Emerging Microbes, Infections and Spillovers, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 1341

Special Issue Editors

1. Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
2. Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
3. Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland
Interests: genomics; metagenomics; microbiology; bioinformatics; viromics
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Guest Editor
Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Interests: One Health; microbiology and microbial evolution; zoonoses; emerging infectious diseases
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Guest Editor
Zakład Parazytologii Tropikalnej, Instytut Medycyny Morskiej i Tropikalnej, Gdanski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Gdańsk, Poland
Interests: parasites; helminths; parasite ecology; rodents; next-generation sequencing; PCR bioinformatics; ecology; animal ecology; data analysis; DNA extraction; ecology and evolution; molecular biology; genetics
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Emerging pathogens pose a continuous and significant threat to global health, as evidenced by outbreaks of Ebola and Zika viruses, and more recently, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. These viruses, along with others like avian influenza and MPOX (formerly known as monkeypox), are zoonotic, meaning they can cross species barriers—a characteristic shared by the majority of emerging pathogens. Globalization and industrialization have drastically increased the vulnerability of human and animal populations to both emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, altering the scale and speed at which outbreaks occur.

As we look to the future, new infectious diseases are expected to remain a major threat to public health worldwide. Many of these diseases are driven by microbes, particularly viruses capable of crossing host species barriers, such as zoonoses, or establishing sustained human-to-human transmission. To effectively detect and control these pathogens, comprehensive studies are required on their reservoirs, vectors, molecular biology, and diagnostics.

Following the success of our previous Special Issue on this theme, we are pleased to invite new manuscript submissions for an upcoming issue. This Special Issue is open to a variety of contributions, including reviews, research articles, and short communications, with a focus on emerging pathogens and viral zoonoses. We welcome topics such as virus discovery, virus–host interactions, pathogenesis, cross-species transmission, virus evolution, reservoirs, and the zoonotic aspects of these diseases, among others.

Dr. Ravi Kant
Dr. Tarja Sironen
Prof. Dr. Maciej Grzybek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • emerging infections
  • virus spillovers
  • microbes
  • cross-species transmission
  • virus evolution
  • viral disease
  • virus reservoirs
  • virus–host interaction
  • pathogenesis

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2323 KiB  
Article
Designing Sandwich ELISA with Broadly Reactive Anti-Nucleocapsid Monoclonal Antibodies to Detect Bat-Borne Merbecoviruses
by Kong Yen Liew, Yaju Wang, Sneha Sree Mullapudi, Dinah binte Aziz, Wenjie Fan, Min Luo, Paul Anantharajah Tambyah and Yee-Joo Tan
Viruses 2025, 17(7), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17070886 - 24 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 239
Abstract
At least three betacoronaviruses have spilled over from bats to humans and caused severe diseases, highlighting the threat of zoonotic transmission. Thus, it is important to enhance surveillance capabilities by developing tools capable of detecting a broad spectrum of bat-borne betacoronaviruses. Three monoclonal [...] Read more.
At least three betacoronaviruses have spilled over from bats to humans and caused severe diseases, highlighting the threat of zoonotic transmission. Thus, it is important to enhance surveillance capabilities by developing tools capable of detecting a broad spectrum of bat-borne betacoronaviruses. Three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the nucleocapsid (N) protein were generated using recombinant N proteins from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The cross-reactivities of these mAbs were evaluated against a panel of betacoronaviruses. Sandwich ELISAs (sELISAs) were subsequently developed to detect bat-borne betacoronaviruses that have high zoonotic potential. Among the mAbs, 7A7 demonstrated the broadest cross-reactivity, recognizing betacoronaviruses from the Sarbecovirus, Merbecovirus and Hibecovirus subgenera. The first sELISA, based on mAbs 7A7 and 6G10, successfully detected N protein in all clinical swab samples from COVID-19 patients with cycle threshold (Ct) values < 25, achieving 75% positivity overall (12/16). Using this as a reference, a second sELISA was established by pairing mAb 7A7 with mAb 8E2, which binds to multiple merbecoviruses. This assay detected the N protein of two merbecoviruses, namely the human MERS-CoV and bat-borne HKU5-CoV, at high sensitivity and has a limit of detection (LOD) that is comparable to the first sELISA used successfully to detect COVID-19 infection. These broadly reactive mAbs could be further developed into rapid antigen detection kits for surveillance in high-risk populations with close contact with wild bats to facilitate the early detection of potential zoonotic spillover events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Microbes, Infections and Spillovers, 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 1097 KiB  
Systematic Review
Assessing the Environmental Drivers of Lassa Fever in West Africa: A Systematic Review
by Natalie A. Davis, Madeline A. Kenyon, Bruno M. Ghersi, Jessica L. Decker Sparks and Jonathon D. Gass, Jr.
Viruses 2025, 17(4), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17040504 - 31 Mar 2025
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Abstract
The spread of Lassa virus in West Africa is reliant on the abundance and distribution of its rodent host reservoirs. While the impact of environmental change on viral spread has been studied for many zoonotic viruses, there is still a limited understanding of [...] Read more.
The spread of Lassa virus in West Africa is reliant on the abundance and distribution of its rodent host reservoirs. While the impact of environmental change on viral spread has been studied for many zoonotic viruses, there is still a limited understanding of how seasonal impacts, land-use conversion, and biodiversity loss influence the expansion of Lassa virus among reservoirs. This systematic review synthesizes existing research on the association between environmental variables and Lassa virus circulation in West Africa to inform future research, public health interventions, and One Health policy. We searched international and African scientific databases using a set of pre-defined search terms to obtain publications reporting on Lassa virus in West Africa between 1969 and 2023. A total of 9465 articles were retrieved from this search and 70 studies met inclusion criteria for this review. Through systematic data extraction, we identified seasonal precipitation, land-use change, and host expansion as key environmental drivers of Lassa virus in reservoir hosts; however, we also highlight notable gaps in knowledge that limit our current understanding of these complex relationships. This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary research and strategies to mitigate the impacts of environmental change on Lassa virus transmission and protect vulnerable populations in West Africa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Microbes, Infections and Spillovers, 2nd Edition)
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