Advances in Research on Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases

A Special Issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915) belonging to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 December 2026 | Viewed by 4696

Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: emerging viruses; zoonoses; serology; molecular epidemiology; diagnostics

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Guest Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Emerging and zoonotic diseases represent a significant and growing threat to global health, socio-economic stability, and biodiversity. The increasing incidence of zoonotic spillover events, exemplified by outbreaks of West Nile virus, Ebola virus disease, avian influenza, and the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the dynamic and complex interactions among humans, animals, and ecosystems.

Multifactorial processes, including climate variability, land-use change, deforestation, wildlife trade, agricultural intensification, and globalization, drive the emergence and re-emergence of pathogens. These factors, when combined, enhance human–animal–environment interfaces, facilitating cross-species transmission of pathogens. As anthropogenic pressures continue to change ecological balances, the likelihood of pathogen intrusion, adaptation, and sustained human-to-human transmission is expected to increase.

In recent years, significant advances have been achieved in the surveillance, detection, and characterization of emerging pathogens. The integration of genomic and metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatics has revolutionized the understanding of pathogen diversity, evolution, and spillover dynamics. Moreover, the adoption of the One Health framework, which links human, animal, and environmental health, has strengthened interdisciplinary collaboration, fostering early detection, evidence-based control measures, and policy development.

Despite these advances, many challenges remain. Surveillance in wildlife and livestock populations remains limited in many regions, data sharing across sectors and borders is inconsistent, and the predictive accuracy for spillover events remains low due to the complexity of host–pathogen–environment interactions.

This Special Issue will focus on all aspects of emerging and zoonotic diseases. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, epidemiology, vector competence and dynamics, mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, virus–host interactions, molecular and genetic determinants of virulence, clinical manifestations, host immune responses, and advancements in diagnostic methods. This issue will also highlight the significance of an integrated multidisciplinary framework (‘One Health’) for the surveillance, prevention, and control of emerging and zoonotic diseases.

Dr. Vladimir Stevanović
Dr. Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • emerging infectious diseases
  • zoonoses
  • epidemiology
  • pathogenesis
  • diagnostics

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 4134 KB  
Article
Hantavirus Seroprevalence in the Population of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, Russia
by Tatiana Arbuzova, Dmitry Naydenov, Regina Baimova, Alena Khalilova, Denis Sarksyan, Konstantin Manakhov, Tamara Ginevskaia, Margarita Popova, Ekaterina Klyuchnikova, Svetlana Egorova, Vladimir Dedkov and Areg Totolian
Viruses 2026, 18(6), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18060652 - 6 Jun 2026
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the seroprevalence of hantaviruses, the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and their distribution to socio-demographic characteristics among the populations of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. A total of 4464 samples [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to assess the seroprevalence of hantaviruses, the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and their distribution to socio-demographic characteristics among the populations of Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. A total of 4464 samples were analyzed, including 2265 samples from residents of Saint Petersburg and 2199 samples from residents of the Leningrad Region. Blood plasma samples were tested for specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood samples were collected in 2023 from randomly selected volunteers. Hantavirus seroprevalence in Saint Petersburg was 5.39%, while in the Leningrad Region, it was 8.55%. In both regions, the highest proportion of seropositive individuals was found among volunteers aged ≥70 years, whereas the lowest seroprevalence was observed in the 1–17-year age group (inclusive). Seroprevalence was significantly higher in men than in women in both regions. The seroprevalence values identified in this study are comparable to those reported in similar studies in areas with a high incidence of HFRS. These findings may indicate that the true incidence of HFRS may be significantly higher than officially registered in Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases)
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14 pages, 1671 KB  
Article
Reassortant High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses During the Reemergence in Uruguay Suggest Increasing Genetic Diversity in South America
by Ana Marandino, Gonzalo Tomás, Yanina Panzera, Valeria Uriarte, Virginia Russi, Ramiro Pérez, Lucía Bassetti, Raúl Negro, Sirley Rodríguez and Ruben Pérez
Viruses 2026, 18(5), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18050558 - 14 May 2026
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Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses of the goose/Guangdong (Gs/GD) lineage have driven a global panzootic since 2020, with clade 2.3.4.4b establishing sustained transmission in wild birds. In South America, early outbreaks were largely associated with the North American-derived B3.2 genotype, which [...] Read more.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses of the goose/Guangdong (Gs/GD) lineage have driven a global panzootic since 2020, with clade 2.3.4.4b establishing sustained transmission in wild birds. In South America, early outbreaks were largely associated with the North American-derived B3.2 genotype, which showed limited diversification after its introduction. Here, we report the genomic characterization of eight H5N1 viruses detected in Uruguay during the reemergence of avian influenza in February–March 2026. Complete genomes were obtained from wild birds exhibiting neurological signs, predominantly Coscoroba coscoroba. All viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b but exhibit a reassortant genomic constellation distinct from B3.2. The HA, NA, and MP segments retain the Eurasian backbone, whereas internal genes derive from both South American and North American low-pathogenicity avian influenza lineages. PB2 variation distinguishes two closely related viral groups differing in PB2 origin, whereas the remaining genomic segments retain a shared background. Sequence variation in the neuraminidase gene reduced the sensitivity of a widely used N1-specific RT-qPCR assay, highlighting limitations of existing diagnostic tools during viral evolution. These findings confirm the presence of reassortant H5N1 viruses in Uruguay and, together with recent reports from Argentina and Brazil, support an emerging pattern of genomic diversification in southern South America. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases)
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Review

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13 pages, 1029 KB  
Review
Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) Transmission Dynamics in Neighboring Countries as a Potential Threat to Kazakhstan
by Lespek Kutumbetov, Balzhan Myrzakhmetova, Olga Chervyakova, Kuandyk Zhugunissov, Askhat Myngbay, Alma Temirzhanova, Arman Issimov, Gulnur Admanova, Maral Bakytzhanova, Samal Almat, Gulya Issengaliyeva and Ayauzhan Shakhmanova
Viruses 2026, 18(7), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18070739 - 3 Jul 2026
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Abstract
The global outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) demonstrated qualitatively new epidemiological characteristics of the infection, significantly different from previous outbreaks, mainly limited to the regions of Central and West Africa. The scale and speed of the spread of the virus necessitated a revision [...] Read more.
The global outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) demonstrated qualitatively new epidemiological characteristics of the infection, significantly different from previous outbreaks, mainly limited to the regions of Central and West Africa. The scale and speed of the spread of the virus necessitated a revision of existing ideas about the transmission routes of MPXV and its epidemiological potential. Human-to-human transmission of MPXV has traditionally been considered to be limited and self-extinguishing. However, the data obtained during the 2022 outbreak indicate the formation of stable transmission chains and an increase in the effectiveness of anthroponotic spread. This work is devoted to an analysis of the dynamics of transmission of MPXV with an emphasis on its potential to spread to Kazakhstan from neighboring countries and an evaluation of preparedness, eventually aiming to raise awareness in the scientific community of Central Asia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases)
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