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HIV, Aging and Comorbidity

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A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 17924

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Angela Kaida

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
Interests: global health; epidemiology; HIV & sexual/reproductive health; antiretroviral therapy

Prof. Dr. Hélène C. F. Côté

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Guest Editor

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
Interests: HIV; cellular aging; mitochondrial toxicity; women's health

Dr. Melanie Murray

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Guest Editor

Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
Interests: HIV and women; HIV and aging; strategies for the engagement of marginalized populations; comorbidities of aging; hormones and aging

Dr. Elizabeth King

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Guest Editor

Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
Interests: women living with HIV; women's health; reproductive health; menopause; menopausal hormone therapy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Globally, people living with HIV are aging and experiencing increased longevity. However, as they age, people living with HIV also disproportionately experience ageing-related comorbidities for reasons that are not fully understood but likely relate to HIV, chronic inflammation, long-term antiretroviral therapy, and other factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that multimorbidity is experienced differently for women than men living with HIV, as evidenced by gender-related differences seen in responses to antiretroviral therapies, experiences of comorbid diseases, and life expectancy. Such observations hint at the possibility of different mechanisms impacting multimorbidity for men and women living with HIV and underscore the importance of research that integrates sex and/or gender considerations into its analysis. Given the complex and unique considerations of this group, this special collection aims to bring together high-quality, cutting-edge research on aging with HIV, with a focus on a) basic science studies that consider sex and related factors in their designs and analyses; b) studies employing sex- and/or gender-based stratified analyses; and c) studies on women or gender minorities living with HIV.

We are seeking high-quality original articles, brief reports, and review articles that focus on aspects of health for people aging with HIV, including, but not limited to, the following:

Viral coinfections.
Antiretroviral therapy.
Ageing-related comorbidities.
Polypharmacy.
Aging and biomarkers.
Hormones and aging.
Frailty.
Resilience and healthy aging.

Dr. Angela Kaida
Prof. Dr. Hélène C. F. Côté
Dr. Melanie Murray
Dr. Elizabeth M. King
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bone Mineral Density and Trabecular Bone Score Changes throughout Menopause in Women with HIV

by Jovana Milic, Stefano Renzetti, Denise Morini, Federico Motta, Federica Carli, Marianna Menozzi, Gianluca Cuomo, Giuseppe Mancini, Mattia Simion, Federico Romani, Anna Spadoni, Irene Baldisserotto, Nicole Barp, Chiara Diazzi, Chiara Mussi, Cristina Mussini, Vincenzo Rochira, Stefano Calza and Giovanni Guaraldi

Viruses 2023, 15(12), 2375; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15122375 - 01 Dec 2023

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Abstract

Objective: The objectives of this study were to describe the trajectories of bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone score (TBS) changes throughout pre-menopause (reproductive phase and menopausal transition) and post-menopause (early and late menopause) in women with HIV (WWH) undergoing different antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and explore the risk factors associated with those changes. Methods: This was an observational longitudinal retrospective study in WWH with a minimum of two DEXA evaluations comprising BMD and TBS measurements, both in the pre-menopausal and post-menopausal periods. Menopause was determined according to the STRAW+10 criteria, comprising four periods: the reproductive period, menopausal transition, and early- and late-menopausal periods. Mixed-effects models were fitted to estimate the trajectories of the two outcomes (BMD and TBS) over time. Annualized lumbar BMD and TBS absolute and percentage changes were calculated in each STRAW+10 time window. A backward elimination procedure was applied to obtain the final model, including the predictors that affected the trajectories of BMD or TBS over time. Results: A total of 202 WWH, all Caucasian, were included. In detail, 1954 BMD and 195 TBS data were analyzed. The median number of DEXA evaluations per woman was 10 (IQR: 7, 12). The median observation periods per patient were 12.0 years (IQR = 8.9–14.4) for BMD and 6.0 years (IQR: 4.3, 7.9) for TBS. The prevalence of osteopenia (63% vs. 76%; p < 0.001) and osteoporosis (16% vs. 36%; p < 0.001) increased significantly between the pre-menopausal and post-menopausal periods. Both BMD (1.03 (±0.14) vs. 0.92 (±0.12) g/cm²; p < 0.001) and TBS (1.41 (IQR: 1.35, 1.45) vs. 1.32 (IQR: 1.28, 1.39); p < 0.001) decreased significantly between the two periods. The trend in BMD decreased across the four STRAW+10 periods, with a slight attenuation only in the late-menopausal period when compared with the other intervals. The TBS slope did not significantly change throughout menopause. The delta mean values of TBS in WWH were lower between the menopausal transition and reproductive period compared with the difference between menopause and menopausal transition. Conclusions: Both BMD and TBS significantly decreased over time. The slope of the change in BMD and TBS significantly decreased in the menopausal transition, suggesting that this period should be considered by clinicians as a key time during which to assess bone health and modifiable risk factors in WWH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

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19 pages, 1992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endothelial Glycocalyx Integrity in Treatment-Naïve People Living with HIV before and One Year after Antiretroviral Treatment Initiation

by Paraskevi C. Fragkou, Ignatios Ikonomidis, Dimitrios Benas, Dimitra Kavatha, Charalampos D. Moschopoulos, Konstantinos Protopapas, Gavriella Kostelli, John Thymis, Dionysia Mpirmpa, Irene Galani, Maria Tsakona, Chrysanthi Oikonomopoulou, George Theocharous, Vassilis G. Gorgoulis, Parisis Gallos, Sotirios Tsiodras, Anastasia Antoniadou, Antonios Papadopoulos and Helen Triantafyllidi

Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1505; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071505 - 05 Jul 2023

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Abstract

Endothelial glycocalyx (EG) derangement has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies on EG integrity among people living with HIV (PLWH), are lacking. We conducted a prospective cohort study among treatment-naïve PLWH who received emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide, combined with either an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI, dolutegravir, raltegravir or elvitegravir/cobicistat), or a protease inhibitor (PI, darunavir/cobicistat). We assessed EG at baseline, 24 (±4) and 48 (±4) weeks, by measuring the perfused boundary region (PBR, inversely proportional to EG thickness), in sublingual microvessels. In total, 66 consecutive PLWH (60 (90.9%) males) with a median age (interquartile range, IQR) of 37 (12) years, were enrolled. In total, 40(60.6%) received INSTI-based regimens. The mean (standard deviation) PBR decreased significantly from 2.17 (0.29) μm at baseline to 2.04 (0.26) μm (p = 0.019), and then to 1.93 (0.3) μm (p < 0.0001) at 24 (±4) and 48 (±4) weeks, respectively. PBR did not differ among treatment groups. PLWH on INSTIs had a significant PBR reduction at 48 (±4) weeks. Smokers and PLWH with low levels of viremia experienced the greatest PBR reduction. This study is the first to report the benefit of antiretroviral treatment on EG improvement in treatment-naïve PLWH and depicts a potential bedside biomarker and therapeutic target for CVD in PLWH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

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14 pages, 1450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preoperative Biomarkers and Survival in Chinese Breast Cancer Patients with HIV: A Propensity-Score-Matched-Cohort Study

by Qian Wu, Li Deng, Ye Cao and Shixian Lian

Viruses 2023, 15(7), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15071490 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1120

Abstract

Background: China initiated its national free antiretroviral therapy program in 2004 and saw a dramatic decline in mortality among the population with HIV. However, the morbidity of non-AIDS-defining cancers such as breast cancer is steadily growing as life expectancy improves. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer patients with HIV in China. Materials and methods: Data from 21 breast cancer patients with HIV and 396 breast cancer patients without HIV treated at the Shanghai public health clinical center from 2014–2022 was collected. After propensity score matching, 21 paired patients in the two groups were obtained and compared. The optimal cut-off value of preoperative biomarkers for recurrence was determined via maximally selected log-rank statistics. Preoperative biomarkers were categorized into high and low groups, based on the best cut-off values and compared using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to perform univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The median follow-up time was 38 months (IQR: 20–68 months) for the propensity-score-matching cohort. The progression-free survival at 1, 2 and 3 years for patients with and without HIV were 74.51%, 67.74%, and 37.63% and 95.24%, 95.24%, and 90.48%, respectively. The overall survival for patients with HIV at 1, 2 and 3 years were 94.44%, 76.74%, and 42.63%. After multivariate analysis, Only HIV status (hazard ratios (HRs) = 6.83, 95% [confidence intervals (CI)] 1.22–38.12) were associated with progression-free survival. Based on the best cut-off value, CD8 showed discriminative value for overall survival (p = 0.04), whereas four variables, the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (p = 0.02), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.03), CD3 (p = 0.01) and CD8 (p < 0.01) were suggested be significant for progression-free survival. The univariate analysis suggested that CD3 (HRs = 0.10, 95% [CI] 0.01–0.90) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (HRs = 0.22, 95% [CI] 0.05–0.93) were identified as significant predictors for progression-free survival. Conclusion: In this study, breast cancer in patients with HIV in China reflected a more aggressive nature with a more advanced diagnostic stage and worse prognosis. Moreover, preoperative immune and inflammatory biomarkers might play a role in the prognosis of breast cancer patients with HIV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

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22 pages, 741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology in Middle Aged and Older People with HIV: Comparisons with Non-HIV Controls on a Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Trajectory and Relationships with Cognitive Function

by Erin E. Sundermann, Laura M. Campbell, Olivia Villers, Mark W. Bondi, Ben Gouaux, David P. Salmon, Douglas Galasko, Virawudh Soontornniyomkij, Ronald J. Ellis and David J. Moore

Viruses 2023, 15(6), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061319 - 04 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1709

Abstract

We determined the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathological hallmarks, amyloid-β and phosphorylated-Tau, in autopsied brains of 49 people with HIV (PWH) (ages: 50–68; mean age = 57.0) from the National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium and in a comparative cohort of 55 people without HIV (PWoH) from the UC San Diego Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (17 controls, 14 mild cognitive impairment, 24 AD; ages: 70–102, mean age = 88.7). We examined how AD pathology relates to domain-specific cognitive functions in PWH overall and in sex-stratified samples. Amyloid-β and phosphorylated-Tau positivity (presence of pathology of any type/density) was determined via immunohistochemistry in AD-sensitive brain regions. Among PWH, amyloid-β positivity ranged from 19% (hippocampus) to 41% (frontal neocortex), and phosphorylated-Tau positivity ranged from 47% (entorhinal cortex) to 73% (transentorhinal cortex). Generally, AD pathology was significantly less prevalent, and less severe when present, in PWH versus PWoH regardless of cognitive status. Among PWH, positivity for AD pathology related most consistently to memory-related domains. Positivity for p-Tau pathology related to memory-related domains in women with HIV only, although the sample size of women with HIV was small (n = 10). Results indicate that AD pathology is present in a sizable portion of middle aged and older PWH, although not to the extent in older PWoH. Studies with better age-matched PWoH are needed to examine the effect of HIV status on AD pathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

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12 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HPV Infection of the Oropharyngeal, Genital and Anal Mucosa and Associated Dysplasia in People Living with HIV

by Carmen Hidalgo-Tenorio, Inmaculada Calle-Gómez, Raquel Moya-Megías, Javier Rodríguez-Granges, Mohamed Omar, Javier López Hidalgo and Carmen García-Martínez

Viruses 2023, 15(5), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051170 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1371

Abstract

Background: The main objectives were to describe the prevalence of HPV, its genotypes and HPV-associated dysplastic lesions in the oropharyngeal mucosa of PLHIV and related factors. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study consecutively enrolled PLHIV attending our specialist outpatient units. At visit, HIV-related clinical and analytical variables were gathered, and oropharyngeal mucosa exudates were taken to detect HPV and other STIs by polymerase chain reaction. Samples were also taken from the anal canal of all participants and from the genital mucosa of the women for HPV detection/genotyping and cytological study. Results: The 300 participants had a mean age of 45.1 years; 78.7% were MSM and 21.3% women; 25.3% had a history of AIDS; 99.7% were taking ART; and 27.3% had received an HPV vaccine. HPV infection prevalence in the oropharynx was 13%, with genotype 16 being the most frequent (2.3%), and none had dysplasia. Simultaneous infection with Treponema pallidum (HR: 4.02 (95% CI: 1.06–15.24)) and a history of anal HSIL or SCCA (HR: 21.52 (95% CI: 1.59–291.6)) were risk factors for oropharyngeal HPV infection, whereas ART duration (8.8 vs. 7.4 years) was a protective factor (HR: 0.989 (95% CI: 0.98–0.99)). Conclusions: The prevalence of HPV infection and dysplasia was low in the oropharyngeal mucosae. A higher exposure to ART was protective against oral HPV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

17 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Factors in HIV-1 Positive Patients on the Intensive Care Unit: A Single Center Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital

by Arik Bernard Schulze, Michael Mohr, Jan Sackarnd, Lars Henning Schmidt, Phil-Robin Tepasse, Felix Rosenow and Georg Evers

Viruses 2023, 15(5), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051164 - 13 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1291

Abstract

HIV-positive patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) often require treatment on intensive care units (ICUs). We aimed to present data from a German, low-incidence region cohort, and subsequently evaluate factors measured during the first 24 h of ICU stay to predict short- and long-term survival, and compare with data from high-incidence regions. We documented 62 patient courses between 2009 and 2019, treated on a non-operative ICU of a tertiary care hospital, mostly due to respiratory deterioration and co-infections. Of these, 54 patients required ventilatory support within the first 24 h with either nasal cannula/mask (n = 12), non-invasive ventilation (n = 16), or invasive ventilation (n = 26). Overall survival at day 30 was 77.4%. While ventilatory parameters (all p < 0.05), pH level (c/o 7.31, p = 0.001), and platelet count (c/o 164,000/µL, p = 0.002) were significant univariate predictors of 30-day and 60-day survival, different ICU scoring systems, such as SOFA score, APACHE II, and SAPS 2 predicted overall survival (all p < 0.001). Next to the presence or history of solid neoplasia (p = 0.026), platelet count (HR 6.7 for <164,000/µL, p = 0.020) and pH level (HR 5.8 for <7.31, p = 0.009) remained independently associated with 30-day and 60-day survival in multivariable Cox regression. However, ventilation parameters did not predict survival multivariably. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

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14 pages, 1072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Age at Natural Menopause in Women Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Self-Reported and Biochemical Data

by Shayda A. Swann, Elizabeth M. King, Shelly Tognazzini, Amber R. Campbell, Sofia L. A. Levy, Neora Pick, Jerilynn C. Prior, Chelsea Elwood, Mona Loutfy, Valerie Nicholson, Angela Kaida, Hélène C. F. Côté and Melanie C. M. Murray

Viruses 2023, 15(5), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051058 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

Early menopause (<45 years) has significant impacts on bone, cardiovascular, and cognitive health. Several studies have suggested earlier menopause for women living with HIV; however, the current literature is limited by reliance on self-report data. We determined age at menopause in women living with HIV and socio-demographically similar HIV-negative women based on both self-report of menopause status (no menses for ≥12 months) and biochemical confirmation (defined as above plus follicle-stimulating hormone level ≥ 25 IU/mL). Multivariable median regression models assessed factors associated with menopause age, controlling for relevant confounders. Overall, 91 women living with HIV and 98 HIV-negative women were categorized as menopausal by self-report, compared to 83 and 92 by biochemical confirmation. Age at menopause did not differ significantly between groups, whether based on self-report (median [IQR]: 49.0 [45.3 to 53.0] vs. 50.0 [46.0 to 53.0] years; p = 0.28) or biochemical confirmation (50.0 [46.0 to 53.0] vs. 51.0 [46.0 to 53.0] years; p = 0.54). In the multivariable model, no HIV-related or psychosocial variables were associated with earlier age at menopause (all p > 0.05). Overall, HIV status per se was not statistically associated with an earlier age at menopause, emphasizing the importance of comparing socio-demographically similar women in reproductive health and HIV research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

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18 pages, 15257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Impact of IL-32 Isoforms on the Functions of Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells: A Potential Link with Arterial Stiffness and Atherosclerosis

by Rémi Bunet, Marie-Hélène Roy-Cardinal, Hardik Ramani, Aurélie Cleret-Buhot, Madeleine Durand, Carl Chartrand-Lefebvre, Jean-Pierre Routy, Réjean Thomas, Benoît Trottier, Petronela Ancuta, David B. Hanna, Alan L. Landay, Guy Cloutier, Cécile L. Tremblay and Mohamed El-Far

Viruses 2023, 15(3), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030700 - 08 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1698

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people living with HIV (PLWH). We have previously shown that interleukin-32 (IL-32), a multi-isoform proinflammatory cytokine, is chronically upregulated in PLWH and is linked with CVD. However, the mechanistic roles of the different IL-32 isoforms in CVD are yet to be identified. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential impact of IL-32 isoforms on coronary artery endothelial cells (CAEC), whose dysfunction represents a major factor for atherosclerosis. Our results demonstrated that the predominantly expressed IL-32 isoforms (IL-32β and IL-32γ) have a selective impact on the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 by CAEC. Furthermore, these two isoforms induced endothelial cell dysfunction by upregulating the expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-I and VCAM-I and the chemoattractants CCL-2, CXCL-8 and CXCL-1. IL-32-mediated expression of these chemokines was sufficient to drive monocyte transmigration in vitro. Finally, we demonstrate that IL-32 expression in both PLWH and controls correlates with the carotid artery stiffness, measured by the cumulated lateral translation. These results suggest a role for IL-32-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction in dysregulation of the blood vessel wall and that IL-32 may represent a therapeutic target to prevent CVD in PLWH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

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12 pages, 816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlates of Healthy Aging in Geriatric HIV (CHANGE HIV)—CTN 314

by Alice Zhabokritsky, Rosemarie Clarke, Ron Rosenes, Graham Smith, Mona Loutfy, Nisha Andany, Julian Falutz, Marina Klein, Marianne Harris, Silvia Guillemi, Darrell H. S. Tan, Gordon Arbess and Sharon Walmsley

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020517 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2038

Abstract

The Correlates of Healthy Aging in Geriatric HIV (CHANGE HIV) study, CTN 314, is the first Canadian cohort of people living with HIV aged 65 years and older. The cohort was established with the purpose of characterizing the multidimensional health status of this population and identifying factors influencing healthy aging. The study builds on the World Health Organization (WHO) Aging and Health conceptual framework, generating a comprehensive profile of health domains (physical, social, mental health, cognitive function, and quality of life), health determinants (biologic, personal, and environmental), and HIV-specific factors that may interact with and influence health in people aging with HIV. The data for the first 353 participants are presented, focusing on sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, coinfections, frailty, cognitive function, loneliness, and resilience using a sex/gender stratified analysis. The cohort thus far is 91% men and the median age is 70 years (range from 65 to 85). Several vulnerabilities were observed, including a high prevalence of comorbidities and frailty. Women especially faced financial insecurity and precarious social structures; a large proportion live alone and only 6% are married or in steady relationships. Identifying strategies to address these vulnerabilities will empower people aging with HIV to optimize their health, quality of life, and independence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

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14 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Longitudinal CD4:CD8 Ratio Trajectories Indicative of Chronic Renal Disease Risk among People Living with HIV: An Application of Growth Mixture Models

by Alejandra Fonseca-Cuevas, Patrick Newsome, Lu Wang, Michelle Y. Chen, Chris G. Richardson, Mark Hull, Taylor McLinden, Silvia Guillemi, Rolando Barrios, Julio S. G. Montaner and Viviane D. Lima

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020385 - 29 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1575

Abstract

The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing among people living with HIV (PLWH). Routine monitoring of indicators such as CD4:CD8 ratio might improve the early detection of CKD. Our objective was to identify clinically relevant CD4:CD8 ratio trajectories indicative of CKD risk. Participants were ≥ 18 years old, initiated antiretroviral therapy between 2000 and 2016, and were followed for ≥6 months until 31 March 2017 or last contact date. Outcome was incidence of CKD. Growth mixture models (GMMs) and decay models were used to compare CD4:CD8 ratio trajectories. Following GMM, 4547 (93.5%) participants were classified in Class 1 with 5.4% developing CKD, and 316 (6.5%) participants were classified in Class 2 with 20.9% developing CKD. The final model suggested that participants in Class 2 had 8.72 times the incidence rate of developing CKD than those in Class 1. Exponential decay models indicated a significant CD4:CD8 ratio decline among Class 2 participants who developed CKD. Among those who developed CKD in Class 2, starting at 5.5 years of follow-up, the slope of their ratio trajectory curve changed significantly, and the rate of decline increased dramatically. Routine monitored CD4:CD8 ratios can be an effective strategy to identify early CKD risk among PLWH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

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18 pages, 2263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Frequency and Function of NKG2C⁺CD57⁺ Adaptive NK Cells in Cytomagalovirus Co-Infected People Living with HIV Decline with Duration of Antiretroviral Therapy

by Khlood Alsulami, Franck P. Dupuy, Louise Gilbert, Marc Messier-Peet, Madeleine Durand, Cécile Tremblay, Jean-Pierre Routy, Julie Bruneau, Jean-Guy Baril, Benoit Trottier and Nicole F. Bernard

Viruses 2023, 15(2), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020323 - 24 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1430

Abstract

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection drives the expansion and differentiation of natural killer (NK) cells with adaptive-like features. We investigated whether age and time on antiretroviral therapy (ART) influenced adaptive NK cell frequency and functionality. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the frequency of adaptive and conventional NK cells in 229 CMV⁺ individuals of whom 170 were people living with HIV (PLWH). The frequency of these NK cell populations producing CD107a, CCL4, IFN-γ or TNF-α was determined following a 6-h antibody dependent (AD) stimulation. Though ART duration and age were correlated, longer time on ART was associated with a reduced frequency of adaptive NK cells. In general, the frequency and functionality of NK cells following AD stimulation did not differ significantly between treated CMV⁺PLWH and CMV⁺HIV^- persons, suggesting that HIV infection, per se, did not compromise AD NK cell function. AD activation of adaptive NK cells from CMV⁺PLWH induced lower frequencies of IFN-γ or TNF-α secreting cells in older persons, when compared with younger persons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV, Aging and Comorbidity)

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