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Ionic Liquids
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Ionic Liquids

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2016) | Viewed by 41773

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Xiangqun Zeng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
Interests: electrochemistry and surface chemistry; chemical sensors and biosensors; new analytical techniques; ionic liquids and conductive polymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Michael T. Carter

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Director of Research KWJ Engineering, Inc. 8430 Central Avenue, Ste. 2C Newark, CA 94560 USA
Interests: physical and analytical electrochemistry; electrochemical and spectrometric sensors; ionic liquids and molten salts for chemical and electrochemical processes; amperometric gas sensors; application of room temperature ionic liquids to sensors.
Dr. Abdul Rehman

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, KSA
Interests: Development of chemical and biochemical materials (e.g., polymers, ionic liquids, and their composites) for the recognition and quantitative detection of chemical and biological species in real life environments; sensor designs based on mass, optical, and electrochemical transduction mechanisms with particular emphasis on the integration for enhanced reliability; generation and analysis of complex real time sensor data via data analysis algorithms for complex environments in order to build into prototype development.

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Following the 1980s PC revolution and the 1990s internet revolution, recent decades have experienced a revolution in sensor research which promises to have a significant impact on a broad range of applications including national security, health care, environment, energy, industry, food safety, and manufacturing. Ionic liquids possess the flexibility of organics, durability of inorganics, and recognition ability of biomaterials. They have gained a substantial growth in renewed interests in various applications over the last 20 years, including such key areas as sustainable energy, biomass, biorefineries, renewable fuels and chemicals, materials, pharmaceuticals, separations, catalysis, biotechnology and environmental monitoring (to name a few). Interest in their application in sensors is growing but challenges remain, including: (1) the ability to impart significant performance improvements and advantages to sensors over conventional approaches; (2) practicality of use in sensor production (manufacturing) and in implementation (field use); (3) issues of biocompatibilitly and toxicity; (4) materials compatibility issues; and (5) ionic liquid cost. This list is certainly not all-inclusive. A main driving force behind sensor research with these media has been not only the sheer novelty of them compared to molecular liquids, which is substantial, but also the promise of realizing sensors with new properties and capabilities, robustness, selectivity and stability that have not been possible by traditional routes and methods. Embedded within this long-term goal are a host of fundamental questions: the nature of interactions between analyte and the ionic liquid medium and how the medium can be manipulated to rationally improve sensor performance, for example.  There are many challenges to be solved in this exciting field, but these are the central and fundamental challenges facing researchers if ionic liquids are to have a prominent position in the future of sensors.

In this Special Issue, we would like to bring together state of the art research and development that addresses the benefits and challenges of using ionic liquids for a broad range of sensor and sensor system development. Topics of primary interest include, but are not limited to, ionic liquids as sensing materials for chemical and biosensor development, ionic liquids as components of sensor systems, ionic liquids based sensor system integration, ionic liquids sensor miniaturization and sensor array development for detecting a broad range of analytes in gas, liquid and solid phases. All types of sensor platforms and transducers are invited, including electrochemical, chemiresistive, spectrometric, fiber optic and mass sensitive approaches, as well as sensors at the interface of nanotechnology and ionic liquids research.

In this Special Issue, we solicit review articles, original research papers, and short communications covering all aspects of the fundamentals and applications of ionic liquids in sensors, including: sensing structures and transducers, sensor interface design and modeling, sensor miniaturization, sensor system integration, etc. Submissions should clearly indicate which open challenges in using ionic liquids in sensor applications the work is addressing. Authors are invited to contact the guest editors prior to submission if they are uncertain whether their work falls within the general scope of this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Xiangqun Zeng
Dr. Michael T. Carter
Dr. Abdul Rehman
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ionic liquids
  • sensors
  • electrochemical sensors
  • miniaturized sensors

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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1509 KiB  
Article
Influence of Ionic Liquids on the Selectivity of Ion Exchange-Based Polymer Membrane Sensing Layers
by Lukasz Mendecki, Nicole Callan, Meghan Ahern, Benjamin Schazmann and Aleksandar Radu
Sensors 2016, 16(7), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/s16071106 - 16 Jul 2016
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5098
Abstract
The applicability of ion exchange membranes is mainly defined by their permselectivity towards specific ions. For instance, the needed selectivity can be sought by modifying some of the components required for the preparation of such membranes. In this study, a new class of [...] Read more.
The applicability of ion exchange membranes is mainly defined by their permselectivity towards specific ions. For instance, the needed selectivity can be sought by modifying some of the components required for the preparation of such membranes. In this study, a new class of materials –trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium based ionic liquids (ILs) were used to modify the properties of ion exchange membranes. We determined selectivity coefficients for iodide as model ion utilizing six phosphonium-based ILs and compared the selectivity with two classical plasticizers. The dielectric properties of membranes plasticized with ionic liquids and their response characteristics towards ten different anions were investigated using potentiometric and impedance measurements. In this large set of data, deviations of obtained selectivity coefficients from the well-established Hofmeister series were observed on many occasions thus indicating a multitude of applications for these ion-exchanging systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids)
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7017 KiB  
Article
Silica-gel Particles Loaded with an Ionic Liquid for Separation of Zr(IV) Prior to Its Determination by ICP-OES
by Hadi M. Marwani, Amjad E. Alsafrani, Abdullah M. Asiri and Mohammed M. Rahman
Sensors 2016, 16(7), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/s16071001 - 29 Jun 2016
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5317
Abstract
A new ionic liquid loaded silica gel amine (SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2) was developed, as an adsorptive material, for selective adsorption and determination of zirconium, Zr(IV), without the need for a chelating intermediate. Based on a selectivity study, the SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2 phase showed a [...] Read more.
A new ionic liquid loaded silica gel amine (SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2) was developed, as an adsorptive material, for selective adsorption and determination of zirconium, Zr(IV), without the need for a chelating intermediate. Based on a selectivity study, the SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2 phase showed a perfect selectivity towards Zr(IV) at pH 4 as compared to other metallic ions, including gold [Au(III)], copper [Cu(II)], cobalt [Co(II)], chromium [Cr(III)], lead [Pb(II)], selenium [Se(IV)] and mercury [Hg(II)] ions. The influence of pH, Zr(IV) concentration, contact time and interfering ions on SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2 uptake for Zr(IV) was evaluated. The presence of incorporated donor atoms in newly synthesized SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2 phase played a significant role in enhancing its uptake capacity of Zr(IV) by 78.64% in contrast to silica gel (activated). The equilibrium and kinetic information of Zr(IV) adsorption onto SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2 were best expressed by Langmuir and pseudo second-order kinetic models, respectively. General co-existing cations did not interfere with the extraction and detection of Zr(IV). Finally, the analytical efficiency of the newly developed method was also confirmed by implementing it for the determination of Zr(IV) in several water samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids)
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2771 KiB  
Article
A Fast Strategy for Determination of Vitamin B9 in Food and Pharmaceutical Samples Using an Ionic Liquid-Modified Nanostructure Voltammetric Sensor
by Fatemeh Khaleghi, Abolfazl Elyasi Irai, Roya Sadeghi, Vinod Kumar Gupta and Yangping Wen
Sensors 2016, 16(6), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/s16060747 - 24 May 2016
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5925
Abstract
Vitamin B9 or folic acid is an important food supplement with wide clinical applications. Due to its importance and its side effects in pregnant women, fast determination of this vitamin is very important. In this study we present a new fast and [...] Read more.
Vitamin B9 or folic acid is an important food supplement with wide clinical applications. Due to its importance and its side effects in pregnant women, fast determination of this vitamin is very important. In this study we present a new fast and sensitive voltammetric sensor for the analysis of trace levels of vitamin B9 using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with 1,3-dipropylimidazolium bromide (1,3-DIBr) as a binder and ZnO/CNTs nanocomposite as a mediator. The electro-oxidation signal of vitamin B9 at the surface of the 1,3-DIBr/ZnO/CNTs/CPE electrode appeared at 800 mV, which was about 95 mV less positive compared to the corresponding unmodified CPE. The oxidation current of vitamin B9 by square wave voltammetry (SWV) increased linearly with its concentration in the range of 0.08–650 μM. The detection limit for vitamin B9 was 0.05 μM. Finally, the utility of the new 1,3-DIBr/ZnO/CNTs/CPE electrode was tested in the determination of vitamin B9 in food and pharmaceutical samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids)
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2149 KiB  
Article
An Electrochemical NO2 Sensor Based on Ionic Liquid: Influence of the Morphology of the Polymer Electrolyte on Sensor Sensitivity
by Petr Kuberský, Jakub Altšmíd, Aleš Hamáček, Stanislav Nešpůrek and Oldřich Zmeškal
Sensors 2015, 15(11), 28421-28434; https://doi.org/10.3390/s151128421 - 11 Nov 2015
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8126
Abstract
A systematic study was carried out to investigate the effect of ionic liquid in solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) and its layer morphology on the characteristics of an electrochemical amperometric nitrogen dioxide sensor. Five different ionic liquids were immobilized into a solid polymer electrolyte [...] Read more.
A systematic study was carried out to investigate the effect of ionic liquid in solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) and its layer morphology on the characteristics of an electrochemical amperometric nitrogen dioxide sensor. Five different ionic liquids were immobilized into a solid polymer electrolyte and key sensor parameters (sensitivity, response/recovery times, hysteresis and limit of detection) were characterized. The study revealed that the sensor based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][N(Tf)2]) showed the best sensitivity, fast response/recovery times, and low sensor response hysteresis. The working electrode, deposited from water-based carbon nanotube ink, was prepared by aerosol-jet printing technology. It was observed that the thermal treatment and crystallinity of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) in the solid polymer electrolyte influenced the sensitivity. Picture analysis of the morphology of the SPE layer based on [EMIM][N(Tf)2] ionic liquid treated under different conditions suggests that the sensor sensitivity strongly depends on the fractal dimension of PVDF spherical objects in SPE. Their deformation, e.g., due to crowding, leads to a decrease in sensor sensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids)
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1218 KiB  
Article
Sensors for Highly Toxic Gases: Methylamine and Hydrogen Chloride Detection at Low Concentrations in an Ionic Liquid on Pt Screen Printed Electrodes
by Krishnan Murugappan and Debbie S. Silvester
Sensors 2015, 15(10), 26866-26876; https://doi.org/10.3390/s151026866 - 22 Oct 2015
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6758
Abstract
Commercially available Pt screen printed electrodes (SPEs) have been employed as possible electrode materials for methylamine (MA) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas detection. The room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim][NTf2]) was used as a solvent and the [...] Read more.
Commercially available Pt screen printed electrodes (SPEs) have been employed as possible electrode materials for methylamine (MA) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas detection. The room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim][NTf2]) was used as a solvent and the electrochemical behaviour of both gases was first examined using cyclic voltammetry. The reaction mechanism appears to be the same on Pt SPEs as on Pt microelectrodes. Furthermore, the analytical utility was studied to understand the behaviour of these highly toxic gases at low concentrations on SPEs, with calibration graphs obtained from 10 to 80 ppm. Three different electrochemical techniques were employed: linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV), with no significant differences in the limits of detection (LODs) between the techniques (LODs were between 1.4 to 3.6 ppm for all three techniques for both gases). The LODs achieved on Pt SPEs were lower than the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA PEL) limits of the two gases (5 ppm for HCl and 10 ppm for MA), suggesting that Pt SPEs can successfully be combined with RTILs to be used as cheap alternatives for amperometric gas sensing in applications where these toxic gases may be released. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids)
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Review

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671 KiB  
Review
Ionic Liquid-Based Optical and Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Sensors
by Kamalakanta Behera, Shubha Pandey, Anu Kadyan and Siddharth Pandey
Sensors 2015, 15(12), 30487-30503; https://doi.org/10.3390/s151229813 - 04 Dec 2015
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 9618
Abstract
Due to their unusual physicochemical properties (e.g., high thermal stability, low volatility, high intrinsic conductivity, wide electrochemical windows and good solvating ability), ionic liquids have shown immense application potential in many research areas. Applications of ionic liquid in developing various sensors, especially for [...] Read more.
Due to their unusual physicochemical properties (e.g., high thermal stability, low volatility, high intrinsic conductivity, wide electrochemical windows and good solvating ability), ionic liquids have shown immense application potential in many research areas. Applications of ionic liquid in developing various sensors, especially for the sensing of biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes, gas sensing and sensing of various important ions, among other chemosensing platforms, are currently being explored by researchers worldwide. The use of ionic liquids for the detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is currently a major topic of research due to the associated importance of this gas with daily human life. This review focuses on the application of ionic liquids in optical and electrochemical CO2 sensors. The design, mechanism, sensitivity and detection limit of each type of sensor are highlighted in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionic Liquids)
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