in DMSO of 1.52 × 10⁻⁵, which is consistent with the absence of enol form signals in the NMR spectra. The calculated IR frequencies, after scaling, showed excellent agreement with experimental data. Additionally, we found that 4-[(3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)thio]-3-oxo-N-phenylbutanamide undergoes intramolecular cyclization upon heating in AcOH or DMF, to give 4-hydroxy-7,9-dimethylthieno [2,3-b:4,5-b′]dipyridin-2(1H)-one via aniline elimination, thus providing an alternative route to tricyclic thieno [2,3-b;4,5-b]dipyridine ensembles. Agrochemical screening demonstrated that some compounds exhibit pronounced antidote activity against the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in sunflower seedlings, with root and hypocotyl protection reaching 119–156% in laboratory tests. Field trials for the three most active compounds confirmed their efficacy, providing crop yield increases of 46–57% relative to the herbicide-only control. These results indicate that the newly synthesized thienopyridine β-ketoamides represent a promising class of 2,4-D herbicide safeners. Full article

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are prone to low vitamin D levels; however, data from Southeast Europe on this topic remain sparse. We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in Albanian patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to determine the prevalence of deficiency and its association with clinical disease activity. Methods: We enrolled 96 patients with IBD (82 with ulcerative colitis [UC] and 14 with Crohn’s disease [CD]) and 563 healthy controls at the University Hospital Center Mother Teresa in Tirana, Albania. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Elecsys Vitamin D total III, Roche Diagnostics). Vitamin D levels were classified as deficient (<10 ng/mL), insufficient (10–29 ng/mL), or sufficient (≥30 ng/mL). Disease activity was scored using the Total Mayo Score (TMS) for UC and the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) for CD. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Patients with IBD had lower mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations than controls (18.0 ± 9.9 vs. 23.8 ± 11.1 ng/mL; p = 0.001). After adjustment for age and sex, vitamin D sufficiency (≥30 ng/mL) remained less common among patients with IBD than among healthy controls (adjusted OR, 0.494; 95% CI, 0.260–0.939; p = 0.031). Only 12 of the 96 IBD patients (12.5%) had sufficient vitamin D levels. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were observed in 65.6% and 21.9% of patients, respectively. A weak inverse correlation with Total Mayo Score was observed among UC patients with complete disease activity data (r = −0.266, p = 0.044). No such correlation was observed for CDAI in patients with CD. The relationship between vitamin D and CRP was negative but did not reach significance (r = −0.213, p = 0.051). Conclusions: Low vitamin D levels are common among Albanian patients with IBD and showed a weak inverse association with disease activity in UC. Whether correcting this deficiency changes the disease course remains to be determined in prospective trials. Full article

In this study, rapid-hardening sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) was used as cementitious material, and recycled fine aggregates (RFAs) were surface pretreated by immersion in nano-SiO₂ (NS) suspensions. NS-modified SAC recycled fine aggregate mortars were prepared at three cement–sand ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) to systematically investigate the regulatory effects of NS concentrations (0%, 1%, 2% and 3%) on macroscopic performance, hydration products and interfacial microstructure. Multi-scale characterizations, including XRD, TG-DTG, SEM-EDS and microhardness tests, were carried out. The testing results show that appropriate NS can optimize SAC hydration by heterogeneous nucleation and the pozzolanic reaction. At a cement–sand ratio of 1:1, the compressive and flexural strengths gradually increase as the NS concentration rises from 0% to 2%. Compared with the control group, the 28 d compressive and flexural strength are enhanced by 19.5% and 16.6%, respectively, the drying shrinkage decreases by 8.0%, and carbonation resistance is obviously improved. Meanwhile, the formation of AFt is promoted, amorphous C-S-H gel accumulates continuously, and the content of Ca(OH)₂ is gradually consumed by the pozzolanic reaction of NS. For specimens modified with 2% NS, the maximum microhardness reaches 1326 HV, which greatly benefits the mechanical properties of mortar. However, further increasing the NS concentration to 3% triggers nanoparticle agglomeration and reduces effective reactive silica, leading to a decline in hydration products, deteriorated interfacial compactness and reduced mechanical performance. Therefore, 2% can be determined as the optimal NS concentration which can provide a theoretical basis for high-value resource recycling of recycled fine aggregates in SAC mortar. Full article

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency remains common in UVB-constrained, pollution-exposed, sedentary, and ageing populations, yet recent guidelines discourage routine screening and empiric high-dose supplementation in generally healthy adults. This review clarifies the clinical distinction between untargeted population supplementation and monitored repletion of documented deficiency in high-risk individuals. Methods: We conducted a focused narrative review of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The focused evidence search supporting the narrative synthesis was completed in June 2026. References published subsequently were included during manuscript preparation only when relevant for contextual purposes and were not incorporated retrospectively into the evidence-selection process underlying the review’s clinical conclusions. Evidence was interpreted according to baseline and achieved 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], dosing schedule, route, body composition, endpoint, and population risk. No formal risk-of-bias assessment, certainty grading, or systematic meta-analytic synthesis was performed. Key Findings: The strongest rationale for vitamin D repletion remains musculoskeletal, particularly for osteomalacia, muscle function, osteoporosis care, and fracture-related vulnerability in deficient or high-risk patients. Management should separate generally healthy adults from patients with an indication for testing or treatment. Historical and regional expert frameworks describe time-limited higher-dose repletion for documented deficiency, but these regimens should not be interpreted as a current universal Endocrine Society treatment standard. Short-term trials using moderate cumulative oral doses suggest broadly comparable biochemical repletion with daily, weekly, or monthly schedules; equivalence has not been established for long-term clinical outcomes, frail populations, or large intermittent doses. Extra-skeletal associations remain less trial-supported. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency should be managed using clinically indicated assessment, explicit repletion and maintenance regimens, and selective biochemical reassessment. Targets above conventional skeletal adequacy thresholds remain investigational and should not be applied as universal treatment goals. Full article

Efficient conversion of cellulose to value-added lactic acid remains challenging because the rigid crystalline structure of cellulose limits its accessibility and subsequent conversion. This study developed an integrated strategy combining ionic liquid-assisted ball milling with catalytic lactic acid production. Ionic liquid type, ball-milling time, ionic liquid concentration, and glucose addition were examined during cellulose pretreatment. Among the ionic liquids tested, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Bmim][OAc]) provided the highest apparent water-soluble fraction. After 60 min of ball milling with 0.17 M [Bmim][OAc], the apparent water-soluble fraction increased from 5.1% for untreated cellulose to 63.7%, while the crystallinity index decreased from 78.1% to 44.0%. The catalytic stage was then evaluated using D-glucose as a model substrate with rehydrated hydrotalcite (r-HT) in a Ba(OH)₂ medium. The r-HT/Ba(OH)₂ system achieved the highest lactic acid yield of 43.6 C-% at 100 °C for 2 h, compared with 9.1 C-% for r-HT and 38.2 C-% for Ba(OH)₂ alone. These results demonstrate the potential of this integrated strategy to improve cellulose accessibility while enhancing lactic acid formation from glucose, providing a basis for further development of cellulose-to-lactic-acid conversion pathways. Full article

On-demand hydrogen can be generated through methanol steam reforming. Isolated metal atoms hosted on ZnO may provide a lower-cost catalytic platform for this reaction. Density functional theory calculations were applied to examine the complete methanol steam reforming pathways over Ni₁/ZnO and Pd₁/ZnO single-atom catalysts, and the associated kinetics were evaluated using transition-state theory. H₂O and CH₃OH prefer Zn-top sites, with nearly identical adsorption energies on both catalysts, whereas most other intermediates bind more strongly to Pd₁/ZnO as the Pd d-state centroid lies closer to the Fermi level. Formaldehyde (CH₂O) governs product selectivity. The weaker C–3c–O orbital interaction on Ni₁/ZnO favors the direct CO₂-forming pathway without a CO intermediate, for which the rate-determining barrier is 0.844 eV. On Pd₁/ZnO, the CO-mediated and direct CO₂-forming pathways have comparable limiting barriers of 1.152 and 1.190 eV, respectively. The rate constant for the CHO rearrangement required before CO formation is only 6.704 s⁻¹ on Ni₁/ZnO, making CO formation kinetically unfavorable. Taken together, the calculations show that Ni₁/ZnO provides higher intrinsic activity and CO₂ selectivity than Pd₁/ZnO as well as the reference Pt₁/ZnO and Cu₁/ZnO system. This work provides a mechanistic basis for designing efficient single-atom methanol-reforming catalysts. Full article

Background/Objectives: This 12-week randomized controlled trial investigated whether progressive resistance training combined with vitamin D supplementation produces enhanced combined improvements in cardiometabolic profiles and functional capacities compared with monotherapies in elderly Korean women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and vitamin D deficiency. Methods: In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 52 women (aged 65–80 years) with T2DM and serum 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL were assigned to four groups: Exercise + Vitamin D (Ex + VitD, n = 15), Exercise + Placebo (Ex + Placebo, n = 13), Vitamin D only (VitD, n = 11), or Control (n = 13). Exercise groups completed supervised progressive resistance training three times weekly, and vitamin D groups received 2000 IU/day cholecalciferol. Results: The Ex + VitD group achieved significant improvements in HbA1c (−0.13%, p = 0.019), fasting glucose (−0.79 mmol/L, p < 0.001), insulin (−1.96 μU/mL, p = 0.050), and HOMA-IR (−0.77, p = 0.020). Serum 25(OH)D increased substantially (+15.57 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Calcitonin rose exclusively in the Ex + VitD group (+2.57 pg/mL, p < 0.001, d = 3.34), while monotherapies showed no change. Total cholesterol (−23.93 mg/dL), triglycerides (−25.07 mg/dL), and LDL-cholesterol (−10.20 mg/dL) decreased significantly. Both exercise groups showed marked strength gains (chair stand +8.33 to +10.00 repetitions, p < 0.001) and balance improvements (functional reach +2.47 to +4.46 cm, p ≤ 0.033). Conclusions: Twelve weeks of progressive resistance training combined with vitamin D supplementation produced enhanced combined improvements in glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, calcitonin secretion, muscular strength, and lipid metabolism in elderly women with T2DM and vitamin D deficiency, targeting complementary pathways that neither intervention engaged alone. Full article