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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Biodiversity and Functionality of Aquatic Ecosystems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 September 2024) | Viewed by 5757

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Moonho Son

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Guest Editor

Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
Interests: HAB; environmental factors; microbial loop; microcosm; estuary; coastal ecology

Prof. Dr. Seokjin Oh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Division of Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
Interests: HAB; ecotoxicology; environmental toxicology; inorganic chemistry; primary productivity

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The occurrence of harmful marine organisms in the coastal waters is gradually increasing due to factors such as rising sea temperatures resulting from climate change, coastal pollution, alterations in the structure of marine food webs, and habitat destruction caused by development. Therefore, in this Special Issue, we aim to address research findings on the chemical, physiological, and ecological interactions between organisms and the environment. It is well known that water pollution caused by various pollutants since the Industrial Revolution has significantly impacted the aquatic biota. Through this Special Issue, we anticipate the inclusion of comprehensive insights into past issues, recent toxicological concerns affecting human health, and insights into factors that could pose serious problems in the future. We hope that experts from various fields will participate to collectively address issues concerning humanity or ecosystems.

Dr. Moonho Son
Prof. Dr. Seokjin Oh
Guest Editors

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Keywords

water pollution
ecotoxicology
environmental factors
food web
harmful organism

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 18460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of the Pesticide Toxicity Index to Determine Potential Ecological Risk in the Santiago-Guadalajara River Basin, Mexico

by José de Anda, Harvey Shear, Ofelia Yadira Lugo-Melchor, Luis Eduardo Padilla-Tovar, Sandra Daniela Bravo and Luis Alberto Olvera-Vargas

Water 2024, 16(20), 3008; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16203008 - 21 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2210

Abstract

The Santiago-Guadalajara River Basin (SGRB), located in western Mexico, is one of the most polluted rivers in the country. A pesticide monitoring program was carried out from January 2022 to September 2022, during which time water samples collected at 25 sites in the main stem and tributaries revealed the presence of 13 of the 24 pesticides analyzed, including α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC (Lindane), γ-Chlordane, Hexachlorobenzene, Heptachlor, Aldrin, α-Endosulfan, DDT, -4,4, Methoxychlor, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Endosulfan sulfate, and Dicofol. A high level of correlation was found between the identified pesticides, which could mean that several of these pesticides reached a stable level within the monitored water bodies. Most of the identified pesticides are classified as high environmental risk according to the Stockholm Convention because of their persistence and high degree of toxicity to the environment and human health. A Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) was applied to identify the streams considered to be of concern due to the presence of pesticides exceeding the threshold limits established by national and international guidelines. Performing a calculation for the entire Santiago-Guadalajara River Basin, the PTI reached a value of 0.833, which, according to the criteria of this method, classifies it as a “Moderate” level of risk for aquatic life. Increased regulatory and surveillance measures by state and federal authorities are required to prevent the use of these pesticides, which have been restricted globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Environmental Pollution and Ecotoxicological Studies)

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16 pages, 4169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Massive Outbreak of Aurelia coerulea in Geoje Bay, Korea

by Kyoung Yeon Kim, Seok Hyun Youn, Seo Yeol Choi and Wongyu Park

Water 2024, 16(19), 2846; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192846 - 7 Oct 2024

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Abstract

This study was carried out to elucidate the causes of massive outbreaks of Aurelia coerulea in Geoje Bay, Korea, from November 2022 to October 2023. Adult medusae consistently spawn with planulae, and the populations of A. coerulea in Geoje Bay could be categorized into current-year and overwintering populations. The current-year population began with the emergence of ephyrae in February and grew until October, while the overwintering population comprised a mixture of surviving current-year population and additional individuals that joined during the warm season. The size of the planulae are significantly larger than the annual average during the cold season. These results appear to be the energy accumulation of planulae for polyp formation under low water temperatures. Planulae form polyps within a temperature range of 5–25 °C, suggesting the possibility of year-round polyp recruitment. In Geoje Bay, the highest appearance rate of A. coerulea was in April (8.71 ± 12.5 ind. m⁻³), with ephyrae experiencing higher growth rates up to the young medusa stage. However, from April, a decline in zooplankton biomass resulted in reduced growth rates in adults, indicating that jellyfish growth was primarily regulated by food availability. Additionally, submersed oyster shells in oyster farms served as the main habitat for jellyfish polyps. A. coerulea populations were also characterized by the continuous spawning of planulae throughout the year. In conclusion, this study suggests that stable polyp habitats, abundant food supply during the initial developmental period of the population, and suitable ranges of water temperature were significant factors inducing the massive outbreak of A. coerulea in Geoje Bay, Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Environmental Pollution and Ecotoxicological Studies)

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17 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Biotoxicity and Environmental Impact of Prometryn on Fish and Algae Coexistent System

by Zhenjiang Yang, Daoquan Zhao, Jinxing Gu, Ran Wu, Bianzhi Liu, Guangqing Yu, Pengsheng Dong, Xiaocheng Huang, Ming Li and Guoxi Li

Water 2024, 16(17), 2531; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172531 - 6 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1002

Abstract

To investigate the toxic and environmental effects of prometryn, a laboratory experiment was performed on coexistent fish and algae. The body weight and length of Carassius carassius, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) densities and water quality were measured continuously for 92 days. It was observed that fish growth was significantly inhibited by prometryn. This can be partly attributed to the adverse effects of prometryn on the antioxidant system of fish; the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in crucian carp were significantly inhibited by prometryn. The growth of M. aeruginosa was greatly inhibited by prometryn (p < 0.05), and the adverse effects of prometryn on M. aeruginosa indirectly impacted water qualities. The body weight and length of Carassius carassius first increased and then tended to be stable with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) values; their quantified relationship was established based on the Gompertz and Logistic equations (R² = 0.920–0.989). Based on the above results, we concluded that the toxic effects of prometryn can impact the antioxidant system of fish and algae which in turn affects their growth performance, and have an indirect impact on water quality. The application of equations made it realizable to obtain a more detailed interpretation of the processes involved in these biological–abiotic interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Environmental Pollution and Ecotoxicological Studies)

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13 pages, 1720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alexandrium catenella (Group I) Causes Higher and Faster Toxicity Than A. pacificum (Group IV) in Mytilus eduis

by Seok Jin Oh, Soo Yong Jeong and Moonho Son

Water 2024, 16(14), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16141985 - 12 Jul 2024

Viewed by 906

Abstract

Consuming poisoned shellfish can lead to severe health problems and even death. Alexandrium catenella (Group I) and A. pacificum (Group IV) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Korea, and PSP is detected more in a wider area. However, the association between toxic dinoflagellates and shellfish poisoning is unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the toxicity, detoxification, and compositional differences in PSP in Mytilus edulis exposed to PSP caused by A. catenella and A. pacificum. High-performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation was used to analyze PSP toxicity in poisoned M. edulis. PSP in M. edulis increased as the A. catenella and A. pacificum cell density increased. However, the cell density of A. catenella peaked faster than that of A. pacificum, and a high level of toxicity was detected. In the detoxification experiment, PSP in M. edulis decreased rapidly within 24 h in filtered seawater. However, PSP was continuously detected without decreasing below the detection limit until the last day of the experiment. In addition, the carbamate composition (GTX1+4) was detected as the main toxic composition in poisoned M. edulis, unlike in vegetative cells. GTX1+4 can poison shellfish quickly when toxic dinoflagellates appear in the marine environment. However, poisoned shellfish take a long time to be completely detoxified. Moreover, if shellfish continuously feed on poisonous dinoflagellates, their toxicity can increase rapidly due to biotransformation. Our results can help identify the mechanisms of shellfish toxicity and detoxification after PSP caused by toxic dinoflagellates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Environmental Pollution and Ecotoxicological Studies)

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