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Symmetry in Computational Fluid Dynamics

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A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Mathematics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 2927

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Adán Ramírez-López

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Industrial Engineering, Technological and Autonomous Institute of Mexico (ITAM), Rio Hondo #1 Col. Tizapan, Mexico City 01080, Mexico
Interests: computer simulation; numerical analysis; industrial processes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Massimiliano Marino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Interests: hydraulics; coastal engineering; numerical modeling; nature-based solutions
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The improvement in computational technology due to the increment in data processing speed, data management, and storage, in addition to the development of mathematical numerical methods, has allowed the possibility to develop complex tools for analyzing problems in all science and engineering fields. In this way, Computational Fluid dynamics (CFDs) has become a powerful tool for reproducing many situations computationally without the need to build a real model. Fluids have a wide range of applications; consequently, the understanding of fluid mechanics is essential to every form of technological development, including engineering, industrial, weather, biology, and medical areas. Thus, the motivation for developing this Special Issue is to expose the importance of fluid flow in all scientific areas. It is a pleasure to invite you to submit research related to experimental CFD, including symmetry, asymmetry, and physical or geometrical descriptions of fluid behavior. The following topics are welcome in this issue:

CFDs with industrial applications, including metallurgical, hydrometallurgical, chemical, fluids inside reactors, and other processing methods.
CFDs with applications in aerodynamics and automotive analysis.
Stationery and dynamic fluid analysis, theoretical and mathematical analysis, and analysis of streams, including the application of numerical models and numerical approaches.
Thermo-fluids, micro-channels, nano-fluids, and mass flow problems.
Hydraulics, hydrodynamics, and magneto-hydrodynamic applications.
Fluids with applications for climate, weather, and environmental examinations.
Fluids flow simulations with biological and medical applications.
The measurement and characterization of fluid properties.
Analysis of laminar, transient, and turbulent fluid flows.
Analysis of fluids in porous media and hydraulics applications.
Analysis of viscosity, inertial, capillarity, and buoyancy forces.
Theoretical and mathematical analysis of fluid mechanic models.
CFD within civil engineering works e.g. bridges, dams, urban drainage systems.
CFD within applications of multiphase flow, turbidity plumes, gravity currents etc.
Advances in Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics

Papers that include the experimental testing and treatment of data obtained with particle indicators, flowmeters, and other instruments are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Adán Ramírez-López
Dr. Massimiliano Marino
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

computational fluid dynamics
numerical analysis
fluids properties
application of computational models
droplets, bubbles, streamlines and fluid flows
fluid flow applications (chemistry, physics, mathematics, industrial, metallurgical, aeronautical, civil, medical, biology and engineering)
numerical approaching analysis

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 13511 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Fluid Flow for Liquid Steel at the Drain System of Tundishes Using Different Stopper Rod Configurations

by Lino Garcia-Demedices, Adan Ramírez-Lopez, Rodolfo Morales Dávila, Jorge Palafox-Ramos and Manuel Mácias-Hernández

Symmetry 2026, 18(5), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18050839 - 13 May 2026

Viewed by 171

Abstract

Steelmaking is one of the most important industries worldwide due to many products being made with different kinds of steel or cast iron; during processing, pig iron and scrap are founded in furnaces and then transported in ladles to be cast in tundishes towards strains to produce steel billets, which are treated in a secondary manufacturing process to produce products like wires and profiles. Then, it is necessary to pay attention to every process and establish rules for safe operational practices, avoid interruptions in production, reduce risks and maintain quality. Thus, the purpose of this research is to study the hydrodynamic behavior of five stopper rods with different but basic geometrical configurations. Stopper rods are devices that are used to control the fluid flow in tundishes to allow or avoid a steel fluid drain. Stopper rods are placed to allow or avoid the liquid steel passing out towards the molds in the deepest holes in the tundishes. Management, drive and mass transport are important parameters to analyze for casting molten steel. After analyzing the hydrodynamic performance of these five stopper rods, and according to the results obtained, two more new designs were created and tested in real industrial trials, and the results are described in detail. Additionally, a study about the counting of the inclusions trapped in the rod walls is also shown to evaluate every design, with the main goal being to retain the flows passing across the stopper rod and the exit nozzle and to avoid clogging problems in order to keep constant the casting of molten steel. Hydro-dynamic analysis was carried out by solving the Navier–Stokes equation using the k-ε turbulence model using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Computational Fluid Dynamics)

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21 pages, 4135 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Modeling of Wind-Induced Deformation in Eastern Red Cedar Tree Forms Using Fluid–Structure Interaction Analysis

by Ahmet Ayaz and Mahdi Tabatabaei Malazi

Symmetry 2026, 18(1), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010203 - 21 Jan 2026

Viewed by 598

Abstract

This research aims to investigate wind-induced effects numerically in full-scale Eastern Red Cedar tree (ERCT) forms under various wind speeds. A total of 72 model cases were carefully analyzed for variations in crown lengths (CLs), canopy diameters (CDs), bole lengths (BLs), and trunk diameters (TDs) at wind speeds ranging from 15 m/s to 30 m/s. The realizable k–ε turbulence model is employed to resolve the flow region and obtain drag force (FD), velocity, and pressure distributions within the computational fluid domain. The resulting aerodynamic loads are then transferred to ERCT models using a one-way fluid–structure interaction (one-way FSI) approach to predict deformation, stress, and strain in the solid zone. The accuracy of these findings was validated by comparing drag coefficient (C_D) results with those from previously conducted studies. Research results reveal that wind speed and the geometric dimensions of the tree notably influence the FD, deformation, strain, and stress experienced by the tree. When wind speed rises from 15 to 30 m/s, the amount of FD, deformation, strain, and stress increases on the ERCT. The present research helps improve the understanding of tree patterns impacted by wind, which is essential for urban design and planning. It provides guidance on how to choose and arrange necessary real trees for efficient windbreaks and comfortable surroundings in life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Computational Fluid Dynamics)

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32 pages, 2522 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Groove Spacing on the Characteristics of Steady Symmetric Wake

by Ganesh Keddeal Thulasiraman, Unnikrishnan Divakaran, Akram Mohammad, Jithin Edacheri Veetil and Ratna Kishore Velamati

Symmetry 2026, 18(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18010043 - 25 Dec 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

This numerical study investigates steady separated flow past a grooved circular cylinder within the Reynolds number range

7.5 \leq R e_{D} \leq 30

, comprising variations in groove depth (

h

) and spacing (

β

). The groove width (

w

[...] Read more.

This numerical study investigates steady separated flow past a grooved circular cylinder within the Reynolds number range

7.5 \leq R e_{D} \leq 30

, comprising variations in groove depth (

h

) and spacing (

β

). The groove width (

w

) is kept constant, while h/w varies across four levels (

0.5 \leq h / w \leq 2

) and

β

across five angles (

10 ° \leq β \leq 45 °

). The results exhibit strong agreement with unbounded flow data, confirming blockage independence across the examined regime. Detailed analysis shows that

β

has a stronger influence than

h / w

on surface-pressure-dependent variables (

C_{p, 0}

C_{p, b}

C_{D}

θ_{s e p}

) and wake-defining parameters (

L_{w}

W_{w}

ξ

η

), underscoring the dominant role of

β

in rectilinear groove aerodynamics. In this regard, a critical spacing of

β = 20 °

is observed, beyond which the sensitivity of the parameters toward the cylinder configuration decreases. Thus, significant flow control and drag reduction are attained for

R e_{D} = 7.5

at the lowest spacing

β = 10 °

, regardless of the groove’s

h / w

. Among these, the streamwise-oriented variables,

C_{p, 0}

C_{D}

L_{w}

ξ

, and

u_{m i n}

, exhibit monotonic trend with respect to

β

and are modeled using power-law relations. The models for

C_{p, 0}

and

C_{D}

exhibit significant accuracy with

R^{2} \approx 0.999

across all

β

values considered, while it is 0.89–0.98 for

L_{w}

ξ

, and

u_{m i n}

, depending on

R e_{D}

. Transverse-oriented parameters (

W_{w} a n d η

) vary non-monotonically. In addition, it is found that the streamwise locations of maximum wake width (

x_{w, m a x}

) and minimum velocity (

x_{u, m i n}

) are unaffected by the grooved cylinder configuration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Computational Fluid Dynamics)

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25 pages, 6178 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Performance of Self-Similar Dendritic Networks: CFD Analysis of Structural Isomers

by Vinicius Pepe, Antonio F. Miguel, Flávia Zinani and Luiz Rocha

Symmetry 2025, 17(10), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17101715 - 13 Oct 2025

Viewed by 734

Abstract

This study investigates the asymmetric effects applying heat transfer as a diagnostic tool in dendritic networks with symmetrical branching, characterized by the geometric property of self-similarity. Using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, we analyze five structural isomers of a three-level dichotomous branching network to evaluate the relationship between fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and geometric configuration. The main constraints are geometrical; that is, the volume at each branching level remains constant, and homothetic relationships respect the Hess–Murray law both for diameters and angles between sister tubes. The model considers an incompressible and stationary Newtonian fluid flow with Reynolds numbers ranging from 10 to 2000 and heat transfer in the range 1 to 1000 W/m². Our results show that significant asymmetries in flow distribution and temperature profiles emerge in these symmetric structures, primarily due to the successive alignment of tubes between different branching levels. We found that the isomer with the lowest pressure drop is not the same as the one providing the most uniform flow distribution. Crucially, thermal analysis proves to be more sensitive than fluid dynamic analysis for detecting flow asymmetries, particularly at low Reynolds numbers less than 50 and q″ = 1000 W/m². While heat transfer does not significantly alter the fluid dynamic asymmetry, its application as a diagnostic tool for identifying flow asymmetries is effective and crucial for such purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Computational Fluid Dynamics)

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