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Challenges and Innovations in Resilience of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water-Energy Nexus".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 22 September 2025 | Viewed by 2958

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Resources Development, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
Interests: issues of prosperity; water-energy-food nexus; natural hazards; civil engineering; art & aesthetics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Natural Resources Development & Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
Interests: mathematical simulation and analysis of water resources systems (with emphasis in agricultural uses); soil–water movement; soil–water–plants–atmosphere relationships; water resources management; irrigation techniques; hydroinformatics; spatial analysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Resources Development, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
Interests: hydrological modeling; renewable energy; flood risk; water-energy-nexus; stochastic hydrology; water resources management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The water-energy-food nexus is the cornerstone of human prosperity.

The efficiency of this nexus depends on various technical optimizations, such as irrigation and drainage works, soil fertilization, energy production optimization, and energy consumption allocation. The overarching goal is to optimize food production with the use of minimum resources, while safeguarding human health and well-being.

Stochastic uncertainty in the water-energy-food nexus poses significant challenges to its efficient operation. Historical examples of famine and drought highlight the devastating consequences of failing to address these uncertainties.

Understanding the underlying causes and learning from these events is essential to prevent similar crises in the future.

In this Special Issue, we welcome articles that explore stochastic variability to highlight potential risks to the nexus, such as those posed in periods of drought.

By highlighting the risk of the natural cycles, we aim to attract original, simple, and comprehensible studies that serve as practical tools for optimizing the nexus in multiple scales.

To gain deeper insights into achieving the objectives we describe in our SI, we invite papers in the following themes:

  • Descriptions of technical solutions to safeguard the nexus within case studies, with potential applications in broader regions;
  • Analysis of the trade-offs or synergies between fertilization and water use, supported by case studies and scalable applications which could be more resilience;
  • Small-scale autonomous water-energy-food nexus systems in multiple climatic regions: Requirements, infrastructure, and cost-effectiveness;
  • Historical case studies of famine and drought, with analysis of the root causes and cascading effects;
  • Strategies and technologies for improving nexus robustness in the face of stochastic variability;
  • Modeling approaches to predict and mitigate uncertainty in water, energy, and food systems;
  • Lessons learned from past failures and how to apply them to modern systems to ensure food security and resource sustainability.

Dr. G.-Fivos Sargentis
Dr. Nikolaos Malamos
Dr. Theano Iliopoulou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • water-energy-food nexus
  • prosperity
  • technology water-energy-food nexus
  • self-sufficient communities
  • historic famine and plagues due to water-energy-food nexus

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 4280 KB  
Article
Application of Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) in Sustainable Water Resource Management: A Case Study of Hetao Irrigation District, China
by Jingwei Yao, Julio Berbel, Zhiyuan Yang, Huiyong Wang and Javier Martínez-Dalmau
Water 2025, 17(17), 2598; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17172598 - 2 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Water scarcity and soil salinization pose significant challenges to sustainable agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions globally. This study applies Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) to analyze agricultural water resource management in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID), China. The research constructs a comprehensive [...] Read more.
Water scarcity and soil salinization pose significant challenges to sustainable agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions globally. This study applies Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) to analyze agricultural water resource management in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID), China. The research constructs a comprehensive multi-stress-factor integrated PMP model to evaluate the compound impacts of water resource constraints, pricing policies, and environmental stress on agricultural production systems. The model incorporates crop-specific salinity tolerance thresholds and simulates farmer decision-making behaviors under various scenarios including water supply reduction (0–100%), water pricing increases (0.2–1.0 CNY/m3), and soil salinity stress (0–10 dS/m). The results reveal that the agricultural system exhibits significant vulnerability characteristics with critical thresholds concentrated in the 60–70% water resource utilization interval. Water pricing policies show limited effectiveness in low-price ranges, with wheat demonstrating the highest price sensitivity (−23.8% elasticity). Crop salinity tolerance analysis indicates that wheat–sunflower rotation systems maintain an 85% planting proportion even under extreme salinity conditions (10 dS/m), significantly outperforming individual crops. The study proposes a hierarchical water resource quota allocation system based on vulnerability thresholds and recommends promoting salt-tolerant rotation systems to enhance agricultural resilience. These findings provide scientific evidence for sustainable water resource management and agricultural adaptation strategies in water-stressed regions, contributing to both theoretical advancement of the PMP methodology and practical policy formulation for irrigation districts facing similar challenges. Full article
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Review

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18 pages, 1139 KB  
Review
Blockchain-Enabled Water Quality Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review of Digital Innovations and Challenges
by Trang Le Thuy, Minh-Ky Nguyen, Thuyet D. Bui, Hoang Phan Hai Yen, Nguyen Thi Hoai, Nguyen Vo Chau Ngan, Akhil Pradiprao Khedulkar, Dinh Pham Van, Anthony Halog and Tuan-Dung Hoang
Water 2025, 17(17), 2522; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17172522 - 24 Aug 2025
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Abstract
This paper explores how blockchain technology, widely known as the backbone of cryptocurrencies, can be harnessed to address limitations of traditional water quality monitoring (WQM) systems. Blockchain offers a decentralized, tamper-proof ledger that enables secure, transparent, and traceable data management across distributed networks. [...] Read more.
This paper explores how blockchain technology, widely known as the backbone of cryptocurrencies, can be harnessed to address limitations of traditional water quality monitoring (WQM) systems. Blockchain offers a decentralized, tamper-proof ledger that enables secure, transparent, and traceable data management across distributed networks. When applied to water quality monitoring, blockchain facilitates real-time data acquisition, enhances data integrity, and enables smart contracts for automated regulatory compliance and alerts. These features not only improve the accuracy and efficiency of WQM systems but also build public trust in the reported data. Key insights from current research and pilot applications highlight blockchain’s capacity to integrate with IoT devices for real-time sensing, support adaptive water governance, and empower local stakeholders through decentralized control and transparent access to information. The implications for policy and practice are significant: blockchain-based WQM can support stronger regulatory enforcement, encourage cross-sector collaboration, and provide a robust digital foundation for sustainable water management in smart cities and rural areas alike. As such, this review paper positions blockchain as a transformative tool in the digital transition toward more resilient and equitable water management systems. Full article
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