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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Solutions for Hydrogeological Challenges

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrogeology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 October 2026 | Viewed by 959

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering (DICEA), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Interests: groundwater management; karst aquifers; coastal aquifers; hydrogeochemistry; groundwater monitoring
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Science and Matter Engineering, Environment and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
Interests: water isotopes; groundwater; tracers; water management; aquifer recharge; carbonate aquifers; water budget; hydrogeological conceptual models; groundwater hydrodynamics; data-driven methods
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
Interests: deep learning; remote sensing; computer vision; pattern recognition; expert systems; edge AI; IoT systems; embedded system applications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are gaining ground in every scientific field and in the daily lives of all people. This trend has been driven in part by the widespread adoption of sensors and monitoring technologies, which over the past 20–30 years have enabled the collection and storage of vast amounts of data. In the field of groundwater management, the most far-sighted water utilities and managers have obtained, at a low cost, historical series of data (ranging from water quality parameters to piezometric levels and spring flow rates). These are now proving extremely useful in training neural network models for simulating and predicting with excellent accuracy many of the hydrogeological phenomena that the same physical models often struggle to represent and understand.

This Special Issue will collect the most recent and exciting findings regarding AI and intelligent systems more generally to support hydrogeology, proposing new methods and models and solving challenges related to climate change, pollution and any other groundwater-related issue.

Dr. Francesco Maria De Filippi
Dr. Davide Fronzi
Dr. Alessandro Galdelli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogeology
  • springs
  • groundwater availability
  • wells
  • aquifer recharge
  • machine learning
  • artificial intelligence
  • neural networks
  • predictive modeling
  • intelligent systems

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

38 pages, 6586 KB  
Article
Fuzzy Modeling Strategies for Groundwater Level Forecasting: Comparing Local, Integrated, and Behavioral Frameworks for a Data-Limited Coastal Aquifer in the Eastern Mediterranean
by Mahmoud Ahmad, Katalin Bene and Richard Ray
Water 2026, 18(5), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18050566 - 27 Feb 2026
Viewed by 418
Abstract
Groundwater modeling in semi-arid regions presents significant challenges due to complex aquifer dynamics, limited data availability, and heterogeneous hydrogeological conditions. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of three fuzzy expert system strategies for monthly groundwater level forecasting in the Al-Hsain Basin, Syria: [...] Read more.
Groundwater modeling in semi-arid regions presents significant challenges due to complex aquifer dynamics, limited data availability, and heterogeneous hydrogeological conditions. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of three fuzzy expert system strategies for monthly groundwater level forecasting in the Al-Hsain Basin, Syria: localized models based on hydrogeographical grouping, a unified basin-wide approach, and an innovative behavioral clustering methodology. Using synchronized rainfall and temperature data from 35 monitoring wells over four years (2020–2024), we developed and evaluated fuzzy inference systems’ directional classification accuracy as the primary performance metric, categorizing groundwater level changes into rise, stable, and decline states rather than predicting continuous values. This choice reflects the qualitative nature of fuzzy expert systems and their suitability for groundwater management under data-limited conditions. The behavioral clustering approach achieved excellent overall performance with a mean accuracy of 0.74, outperforming localized models (0.71) and unified models (0.67). Behavioral clustering demonstrated effectiveness in 66% of wells, with individual accuracy improvements reaching up to 0.23, while reducing model complexity from five group-specific systems to three behaviorally coherent clusters. Localized models achieved optimal performance in 29% of wells where hydrogeological conditions aligned with spatial assumptions, whereas unified models provided consistent moderate performance across 89% of locations. The incorporation of lagged variables and seasonal indices in behavioral clustering models proved essential for capturing temporal complexity in semi-arid groundwater responses. Statistical analysis revealed lower intra-group variability in behavioral clusters (standard deviation 0.06–0.09) than in geographical groupings (0.08–0.14), confirming improved functional homogeneity through response-based organization. These findings indicate that fuzzy modeling strategy selection should be context-dependent, with behavioral clustering offering an effective balance between accuracy, interpretability, and generalization for regional groundwater management applications. The novelty of this work lies in isolating the effect of fuzzy system organization logic (localized, unified, and behavioral) on forecasting performance, robustness, and transferability, evaluated under an identical inference and time-series validation framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence (AI) Solutions for Hydrogeological Challenges)
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