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Water
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Wastewater Treatment via the Adsorption Method
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Wastewater Treatment via the Adsorption Method

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Wastewater Treatment and Reuse".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 20666

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ewa Okoniewska

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Częstochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: activated carbon; adsorption; wastewater; wastewater treatment; dyes; industrial wastewater; pollutants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Małgorzata Worwa̧g

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Guest Editor
Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: wastewater; wastewater treatment; dyes; adsorption; adsorbents; activated carbons; industrial wastewater; pollutant impact; sustainable wastewater treatment; advanced water treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Mariusz Kowalczyk

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Sanitary Networks and Installations, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, ul. Brzeźnicka 60A, Poland
Interests: wastewater; wastewater treatment; dyes; adsorption; adsorbents; activated carbons; industrial wastewater; pollutant impact; sustainable wastewater treatment; advanced water treatment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent years have witnessed an increased amount of attention on protecting and caring for the environment, related both to legal requirements and to the elimination of hazards that cause direct exposure to human health. Heavy metals can accumulate in living organisms, causing permanent cell damage and disorders leading to disease and even death. Effective ways are still being sought to remove heavy metals from wastewater in those plants where their presence is unfavorable; hence, new techniques are being sought to remove them. The diverse composition of industrial wastewater requires a variety of treatment methods. Heavy metal ions are most often removed by the precipitation of their hardly soluble compounds, most often hydroxides, sulphides, sulphates, and carbonates. In addition to these, ion exchange and sorption methods are widely used.

Sorption as a method of removing contaminants from water and wastewater and recovering valuable metals is the subject of numerous studies. Sorbents for the treatment of contaminated groundwater are currently being sought.

Classical, highly efficient methods of industrial wastewater treatment seem to be insufficient in view of very high concentrations of pollutants in wastewater. Widely used sorption materials can be helpful in removing contaminants.

This Special Issue aims to contribute to the search for new methods of wastewater treatment. We encourage the publication of scientific articles, critical reviews, or case studies that are relevant to environmental protection.

Dr. Ewa Okoniewska
Dr. Małgorzata Worwa̧g
Prof. Dr. Mariusz Kowalczyk
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wastewater
  • wastewater treatment
  • dyes
  • adsorption
  • industrial wastewater
  • pollutant impact

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 4538 KiB  
Article
Highly Functionalized Microporous Activated Biochar from Syagrus coronata Waste: Production, Characterization, and Application in Adsorption Studies
by Bruno Salarini Peixoto, Larissa Silva de Oliveira Mota, Pamella Christina Ortega de Oliveira, Márcia Cristina da Cunha Veloso, Gilberto Alves Romeiro and Marcela Cristina de Moraes
Water 2022, 14(21), 3525; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213525 - 3 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2086
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants in water can harm both the environment and human health. Traditional water and wastewater treatment cannot eliminate them, so different alternatives for their removal are being studied. The use of activated carbon as an adsorbent is emphasized due [...] Read more.
The presence of emerging contaminants in water can harm both the environment and human health. Traditional water and wastewater treatment cannot eliminate them, so different alternatives for their removal are being studied. The use of activated carbon as an adsorbent is emphasized due to its high adsorption capacity and lower cost, and to the possibility of obtaining it from biomass wastes. Thus, this study evaluated the use of Syagrus coronata waste to produce activated biochars and their adsorption capacity of isoniazid from an aqueous medium. For this, the biochar obtained through slow pyrolysis was chemically activated using two different agents, H2SO4 or KOH. The adsorbent’s acidic and textural properties were studied and correlated with adsorption behavior tested in batch and fixed-bed column systems, using commercial activated carbon as a comparison. The KOH activation process produced a predominantly microporous material (BAC), with a high surface area (1006 m2·g−1) and a high content of oxygenated functional groups (1.98 mmol·g−1). BAC outperformed all other materials tested and ones found in other works using isoniazid as a contaminant model, having a high adsorption capacity (712.42 mg·g−1). Thus, this work successfully obtained an efficient adsorbent produced from an agro-industrial waste, with superior performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment via the Adsorption Method)
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19 pages, 4554 KiB  
Article
Modification of Natural Peat for Removal of Copper Ions from Aqueous Solutions
by Olga Shvartseva, Tatiana Skripkina, Olga Gaskova and Ekaterina Podgorbunskikh
Water 2022, 14(13), 2114; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132114 - 1 Jul 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1963
Abstract
This study aimed at estimating peat adsorption properties for copper ion removal from aqueous solutions during peat modification. Two peat modifications have been studied using batch tests and quantitatively reproduced with instrumental analysis by using spectrometric, potentiometric, and thermodynamic modeling methods. The first [...] Read more.
This study aimed at estimating peat adsorption properties for copper ion removal from aqueous solutions during peat modification. Two peat modifications have been studied using batch tests and quantitatively reproduced with instrumental analysis by using spectrometric, potentiometric, and thermodynamic modeling methods. The first variation—mechanical activation—was carried out in a planetary mill; for the second one—mechanochemical activation—dry sodium percarbonate (Na2CO3·1.5H2O2) was added. The adsorption of copper ions was studied in the concentration range from 10–150 mg/L with an interaction time from 0.25–12 h. Both modifications led to significant changes in the interaction energy in the adsorption layer; thus, the acceptor properties of macromolecules were enhanced from natural peat to mechanically activated peat and mechanochemically activated peat. FTIR spectra, specific surface area characteristics, and sorption experiments show the predominantly chemical nature of copper sorption. Maximum adsorption capacity was determined to be 24.1, 42.1, and 16.0 mg/g for natural peat, mechanically activated peat, and mechanochemically activated peat, respectively. The example of peat mechanochemically oxidized with Na2CO3·1.5H2O2 shows that the improvement in the physicochemical properties (CBET and specific surface area) plays a smaller role in the sorption capacity in relation to copper ions than the presence of phenolic and carboxyl groups, the content of which decreases during oxidation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment via the Adsorption Method)
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16 pages, 2866 KiB  
Article
A Mesoporous Faujasite Prepared by Space-Confined Method for Highly Effective Selectivity of Copper Ions
by Yi Chen, Shiyue Wei, Shuai Dong, Jinchuan Gu and Wenju Jiang
Water 2022, 14(13), 2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132040 - 25 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1773
Abstract
The discharge of copper ion (Cu(II)) into natural waters can lead to serious environmental and health problems; however, an abundantly porous hierarchical adsorbent, such as faujasite (FAU), can rapidly remove unwanted Cu(II). In this research, a hierarchically structured, abundantly mesoporous faujasite (FAU) was [...] Read more.
The discharge of copper ion (Cu(II)) into natural waters can lead to serious environmental and health problems; however, an abundantly porous hierarchical adsorbent, such as faujasite (FAU), can rapidly remove unwanted Cu(II). In this research, a hierarchically structured, abundantly mesoporous faujasite (FAU) was fabricated from industrial-waste lithium-silicon powder (LSP), with the addition of biochar and graphene oxide (GO) via hydrothermal synthesis without high-temperature calcination. The results demonstrated that just a small amount of biochar or GO can significantly improve the mesopore volume (0.14 cm³/g) and the Cu(II) adsorption capacity (115.65 mg/g) of composite FAU. In particular, careful examination of the properties of the composite FAU showed that the biochar and GO had favorably affected the growth of the zeolite crystals, thus promoting the formation of the FAU skeleton structure, ion-exchange sites and Si-OH. The composite FAU exhibited superior adsorption capacities and highly effective Cu(II) selectivity. Thus, the findings of this study provide a novel and cost-effective avenue for the synthesis of composite FAU with high copper-selective removal capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment via the Adsorption Method)
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16 pages, 4683 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Performance of the Electrocoagulation−Filtration System Treating Mariculture Tailwaters by Using Alternating Pulse Current: Effects of Current Density and Current Conversion Period
by Jianping Xu, Tianlong Qiu, Fudi Chen, Ming Sun, Li Zhou, Jianming Sun and Yishuai Du
Water 2022, 14(8), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14081181 - 7 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1870
Abstract
Electrocoagulation (EC) is an environmentally friendly and effective water treatment technique. It has been recently applied in combination with a filtration process. This study investigated the effects of an alternating pulse current (APC) on the electrodes, treatment efficiency, and energy consumption of an [...] Read more.
Electrocoagulation (EC) is an environmentally friendly and effective water treatment technique. It has been recently applied in combination with a filtration process. This study investigated the effects of an alternating pulse current (APC) on the electrodes, treatment efficiency, and energy consumption of an EC−filtration system during the treatment of mariculture tailwaters, from the aspects of current density and current conversion period (CCP), to generate ideas for improving the performance of the system. Results showed that using direct current (DC) would aggravate the electrode passivation, resulting in many white insoluble substances covering the surface of the electrodes. Moreover, the electrode passivation was more intense at a higher current density and longer system operation time (SOT). Significantly, the electrode weight increased by 1546.67 ± 54.50 mg when the system was operated for 90 min under DC at a current density of 45 A/m2. Unlike DC, APC significantly alleviated electrode passivation, enhanced the treatment efficiency, and reduced energy consumption. A shorter CCP produced better results. When the CCP was 1 min, current density was 45 A/m2, and SOT was 10 min, the removal efficiency of the EC−filtration system for total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), and total nitrogen (TN) was 53.55 ± 1.66%, 47.76 ± 0.18%, and 15.55 ± 0.31%, respectively, and the energy consumption was 11.88 × 10−3 kWh/m3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment via the Adsorption Method)
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Review

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28 pages, 3058 KiB  
Review
Coffee Industry and Ways of Using By-Products as Bioadsorbents for Removal of Pollutants
by Angelika Skorupa, Małgorzata Worwąg and Mariusz Kowalczyk
Water 2023, 15(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010112 - 29 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8014
Abstract
As a result of anthropological activities, various pollutants, for example heavy metals, enter the environment in significant quantities. They have the potential to accumulate in living organisms and are not biodegradable in the environment. This poses a major threat to the health and [...] Read more.
As a result of anthropological activities, various pollutants, for example heavy metals, enter the environment in significant quantities. They have the potential to accumulate in living organisms and are not biodegradable in the environment. This poses a major threat to the health and life of living organisms and the environment. Therefore, the search for effective technologies to reduce anthropic pollutants in the environment is so important. Currently, membrane techniques, chemical precipitation, electrolysis, coagulation, ion exchange and adsorption, among others, are used to remove heavy metal ions. The most versatile method is adsorption on adsorbents. It is a relatively simple method, but very expensive. This prompts a constant search for new, effective and inexpensive adsorbents. Coffee is one of the most important foodstuffs and agricultural commodities in the world. From the point of view of the circular economy, by-products from the processing of coffee beans have become a valuable raw material in other areas of life. An important way to manage waste from the coffee bean processing industry is to produce adsorbents using it. There are data from laboratory studies indicating that it is possible to produce effective and low-cost adsorbents using by-products from the agro-food industry to remove pollutants from the aquatic environment and wastewater. Laboratory studies prove the high efficiency of heavy metal removal when using coffee-processing waste as adsorbents. However, data from real-world studies are still lacking. In addition, there is a lack of data from analyses on the impact of alternative adsorbents on economic, environmental and social aspects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment via the Adsorption Method)
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26 pages, 1832 KiB  
Review
Some Well-Known Alginate and Chitosan Modifications Used in Adsorption: A Review
by Asmaa Benettayeb, Soumya Ghosh, Muhammad Usman, Fatima Zohra Seihoub, Ihsanullah Sohoo, Chin Hua Chia and Mika Sillanpää
Water 2022, 14(9), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091353 - 21 Apr 2022
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4099
Abstract
Owing to environmental pollution and increasingly strict regulations, heavy metals have attracted the attention of many researchers in various disciplines. Alginate and chitosan derivatives have gained popularity as biosorbents for water treatment. An increase in the number of publications on modified biosorbents for [...] Read more.
Owing to environmental pollution and increasingly strict regulations, heavy metals have attracted the attention of many researchers in various disciplines. Alginate and chitosan derivatives have gained popularity as biosorbents for water treatment. An increase in the number of publications on modified biosorbents for the biosorption of toxic compounds reveals widespread interest in examining the requirements and positive contribution of each modification type. This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of using alginate and chitosan for adsorption. Well-known modifications based on chitosan and alginate, namely, grafting, functionalization, copolymerization and cross-linking, as well as applications in the field of adsorption processes, especially amino acid functionalization, are reviewed. The selection criteria for the best biosorbents and their effectiveness and proposed mechanism of adsorption are discussed critically. In the conclusion, the question of why these adsorbents need modification before use is addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment via the Adsorption Method)
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