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Applications of Acoustic and Ultrasonic Waves for Non-Destructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 10002

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dimitrios G. Aggelis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Interests: nondestructive testing; acoustic emission; ultrasound; concrete; structural health monitoring
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Elena Jasiuniene

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu St. 50, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: X-ray; tomography; ultrasonics; non-destructive testing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ultrasound as well as acoustic emission provide an ideal platform for the non-destructive inspection (NDI) of materials and structural health monitoring (SHM). These techniques can be applied for the inspection of different types of materials and structures, exhibiting many advantages over other traditional techniques. Even though elastic wave methods have been used for a long time, new challenges are emerging related to pushing the limits of characterization. This includes detection of smaller-scale damage, detection earlier in loading or operation life, offering more information on the status of the material, possibly incorporating wireless monitoring and/or air-coupled transmission.

This Special Issue is open to all applications of active (ultrasound) or passive (acoustic emission) elastic waves to any engineering or biomedical material including but not limited to composites, concrete, masonry, ceramics, 3D printed materials, cultural heritage items, and biological tissues.

We believe that this issue will constitute an up-to-date collection of cutting-edge applications of elastic wave techniques in various fields, such as aerospace, civil engineering, and materials characterization. We encourage submissions of original research and review papers. Potential topics include but are not limited to:

  • Detection, identification, and localization of damage
  • Characterization of anisotropic media
  • Applications of ultrasound and acoustic emission in aeronautics
  • Applications of acousto-ultrasonics
  • Combination of elastic waves with other techniques, i.e., data fusion
  • Application of surface waves at various wavelengths
  • Guided waves
  • Wireless transmission technology
  • Non-contact ultrasonics (laser, air-coupled ultrasound)
  • Prediction of remaining life based on acoustic emission behavior
  • Industrial applications
  • Modelling/simulations
  • Signal processing
  • Ultrasonic phased arrays or TFM

Dr. Dimitrios G. Aggelis
Dr. Elena Jasiuniene
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 2346 KiB  
Article
On the Identification of Orthotropic Elastic Stiffness Using 3D Guided Wavefield Data
by Adil Han Orta, Mathias Kersemans and Koen Van Den Abeele
Sensors 2022, 22(14), 5314; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145314 - 15 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1349
Abstract
Scanning laser Doppler vibrometry is a widely adopted method to measure the full-field out-of-plane vibrational response of materials in view of detecting defects or estimating stiffness parameters. Recent technological developments have led to performant 3D scanning laser Doppler vibrometers, which give access to [...] Read more.
Scanning laser Doppler vibrometry is a widely adopted method to measure the full-field out-of-plane vibrational response of materials in view of detecting defects or estimating stiffness parameters. Recent technological developments have led to performant 3D scanning laser Doppler vibrometers, which give access to both out-of-plane and in-plane vibrational velocity components. In the present study, the effect of using (i) the in-plane component; (ii) the out-of-plane component; and (iii) both the in-plane and out-of-plane components of the recorded vibration velocity on the inverse determination of the stiffness parameters is studied. Input data were gathered from a series of numerical simulations using a finite element model (COMSOL), as well as from broadband experimental measurements by means of a 3D infrared scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Various materials were studied, including carbon epoxy composite and wood materials. The full-field vibrational velocity response is converted to the frequency-wavenumber domain by means of Fourier transform, from which complex wavenumbers are extracted using the matrix pencil decomposition method. To infer the orthotropic elastic stiffness tensor, an inversion procedure is developed by coupling the semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) as a forward method to the particle swarm optimizer. It is shown that accounting for the in-plane velocity component leads to a more accurate and robust determination of the orthotropic elastic stiffness parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Acoustic and Ultrasonic Waves for Non-Destructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring)
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15 pages, 5871 KiB  
Article
Defect Detection Method of Carbon Fiber Sucker Rod Based on Multi-Sensor Information Fusion and DBN Model
by Chenquan Hua, Siwei Chen, Guoyan Xu and Yang Chen
Sensors 2022, 22(14), 5189; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145189 - 11 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1312
Abstract
Because of its unique characteristics of small specific gravity, high strength, and corrosion resistance, the carbon fiber sucker rod has been widely used in petroleum production. However, there is still a lack of corresponding online testing methods to detect its integrity during the [...] Read more.
Because of its unique characteristics of small specific gravity, high strength, and corrosion resistance, the carbon fiber sucker rod has been widely used in petroleum production. However, there is still a lack of corresponding online testing methods to detect its integrity during the process of manufacturing. Ultrasonic nondestructive testing has become one of the most accepted methods for inspection of homogeneous and fixed-thickness composites, or layered and fixed-interface-shape composites, but a carbon fiber sucker rod with multi-layered structures and irregular interlayer interfaces increases the difficulty of testing. In this paper, a novel defect detection method based on multi-sensor information fusion and a deep belief network (DBN) model was proposed to identify online its defects. A water-immersed ultrasonic array with 32 ultrasonic probes was designed to realize the online and full-coverage scanning of carbon fiber rods in radial and axial positions. Then, a multi-sensor information fusion method was proposed to integrate amplitudes and times-of-flight of the received ultrasonic pulse-echo signals with the spatial angle information of each probe into defect images with obvious defects including small cracks, transverse cracks, holes, and chapped cracks. Three geometric features and two texture features from the defect images characterizing the four types of defects were extracted. Finally, a DBN-based defect identification model was constructed and trained to identify the four types of defects of the carbon fiber rods. The testing results showed that the defect identification accuracy of the proposed method was 95.11%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Acoustic and Ultrasonic Waves for Non-Destructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring)
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13 pages, 2230 KiB  
Article
Impact of Wedge Parameters on Ultrasonic Lamb Wave Liquid-Level Sensor
by Weizhao Xue, Wanjia Gao, Wenyi Liu, Huixin Zhang and Ruiqing Guo
Sensors 2022, 22(13), 5046; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22135046 - 04 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1953
Abstract
The ultrasonic Lamb wave detection principle can realize the noncontact measurement of liquid level in closed containers. When designing an ultrasonic Lamb wave sensor, it is vital to thoroughly study and select the optimal wedge size at the front of the sensor. In [...] Read more.
The ultrasonic Lamb wave detection principle can realize the noncontact measurement of liquid level in closed containers. When designing an ultrasonic Lamb wave sensor, it is vital to thoroughly study and select the optimal wedge size at the front of the sensor. In this paper, firstly, we select the best working mode of Lamb waves according to their propagation dispersion curve in aluminum alloy, and we obtain the best angle of wedge through experiments. Secondly, we study the impact of the size of the wedge block on the results, and we obtain the selection method of wedge block parameters. The evaluations show that, when the frequency–thickness product is 3 MHz·mm, the Lamb waves work in the A1 mode, and the experimental effect is the best. At this time, the incident angle of the ultrasonic wave is 27.39°. The wedge thickness should be designed to avoid the near-field area of the ultrasonic field, and we should choose the length as odd multiples of 1/4 wavelength. The rules obtained from the experiment can effectively select the best working mode for ultrasonic Lamb waves, while also providing a basis for the design of the wedge block size in a Lamb wave sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Acoustic and Ultrasonic Waves for Non-Destructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring)
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17 pages, 7355 KiB  
Article
Diffuse Ultrasonic Wave-Based Damage Detection of Railway Tracks Using PZT/FBG Hybrid Sensing System
by Xiangtao Sun, Chuanrui Guo, Lei Yuan, Qingzhao Kong and Yiqing Ni
Sensors 2022, 22(7), 2504; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072504 - 24 Mar 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2242
Abstract
Damage detection of railway tracks is vital to ensure normal operation and safety of the rail transit system. Piezoelectric sensors, which are widely utilized to receive ultrasonic wave, may be disturbed in the railway system due to strong electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this [...] Read more.
Damage detection of railway tracks is vital to ensure normal operation and safety of the rail transit system. Piezoelectric sensors, which are widely utilized to receive ultrasonic wave, may be disturbed in the railway system due to strong electromagnetic interference (EMI). In this work, a hybrid ultrasonic sensing system is proposed and validated by utilizing a lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) actuator and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor to evaluate damage conditions of the railway tracks. The conventional ultrasonic guided wave-based method utilizing direct wave to detect damages is limited by the complex data analysis procedure and low sensitivity to incipient damage. Diffuse ultrasonic wave (DUW), referring to later arrival wave packets, is chosen in this study to evaluate structural conditions of railway tracks due to its high sensitivity, wider sensing range, and easy implementation. Damages with different sizes and locations are introduced on the railway track to validate the sensitivity and sensing range of the proposed method. Two damage indices are defined from the perspective of energy attenuation and waveform distortion. The experimental results demonstrate that the DUW signals received by the hybrid sensing system could be used for damage detection of the railway tracks and the waveform-distortion-based index is more efficient than the energy-based index. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Acoustic and Ultrasonic Waves for Non-Destructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring)
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16 pages, 5131 KiB  
Article
Methodology for Detecting Progressive Damage in Structures Using Ultrasound-Guided Waves
by Gerardo Aranguren, Javier Bilbao, Josu Etxaniz, José Miguel Gil-García and Carolina Rebollar
Sensors 2022, 22(4), 1692; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041692 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2082
Abstract
Damage detection in structural health monitoring of metallic or composite structures depends on several factors, including the sensor technology and the type of defect that is under the spotlight. Commercial devices generally used to obtain these data neither allow for their installation on [...] Read more.
Damage detection in structural health monitoring of metallic or composite structures depends on several factors, including the sensor technology and the type of defect that is under the spotlight. Commercial devices generally used to obtain these data neither allow for their installation on board nor permit their scalability when several structures or sensors need to be monitored. This paper introduces self-developed equipment designed to create ultrasonic guided waves and a methodology for the detection of progressive damage, such as corrosion damage in aircraft structures, i.e., algorithms for monitoring such damage. To create slowly changing conditions, aluminum- and carbon-reinforced polymer plates were placed together with seawater to speed up the corrosion process. The setup was completed by an array of 10 piezoelectric transducers driven and sensed by a structural health monitoring ultrasonic system, which generated 100 waveforms per test. The hardware was able to pre-process the raw acquisition to minimize the transmitted data. The experiment was conducted over eight weeks. Three different processing stages were followed to extract information on the degree of corrosion: hardware algorithm, pattern matching, and pattern recognition. The proposed methodology allows for the detection of trends in the progressive degradation of structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Acoustic and Ultrasonic Waves for Non-Destructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring)
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